References
- CraigSAS Betaine in human nutrition Am J Clin Nutr 2004 80 539 549 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnsVWitbc%3D 15321791
- LeeEC MareshCM KraemerWJ YamamotoLM HatfieldDL BaileyBL ArmstrongLE VolekJS McDermottBP CraigSA Ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010 7 27 2915951 https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-27 20642826
- HoffmanJR RatamessNA KangJ RashtiSL FaigenbaumAD Effect of betaine supplementation on power performance and fatigue J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2009 6 7 2651845 https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-6-7 19250531
- TrepanowskiJF FarneyTM McCarthyCG SchillingBK CraigSA BloomerRJ The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance, skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and associated biochemical parameters in resistance trained men J Strength Cond Res 2011 25 3461 3471 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318217d48d 22080324
- Del FaveroS RoschelH ArtioliG UgrinowitschC TricoliV CostaA BarrosoR NegrelliAL OtaduyMC da Costa LeiteC Lancha-JuniorAH GualanoB Creatine but not betaine supplementation increases muscle phosphorylcreatine content and strength performance Amino Acids 2011
- SchwabU TörrönenA ToppinenL AlfthanG SaarinenM AroA UusitupaM Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects Am J Clin Nutr 2002 76 961 967 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosF2qsr0%3D 12399266
- HuangQC XuZR HanXY LiWF Effect of betaine on growth hormone pulsatile secretion and serum metabolites in finishing pigs J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2007 91 85 90 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXksFWqs78%3D https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00644.x
- HuangQ XuZ HanX LiW Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on lipogenic enzyme activities and fatty acid synthase mRNA expression in finishing pigs Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008 140 365 375 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlvV2ltg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.03.007
- MatthewsJO SouthernLL HigbieAD PersicaMA BidnerTD Effects of betaine on growth, carcass characteristics, pork quality, and plasma metabolites of finishing pigs J Anim Sci 2001 79 722 728 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjsVygtbs%3D 11263833
- GarciaMM Guéant-RodriguezR-M PooyaS BrachetP AlbertoJ-M JeannessonE MaskaliF GueguenN MarieP-Y LacolleyP HerrmannM JuillièreY MalthieryY GuéantJ-L Methyl donor deficiency induces cardiomyopathy through altered methylation/acetylation of PGC-1α by PRMT1 and SIRT1 J Pathol 2011 225 324 335 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1yhtLjE https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2881 21633959
- LiY JiangC XuG WangN ZhuY TangC WangX Homocysteine upregulates resistin production from adipocytes in vivo and in vitro Diabetes 2008 57 817 827 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXksVGktb4%3D https://doi.org/10.2337/db07-0617 18192543
- ChwatkoG BoersGHJ StraussKA ShihDM JakubowskiH Mutations in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase or cystathionine beta-synthase gene, or a high-methionine diet, increase homocysteine thiolactone levels in humans and mice Journal Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 2007 21 1707 1713 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmsVWlu7g%3D 17327360
- NajibS Sánchez-MargaletV Homocysteine thiolactone inhibits insulin-stimulated DNA and protein synthesis: possible role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and p70 S6K phosphorylation J Mol Endocrinol 2005 34 119 126 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhs1KmtL0%3D https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.01581 15691882
- JakubowskiH Pathophysiological consequences of homocysteine excess J Nutr 2006 136 1741 1749
- WilliamsKT SchalinskeKL New insights into the regulation of methyl group and homocysteine metabolism J Nutr 2007 137 311 314 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVWjtb4%3D 17237303
- KleinerSM BazzarreTL LitchfordMD Metabolic profiles, diet, and health practices of championship male and female bodybuilders J Am Diet Assoc 1990 90 962 967 1:STN:280:DyaK3czgvVWltQ%3D%3D 2365938
- Ritti-DiasRM AvelarA SalvadorEP CyrinoES Influence of previous experience on resistance training on reliability of one-repetition maximum test J Strength Cond Res 2011 25 1418 1422 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d67c4b 21522076
- ForsythHL SinningWE The anthropometric estimation of body density and lean body weight of male athletes Med Sci Sports Exerc 1973 5 174 180 1:STN:280:DyaE2c%2Fhs1aisQ%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-197323000-00015
- BrozekJ GrandeF AndersonJT KeysA Densitometric analysis of body composition: revision of some quantitative assumptions Ann NY Acad Sci 1963 110 113 140 1:CAS:528:DyaF2cXjt1Onsw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17079.x 14062375
- DeFreitasJM BeckTW StockMS DillonMA KasishkePR An examination of the time course of training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy Eur J Appl Physiol 2011 111 2785 2790 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1905-4 21409401
- MoritaniT DeVriesHA Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain Am J Phys Med 1979 58 115 130 1:STN:280:DyaE1M3gs12htQ%3D%3D 453338
- DeFreitasJM BeckTW StockMS DillonMA SherkVD StoutJR CramerJT A comparison of techniques for estimating training-induced changes in muscle cross-sectional area J Strength Cond Res 2010 24 2383 2389 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ec86f3 20802282
- LanderJ Maximum based on reps J Strength Cond Res 1985 6 60 61
- ChwatkoG JakubowskiH The determination of homocysteine-thiolactone in human plasma Anal Biochem 2005 337 271 277 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVKiu7Y%3D https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.11.035 15691507
- GłowackiR BaldE JakubowskiH An on-column derivatization method for the determination of homocysteine-thiolactone and protein N-linked homocysteine Amino Acids 2011 41 187 194 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-010-0521-7 20204437
- JakubowskiH The determination of homocysteine-thiolactone in biological samples Anal Biochem 2002 308 112 119 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmvFSitLg%3D https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00224-5 12234471
- MonteiroAG AokiMS EvangelistaAL AlvenoDA MonteiroGA Piçarro I daC UgrinowitschC Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines J Strength Cond Res 2009 23 1321 1326 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a00f96 19528843
- SpinetiJ de SallesBF RheaMR LavigneD MattaT MirandaF FernandesL SimãoR Influence of exercise order on maximum strength and muscle volume in nonlinear periodized resistance training J Strength Cond Res 2010 24 2962 2969 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e2e19b 20938358
- SchoenfeldBJ The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training J Strength Cond Res 2010 24 2857 2872 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3 20847704
- HäussingerD The role of cellular hydration in the regulation of cell function Biochem J 1996 313 3 697 710 1216967 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3130697 8611144
- Ortiz-CostaS SorensonMM Sola-PennaM Betaine protects urea-induced denaturation of myosin subfragment-1 FEBS J 2008 275 3388 3396 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXot1Ogurc%3D https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06487.x 18494798
- SuarezMC MachadoCJV LimaLMTR SmillieLB PearlstoneJR SilvaJL SorensonMM FoguelD Role of hydration in the closed-to-open transition involved in Ca2+ binding by troponin C Biochemistry 2003 42 5522 5530 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXivFOqu7o%3D https://doi.org/10.1021/bi027102h 12731895
- AbeT DeHoyosDV PollockML GarzarellaL Time course for strength and muscle thickness changes following upper and lower body resistance training in men and women Eur J Appl Physiol 2000 81 174 180 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7gtlOhuw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050027 10638374
- HoffmanJR RatamessNA KangJ GonzalezAM BellerNA CraigSAS Effect of 15 days of betaine ingestion on concentric and eccentric force outputs during isokinetic exercise J Strength Cond Res 2011 25 2235 2241 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182162530 21747291
- NewtonRU KraemerWJ Developing explosive muscular power: implications for a mixed methods training strategy J Strength Cond Res 1994 16 20 31 https://doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1994)016<0020:DEMPIF>2.3.CO;2
- VerhoefP Homocysteine–an indicator of a healthy diet? Am J Clin Nutr 2007 85 1446 1447 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmvVWqt7Y%3D 17556678
- OlthofMR VerhoefP Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health Curr Drug Metab 2005 6 15 22 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsVCqtL4%3D https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200052997366 15720203
- ApicellaJM LeeEC BaileyBL SaenzC AndersonJM CraigSAS KraemerWJ VolekJS MareshCM Betaine supplementation enhances anabolic endocrine and Akt signaling in response to acute bouts of exercise Eur J Appl Physiol 2012 In Press
- JakubowskiH The pathophysiological hypothesis of homocysteine thiolactone-mediated vascular disease J Physiol Pharmacol 2008 59 Suppl 9 155 167 19261978
- KathirvelE MorganK NandgiriG SandovalBC CaudillMA BottiglieriT FrenchSW MorganTR Betaine improves nonalcoholic fatty liver and associated hepatic insulin resistance: a potential mechanism for hepatoprotection by betaine Am J Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol 2010 299 1068 1077 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00249.2010
- BarathiS AngayarkanniN PasupathiA NatarajanSK PukrajR DhupperM VelpandianT MuralidharanC SivashanmughamM Homocysteinethiolactone and paraoxonase: novel markers of diabetic retinopathy Diabetes care 2010 33 2031 2037 2928358 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1OmurnE https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0132 20551012
- BorowczykK ShihDM JakubowskiH Metabolism and neurotoxicity of homocysteine thiolactone in mice: evidence for a protective role of paraoxonase 1 J Alzheimers Dis 2012 30 225 231 3544478 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xnt1Cis7w%3D 22406444