International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise

References

• Campbell B, Kreider RB, Ziegenfuss T, La Bounty P, Roberts M, Burke D, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007;4:8.
   Google Scholar
• MacdermidPWStannardSRA whey-supplemented, high-protein diet versus a high-carbohydrate diet: effects on endurance cycling performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200616 65 77 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XivVShu74%3D 16676704 10.1123/ijsnem.16.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurkeLMHawleyJAWongSHJeukendrupAECarbohydrates for training and competitionJ Sports Sci201129 Suppl 1 S17 S27 21660838 10.1080/02640414.2011.585473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WitardOCJackmanSRKiesAKJeukendrupAETiptonKDEffect of increased dietary protein on tolerance to intensified trainingMed Sci Sports Exerc201143 598 607 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjt1Gntb0%3D 20798660 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f684c9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'lugosACLudenNDFallerJMAkersJDMckenzieAISaundersMJSupplemental protein during heavy cycling training and recovery impacts skeletal muscle and heart rate responses but not performanceNutrients.20168 9 10.3390/nu8010009 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XitV2it7jI
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BreenLTiptonKDJeukendrupAENo effect of carbohydrate-protein on cycling performance and indices of recoveryMed Sci Sports Exerc201042 1140 1148 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtFKlu74%3D 19997018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaundersMJMooreRWKiesAKLudenNDPrattCACarbohydrate and protein hydrolysate coingestions improvement of late-exercise time-trial performanceInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200919 136 149 19478339 10.1123/ijsnem.19.2.136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ValentineRJSaundersMJToddMKSt LaurentTGInfluence of carbohydrate-protein beverage on cycling endurance and indices of muscle disruptionInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200818 363 378 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVOnu7bN 18708686 10.1123/ijsnem.18.4.363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van EssenMGibalaMJFailure of protein to improve time trial performance when added to a sports drinkMed Sci Sports Exerc200638 1476 1483 16888462 10.1249/01.mss.0000228958.82968.0a 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XnslGksL4%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IvyJLResPTSpragueRCWidzerMOEffect of a carbohydrate-protein supplement on endurance performance during exercise of varying intensityInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200313 382 395 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvFGit7o%3D 14669937 10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaundersMJKaneMDToddMKEffects of a carbohydrate-protein beverage on cycling endurance and muscle damageMed Sci Sports Exerc200436 1233 1238 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltlOrtLY%3D 15235331 10.1249/01.MSS.0000132377.66177.9F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaundersMJLudenNDHerrickJEConsumption of an oral carbohydrate-protein gel improves cycling endurance and prevents postexercise muscle damageJ Strength Cond Res.200721 678 684 17685703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano-ElyBCToddMKSaundersMJLaurentTSEffect of an isocaloric carbohydrate-protein-antioxidant drink on cycling performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc200638 1608 1616 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XptF2rtbc%3D 16960522 10.1249/01.mss.0000229458.11452.e9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeelenMZorencAPenningsBSendenJMKuipersHVan LoonLJImpact of protein coingestion on muscle protein synthesis during continuous endurance type exerciseAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2011300 E945 E954 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXot1Cgu7s%3D 21364122 10.1152/ajpendo.00446.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen LL, Tufekovic G, Zebis MK, Crameri RM, Verlaan G, Kjaer M, et al. The effect of resistance training combined with timed ingestion of protein on muscle fiber size and muscle strength. Metab Clin Exp. 2005;54:151–6.
   Google Scholar
• BembenMGWittenMSCarterJMEliotKAKnehansAWBembenDAThe effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older menJ Nutr Health Aging201014 155 159 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXlt1Sit74%3D 20126965 10.1007/s12603-009-0124-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurkeDGChilibeckPDDavidsonKSCandowDGFarthingJSmith-PalmerTThe effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strengthInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200111 349 364 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnt1Gjtrk%3D 11591884 10.1123/ijsnem.11.3.349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DenysschenCABurtonHWHorvathPJLeddyJJBrowneRWResistance training with soy vs whey protein supplements in hyperlipidemic malesJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.20096 8 19284589 2660282 10.1186/1550-2783-6-8 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksVKitbs%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ErskineRMFletcherGHansonBFollandJPWhey protein does not enhance the adaptations to elbow flexor resistance trainingMed Sci Sports Exerc201244 1791 1800 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht1emsrzM 22460474 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318256c48d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HerdaAAHerdaTJCostaPBRyanEDStoutJRCramerJTMuscle performance, size, and safety responses after eight weeks of resistance training and protein supplementation: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trialJ Strength Cond Res.201327 3091 3100 23442287 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828c289f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HulmiJJKovanenVSelanneHKraemerWJHakkinenKMeroAAAcute and long-term effects of resistance exercise with or without protein ingestion on muscle hypertrophy and gene expressionAmino Acids200937 297 308 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXotVKisr8%3D 18661258 10.1007/s00726-008-0150-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerksick CM, Rasmussen CJ, Lancaster SL, Magu B, Smith P, Melton C, et al. The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20:643–53.
   Google Scholar
• KukuljanSNowsonCASandersKDalyRMEffects of resistance exercise and fortified milk on skeletal muscle mass, muscle size, and functional performance in middle-aged and older men: an 18-mo randomized controlled trialJ Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md : 1985)2009107 1864 1873 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXltVensA%3D%3D 10.1152/japplphysiol.00392.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeisgarberKDCandowDGVogtESWhey protein before and during resistance exercise has no effect on muscle mass and strength in untrained young adultsInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.201222 463 469 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhs1altr0%3D 22806076 10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilloughbyDSStoutJRWilbornCDEffects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strengthAmino Acids200732 467 477 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlsVGnsLk%3D 16988909 10.1007/s00726-006-0398-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CandowDGBurkeNCSmith-PalmerTBurkeDGEffect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adultsInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200616 233 244 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntVekt7o%3D 16948480 10.1123/ijsnem.16.3.233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CribbPJWilliamsADStathisCGCareyMFHayesAEffects of whey isolate, creatine, and resistance training on muscle hypertrophyMed Sci Sports Exerc200739 298 307 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlCjsrw%3D 17277594 10.1249/01.mss.0000247002.32589.ef
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoffmanJRRatamessNAKangJFalvoMJFaigenbaumADEffect of protein intake on strength, body composition and endocrine changes in strength/power athletesJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.20063 12 18 18500968 2129168 10.1186/1550-2783-3-2-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoffmanJRRatamessNAKangJFalvoMJFaigenbaumADEffects of protein supplementation on muscular performance and resting hormonal changes in college football playersJ Sports Sci Med20076 85 92 24149229 3778704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hida A, Hasegawa Y, Mekata Y, Usuda M, Masuda Y, Kawano H, et al. Effects of egg white protein supplementation on muscle strength and serum free amino acid concentrations. Nutrients. 2012;4:1504–17.
   Google Scholar
• Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, Tang JE, Glover EI, Wilkinson SB, et al. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:161–8.
   Google Scholar
• SchoenfeldBJAragonAAKriegerJWThe effect of protein timing on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a meta-analysisJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.201310 53 24299050 3879660 10.1186/1550-2783-10-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JosseARTangJETarnopolskyMAPhillipsSMBody composition and strength changes in women with milk and resistance exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc201042 1122 1130 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtFKlurY%3D 19997019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TaylorLWWilbornCRobertsMDWhiteADuganKEight weeks of pre- and postexercise whey protein supplementation increases lean body mass and improves performance in division III collegiate female basketball playersAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.201641 249 254 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XitVWisbw%3D 26842665 10.1139/apnm-2015-0463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CermakNMResPTDe GrootLCSarisWHVan LoonLJProtein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysisAm J Clin Nutr201296 1454 1464 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslylsbfF 23134885 10.3945/ajcn.112.037556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PasiakosSMMclellanTMLiebermanHRThe effects of protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and aerobic and anaerobic power in healthy adults: a systematic reviewSports Med201545 111 131 25169440 10.1007/s40279-014-0242-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RennieMJControl of muscle protein synthesis as a result of contractile activity and amino acid availability: implications for protein requirementsInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab200111 s1 S170 S176 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsFWnsw%3D%3D 11915917 10.1123/ijsnem.11.s1.s170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PhillipsSMThe science of muscle hypertrophy: making dietary protein countProc Nutr Soc201170 100 103 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpvVOktQ%3D%3D 21092368 10.1017/S002966511000399X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TiptonKDPhillipsSMDietary protein for muscle hypertrophyNestle Nutrition Institute workshop series201376 73 84 23899756 10.1159/000350259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaymanDKEvansEBaumJISeylerJEricksonDJBoileauRADietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult womenJ Nutr2005135 1903 1910 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXnvVSmurg%3D 16046715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, et al. A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr. 2003;133:411–7.
   Google Scholar
• Pasiakos SM, Cao JJ, Margolis LM, Sauter ER, Whigham LD, Mcclung JP, et al. Effects of high-protein diets on fat-free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: a randomized controlled trial. FASEB J. 2013;27:3837–47.
   Google Scholar
• Kerksick C, Thomas A, Campbell B, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Marcello B, et al. Effects of a popular exercise and weight loss program on weight loss, body composition, energy expenditure and health in obese women. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009;6:23.
   Google Scholar
• Kerksick CM, Wismann-Bunn J, Fogt D, Thomas AR, Taylor L, Campbell BI, et al. Changes in weight loss, body composition and cardiovascular disease risk after altering macronutrient distributions during a regular exercise program in obese women. Nutr J. 2010;9:59.
   Google Scholar
• Kreider RB, Serra M, Beavers KM, Moreillon J, Kresta JY, Byrd M, et al. A structured diet and exercise program promotes favorable changes in weight loss, body composition, and weight maintenance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111:828–43.
   Google Scholar
• BioloGTiptonKDKleinSWolfeRRAn abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle proteinAm J Phys1997273 1 Pt 1 E122 E129 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlt1Srsb4%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZawadzkiKMYaspelkisBB3rdIvyJLCarbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exerciseJ Appl Physiol. (Bethesda, Md : 1985)199272 1854 1859 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XkvV2gsL4%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BioloGMaggiSPWilliamsBDTiptonKDWolfeRRIncreased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humansAm J Phys1995268 3 Pt 1 E514 E520 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkslKiu7g%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TiptonKDFerrandoAAPhillipsSMDoyleDJrWolfeRRPostexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acidsAm J Phys1999276 4 Pt 1 E628 E634 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXislClt74%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burd NA, West DW, Moore DR, Atherton PJ, Staples AW, Prior T, et al. Enhanced amino acid sensitivity of myofibrillar protein synthesis persists for up to 24 h after resistance exercise in young men. J Nutr. 2011;141:568–73.
   Google Scholar
• TiptonKDGurkinBEMatinSWolfeRRNonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteersJ Nutr Biochem199910 89 95 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtVKltr8%3D 15539275 10.1016/S0955-2863(98)00087-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorsheimETiptonKDWolfSEWolfeRREssential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exerciseAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2002283 E648 E657 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotV2rurg%3D 12217881 10.1152/ajpendo.00466.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VolpiEKobayashiHSheffield-MooreMMittendorferBWolfeRREssential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adultsAm J Clin Nutr200378 250 258 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvF2is70%3D 12885705 3192452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipton KD, Rasmussen BB, Miller SL, Wolf SE, Owens-Stovall SK, Petrini BE, et al. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;281:E197–206.
   Google Scholar
• TiptonKDBorsheimEWolfSESanfordAPWolfeRRAcute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestionAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2003284 E76 E89 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntVSitQ%3D%3D 12388164 10.1152/ajpendo.00234.2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey VG, Moore DR, Burd NA, Rerecich T, Stellingwerff T, Garnham AP, et al. Nutrient provision increases signalling and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle after repeated sprints. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111:1473–83.
   Google Scholar
• Breen L, Philp A, Witard OC, Jackman SR, Selby A, Smith K, et al. The influence of carbohydrate-protein co-ingestion following endurance exercise on myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis. J Physiol. 2011;589(Pt 16):4011–25.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson-Stegall L, Mccleave EL, Ding Z, Doerner PG 3rd, Wang B, Liao YH, et al. Postexercise carbohydrate-protein supplementation improves subsequent exercise performance and intracellular signaling for protein synthesis. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:1210–24.
   Google Scholar
• VolekJSInfluence of nutrition on responses to resistance trainingMed Sci Sports Exerc200436 689 696 15064597 10.1249/01.MSS.0000121944.19275.C4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerksick C, Harvey T, Stout J, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Kreider R, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5:17.
   Google Scholar
• ElliotTACreeMGSanfordAPWolfeRRTiptonKDMilk ingestion stimulates net muscle protein synthesis following resistance exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc200638 667 674 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xktl2jtLY%3D 16679981 10.1249/01.mss.0000210190.64458.25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FarnfieldMMBreenLCareyKAGarnhamACameron-SmithDActivation of mtor signalling in young and old human skeletal muscle in response to combined resistance exercise and whey protein ingestionAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.201237 21 30 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XotlCltbs%3D 22148961 10.1139/h11-132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TangJEManolakosJJKujbidaGWLyseckiPJMooreDRPhillipsSMMinimal whey protein with carbohydrate stimulates muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise in trained young menAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.200732 1132 1138 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitFKmtLo%3D 18059587 10.1139/H07-076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TiptonKDRole of protein and hydrolysates before exerciseInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200717 Suppl S77 S86 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVCru7nF 18577777 10.1123/ijsnem.17.s1.s77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HulmiJJKovanenVLiskoISelanneHMeroAAThe effects of whey protein on myostatin and cell cycle-related gene expression responses to a single heavy resistance exercise bout in trained older menEur J Appl Physiol2008102 205 213 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlSmu7vO 17924133 10.1007/s00421-007-0579-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IvyJLDingZHwangHCialdella-KamLCMorrisonPJPost exercise carbohydrate-protein supplementation: Phosphorylation of muscle proteins involved in glycogen synthesis and protein translationAmino Acids200835 89 97 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmslWjtb0%3D 18163180 10.1007/s00726-007-0620-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchward-VenneTAMurphyCHLonglandTMPhillipsSMRole of protein and amino acids in promoting lean mass accretion with resistance exercise and attenuating lean mass loss during energy deficit in humansAmino Acids201345 231 240 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFeltrfK 23645387 10.1007/s00726-013-1506-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhillipsSMShort-term training: when do repeated bouts of resistance exercise become training?Can J Appl Physiol200025 185 193 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2Fms1yqug%3D%3D 10932036 10.1139/h00-014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PenningsBKoopmanRBeelenMSendenJMSarisWHVan LoonLJExercising before protein intake allows for greater use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for de novo muscle protein synthesis in both young and elderly menAm J Clin Nutr201193 322 331 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1Cksrw%3D 21084649 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller BF, Olesen JL, Hansen M, Dossing S, Crameri RM, Welling RJ, et al. Coordinated collagen and muscle protein synthesis in human patella tendon and quadriceps muscle after exercise. J Physiol. 2005;567(Pt 3):1021–33.
   Google Scholar
• CameraDMEdgeJShortMJHawleyJACoffeyVGEarly time course of akt phosphorylation after endurance and resistance exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc201042 1843 1852 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFOktLzE 20195183 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d964e4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CribbPJHayesAEffects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophyMed Sci Sports Exerc200638 1918 1925 17095924 10.1249/01.mss.0000233790.08788.3e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EsmarckBAndersenJLOlsenSRichterEAMizunoMKjaerMTiming of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humansJ Physiol2001535 301 311 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXms12lu7k%3D 11507179 2278776 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00301.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoffmanJRRatamessNATranchinaCPRashtiSLKangJFaigenbaumADEffect of protein-supplement timing on strength, power, and body-composition changes in resistance-trained menInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200919 172 185 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXosFGjsLc%3D 19478342 10.1123/ijsnem.19.2.172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FujitaSDreyerHCDrummondMJGlynnELVolpiERasmussenBBEssential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion before resistance exercise does not enhance postexercise muscle protein synthesisJ Appl Physiol (1985)2009106 1730 1739 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlvFOgsbw%3D 10.1152/japplphysiol.90395.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirdSPTarpenningKMMarinoFELiquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion during a short-term bout of resistance exercise suppresses myofibrillar protein degradationMetabolism200655 570 577 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjvVGmtbY%3D 16631431 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobertsMDDalboVJHassellSEBrownRKerksickCMEffects of preexercise feeding on markers of satellite cell activationMed Sci Sports Exerc201042 1861 1869 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFOktL3M 20216467 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181da8a29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DalboVJRobertsMDHassellSKerksickCMEffects of pre-exercise feeding on serum hormone concentrations and biomarkers of myostatin and ubiquitin proteasome pathway activityEur J Nutr201352 477 487 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXis12qtLg%3D 22476926 10.1007/s00394-012-0349-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TiptonKDElliottTACreeMGWolfSESanfordAPWolfeRRIngestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc200436 2073 2081 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVals73F 15570142 10.1249/01.MSS.0000147582.99810.C5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KerksickCMLeutholtzBNutrient administration and resistance trainingJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.20052 50 67 18500951 2129163 10.1186/1550-2783-2-1-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurkATimpmannSMedijainenLVahiMOopikVTime-divided ingestion pattern of casein-based protein supplement stimulates an increase in fat-free body mass during resistance training in young untrained menNutr Res200929 405 413 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptValu7o%3D 19628107 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchoenfeldBJAragonAWilbornCUrbinaSLHaywardSEKriegerJPre- versus post-exercise protein intake has similar effects on muscular adaptationsPeerJ20175 e2825 28070459 5214805 10.7717/peerj.2825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AragonAASchoenfeldBJNutrient timing revisited: is there a post-exercise anabolic window?J Int Soc Sports Nutr.201310 5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjslCiur4%3D 23360586 3577439 10.1186/1550-2783-10-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BosseJDDixonBMDietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theoriesJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.20129 42 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvVOku70%3D 22958314 3518828 10.1186/1550-2783-9-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macnaughton LS, Wardle SL, Witard OC, Mcglory C, Hamilton DL, Jeromson S, et al. The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole-body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein. Physiol Rep. 2016;4:15.
   Google Scholar
• TangJEMooreDRKujbidaGWTarnopolskyMAPhillipsSMIngestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young menJ App Physiol (Bethesda, Md: 1985)2009107 987 992 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFKnurvN
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West DW, Burd NA, Coffey VG, Baker SK, Burke LM, Hawley JA, et al. Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:795–803.
   Google Scholar
• FAO WHO UNU Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition2002 Geneva World Health Organization (Series Editor): Who technical report series
   Google Scholar
• Joy JM, Lowery RP, Wilson JM, Purpura M, De Souza EO, Wilson SM, et al. The effects of 8 weeks of whey or rice protein supplementation on body composition and exercise performance. Nutr J. 2013;12:86.
   Google Scholar
• Bos C, Metges CC, Gaudichon C, Petzke KJ, Pueyo ME, Morens C, et al. Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk protein ingestion in humans. J Nutr. 2003;133:1308–15.
   Google Scholar
• BurdNAYangYMooreDRTangJETarnopolskyMAPhillipsSMGreater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. Micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly menBr J Nutr2012108 958 962 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlWiu7rJ 22289570 10.1017/S0007114511006271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhillipsSMTangJEMooreDRThe role of milk- and soy-based protein in support of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein accretion in young and elderly personsJ Am Coll Nutr200928 343 354 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXlvVGmtrY%3D 20368372 10.1080/07315724.2009.10718096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Lawrence RL, Fullerton AV, et al. Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(2):373–81.
   Google Scholar
• WilkinsonSBTarnopolskyMAMacdonaldMJMacdonaldJRArmstrongDPhillipsSMConsumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverageAm J Clin Nutr200785 1031 1040 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXks1Ogs7o%3D 17413102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerksick CM, Rasmussen C, Lancaster S, Starks M, Smith P, Melton C, et al. Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training. Nutrition. 2007;23:647–56.
   Google Scholar
• Paddon-JonesDSheffield-MooreMAarslandAWolfeRRFerrandoAAExogenous amino acids stimulate human muscle anabolism without interfering with the response to mixed meal ingestionAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2005288 E761 E767 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtlyjs7w%3D 15572657 10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Urban RJ, Sanford AP, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR, et al. Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4351–8.
   Google Scholar
• PhillipsSMTiptonKDAarslandAWolfSEWolfeRRMixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humansAm J Phys1997273 1 Pt 1 E99 107 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlt1SrsLk%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RennieMJBoheJWolfeRRLatency, duration and dose response relationships of amino acid effects on human muscle protein synthesisJ Nutr2002132 3225S 3227S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xnsl2ktLs%3D 12368422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SvanbergEJeffersonLSLundholmKKimballSRPostprandial stimulation of muscle protein synthesis is independent of changes in insulinAm J Phys1997272 5 Pt 1 E841 E847 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjsFChsrY%3D
   Google Scholar
• TrommelenJGroenBBHamerHMDe GrootLCVan LoonLJMechanisms in endocrinology: exogenous insulin does not increase muscle protein synthesis rate when administered systemically: a systematic reviewEur J Endocrinol2015173 R25 R34 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhs1yitr3F 25646407 10.1530/EJE-14-0902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbdullaHSmithKAthertonPJIdrisIRole of insulin in the regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown: a systematic review and meta-analysisDiabetologia201659 44 55 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsFKktb%2FL 26404065 10.1007/s00125-015-3751-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhaff PL, Karagounis LG, Peirce N, Simpson EJ, Hazell M, Layfield R, et al. Disassociation between the effects of amino acids and insulin on signaling, ubiquitin ligases, and protein turnover in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295:E595–604.
   Google Scholar
• RennieMJBoheJSmithKWackerhageHGreenhaffPBranched-chain amino acids as fuels and anabolic signals in human muscleJ Nutr2006136 1 Suppl 264S 268S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XivFSisQ%3D%3D 16365095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PowerOHallihanAJakemanPHuman insulinotropic response to oral ingestion of native and hydrolysed whey proteinAmino Acids200937 333 339 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXotVKis78%3D 18679613 10.1007/s00726-008-0156-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples AW, Burd NA, West DW, Currie KD, Atherton PJ, Moore DR, et al. Carbohydrate does not augment exercise-induced protein accretion versus protein alone. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1154–61.
   Google Scholar
• BaronKGReidKJKernASZeePCRole of sleep timing in caloric intake and bmiObesity (Silver Spring)201119 1374 1381 10.1038/oby.2011.100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormsbee MJ, Gorman KA, Miller EA, Baur DA, Eckel LA, Contreras RJ, et al. Nighttime feeding likely alters morning metabolism but not exercise performance in female athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:719–27.
   Google Scholar
• ZwaanMBurgardMASchenckCHMitchellJENight time eating: a review of the literatureEur Eat Disord Rev200311 7 24 10.1002/erv.501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KinseyAWOrmsbeeMJThe health impact of nighttime eating: old and new perspectivesNutrients.20157 2648 2662 25859885 4425165 10.3390/nu7042648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TrommelenJVan LoonLJPre-sleep protein ingestion to improve the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise trainingNutrients.20168 12 10.3390/nu8120763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Res PT, Groen B, Pennings B, Beelen M, Wallis GA, Gijsen AP, et al. Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1560–9.
   Google Scholar
• Groen BB, Res PT, Pennings B, Hertle E, Senden JM, Saris WH, et al. Intragastric protein administration stimulates overnight muscle protein synthesis in elderly men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;302:E52–60.
   Google Scholar
• MadzimaTAPantonLBFrettiSKKinseyAWOrmsbeeMJNight-time consumption of protein or carbohydrate results in increased morning resting energy expenditure in active college-aged menBr J Nutr2014111 71 77 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvVSjsA%3D%3D 23768612 10.1017/S000711451300192X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey AW, Eddy WR, Madzima TA, Panton LB, Arciero PJ, Kim JS, et al. Influence of night-time protein and carbohydrate intake on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in sedentary overweight and obese women. Br J Nutr. 2014;112:320–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kinsey AW, Cappadona SR, Panton LB, Allman BR, Contreras RJ, Hickner RC, et al. The effect of casein protein prior to sleep on fat metabolism in obese men. Nutrients. 2016;8:8.
   Google Scholar
• Ormsbee MJ, Kinsey AW, Eddy WR, Madzima TA, Arciero PJ, Figueroa A, et al. The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exercise training on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in young obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;40:37–45.
   Google Scholar
• FigueroaAWongAKinseyAKalfonREddyWOrmsbeeMJEffects of milk proteins and combined exercise training on aortic hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in young obese women with high blood pressureAm J Hypertens201427 338 344 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXit12hurs%3D 24300595 10.1093/ajh/hpt224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DirksMLGroenBBFranssenRVan KranenburgJVan LoonLJNeuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesisJ Appl Physiol. (1985)2017122 20 27 10.1152/japplphysiol.00331.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holwerda AM, Kouw IW, Trommelen J, Halson SL, Wodzig WK, Verdijk LB, et al. Physical activity performed in the evening increases the overnight muscle protein synthetic response to presleep protein ingestion in older men. J Nutr. 2016;146:1307–14.
   Google Scholar
• Trommelen J, Holwerda AM, Kouw IW, Langer H, Halson SL, Rollo I, et al. Resistance exercise augments postprandial overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:2517–25.
   Google Scholar
• Snijders T, Res PT, Smeets JS, Van Vliet S, Van Kranenburg J, Maase K, et al. Protein ingestion before sleep increases muscle mass and strength gains during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy young men. J Nutr. 2015;145:1178–84.
   Google Scholar
• AntonioJEllerbroekAPeacockCSilverTCasein protein supplementation in trained men and women: morning versus eveningInt J Exerc Sci201710 479 486 28515842 5421981
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckner SL, Leonneke JP, Loprinzi PD. Protein timing during the day and its relevance for muscle strength and lean mass. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12440.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell CJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Parise G, Bellamy L, Baker SK, Smith K, et al. Acute post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis is not correlated with resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy in young men. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89431.
   Google Scholar
• Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, Camera DM, West DW, Broad EM, et al. Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol. 2013;591:2319–31.
   Google Scholar
• Arnal MA, Mosoni L, Boirie Y, Houlier ML, Morin L, Verdier E, et al. Protein feeding pattern does not affect protein retention in young women. J Nutr. 2000;130:1700–4.
   Google Scholar
• Tinsley GM, Forsse JS, Butler NK, Paoli A, Bane AA, La Bounty PM, et al. Time-restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17:200–7.
   Google Scholar
• TarnopolskyMAMacdougallJDAtkinsonSAInfluence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body massJ App Physiol (Bethesda, Md: 1985)198864 187 193 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXpt1aktA%3D%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhillipsSMAtkinsonSATarnopolskyMAMacdougallJDGender differences in leucine kinetics and nitrogen balance in endurance athletesJ App Physiol (Bethesda, Md: 1985)199375 2134 2141 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXis1Kksrs%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LemonPWEffect of exercise on protein requirementsJ Sports Sci19919 S1 53 70 1895363 10.1080/02640419108729866
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PhillipsSMProtein requirements and supplementation in strength sportsNutrition200420 689 695 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltVGiur4%3D 15212752 10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TarnopolskyMAAtkinsonSAMacdougallJDChesleyAPhillipsSSchwarczHPEvaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletesJ Appl Physiol199273 1986 1995 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7hsFWmtA%3D%3D 1474076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhillipsSMA brief review of higher dietary protein diets in weight loss: a focus on athletesSports Med201444 Suppl 2 S149 S153 25355188 10.1007/s40279-014-0254-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WitardOCJackmanSRBreenLSmithKSelbyATiptonKDMyofibrillar muscle protein synthesis rates subsequent to a meal in response to increasing doses of whey protein at rest and after resistance exerciseAm J Clin Nutr201499 86 95 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXislamtw%3D%3D 24257722 10.3945/ajcn.112.055517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Breen L, Burd NA, Hector AJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Josse AR, et al. Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:1780–8.
   Google Scholar
• BoheJLowJFWolfeRRRennieMJLatency and duration of stimulation of human muscle protein synthesis during continuous infusion of amino acidsJ Physiol2001532 Pt 2 575 579 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtFOntLc%3D 11306673 2278544 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0575f.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atherton PJ, Etheridge T, Watt PW, Wilkinson D, Selby A, Rankin D, et al. Muscle full effect after oral protein: time-dependent concordance and discordance between human muscle protein synthesis and mtorc1 signaling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:1080–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson GJ, Layman DK, Moulton CJ, Norton LE, Anthony TG, Proud CG, et al. Leucine or carbohydrate supplementation reduces AMPK and eef2 phosphorylation and extends postprandial muscle protein synthesis in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011;301:E1236–42.
   Google Scholar
• Kim IY, Schutzler S, Schrader A, Spencer HJ, Azhar G, Ferrando AA, et al. The anabolic response to a meal containing different amounts of protein is not limited by the maximal stimulation of protein synthesis in healthy young adults. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016;310:E73–80.
   Google Scholar
• ArcieroPJOrmsbeeMJGentileCLNindlBCBrestoffJRRubyMIncreased protein intake and meal frequency reduces abdominal fat during energy balance and energy deficitObesity (Silver Spring)201321 1357 1366 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1OqtLrP 10.1002/oby.20296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RubyMRepkaCPArcieroPJComparison of protein-pacing alone or with yoga/stretching and resistance training on glycemia, total and regional body composition, and aerobic fitness in overweight womenJ Phys Act Health201613 754 764 26901102 10.1123/jpah.2015-0493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arciero PJ, Ives SJ, Norton C, Escudero D, Minicucci O, O'brien G, et al. Protein-pacing and multi-component exercise training improves physical performance outcomes in exercise-trained women: the PRISE 3 study. Nutrients. 2016;8:6.
   Google Scholar
• Ives SJ, Norton C, Miller V, Minicucci O, Robinson J, O'brien G, et al. Multi-modal exercise training and protein-pacing enhances physical performance adaptations independent of growth hormone and bdnf but may be dependent on igf-1 in exercise-trained men. Growth Hormon IGF Res. 2017;32:60–70.
   Google Scholar
• ArcieroPJBaurDConnellySOrmsbeeMJTimed-daily ingestion of whey protein and exercise training reduces visceral adipose tissue mass and improves insulin resistance: the PRISE studyJ Appl Physiol (1985)2014117 1 10 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFGhtb%2FF 10.1152/japplphysiol.00152.2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LemonPWBeyond the zone: protein needs of active individualsJ Am Coll Nutr200019 5 Suppl 513S 521S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsVegt7w%3D 11023001 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell WW, Barton ML Jr, Cyr-Campbell D, Davey SL, Beard JL, Parise G, et al. Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:1032–9.
   Google Scholar
• KatsanosCSChinkesDLPaddon-JonesDZhangXJAarslandAWolfeRRWhey protein ingestion in elderly persons results in greater muscle protein accrual than ingestion of its constituent essential amino acid contentNutr Res200828 651 658 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1egtLnF 19083472 2612691 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbertson D, Smith K, Babraj J, Leese G, Waddell T, Atherton P, et al. Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle. FASEB J. 2005;19:422–4.
   Google Scholar
• NortonLELaymanDKLeucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exerciseJ Nutr2006136 533S 537S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFGhu78%3D 16424142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlomstrandEA role for branched-chain amino acids in reducing central fatigueJ Nutr2006136 544S 547S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFGhu70%3D 16424144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavisJMCarbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance: the central fatigue hypothesisInt J Sport Nutr19955 Suppl S29 S38 7550256 10.1123/ijsn.5.s1.s29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NewsholmeEABlomstrandEBranched-chain amino acids and central fatigueJ Nutr2006136 1 Suppl 274S 276S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XivFSitw%3D%3D 16365097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrosnanJTBrosnanMEBranched-chain amino acids: enzyme and substrate regulationJ Nutr2006136 1 Suppl 207S 211S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XivFSjsA%3D%3D 16365084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StollBBurrinDGMeasuring splanchnic amino acid metabolism in vivo using stable isotopic tracersJ Anim Sci200684 Suppl E60 E72 16582093 10.2527/2006.8413_supplE60x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NortonLWilsonGJOptimal protein intake to maximize muscle protein synthesisAgroFood Industry Hi-Tech200920 54 57 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhs1Kgu70%3D
   Google Scholar
• Glynn EL, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Dhanani S, Volpi E, et al. Excess leucine intake enhances muscle anabolic signaling but not net protein anabolism in young men and women. J Nutr. 2010;140:1970–6.
   Google Scholar
• NortonLELaymanDKBunpoPAnthonyTGBranaDVGarlickPJThe leucine content of a complete meal directs peak activation but not duration of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in ratsJ Nutr2009139 1103 1109 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlWrtrfJ 19403715 10.3945/jn.108.103853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasiakos SM, Mcclung HL, Mcclung JP, Margolis LM, Andersen NE, Cloutier GJ, et al. Leucine-enriched essential amino acid supplementation during moderate steady state exercise enhances postexercise muscle protein synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:809–18.
   Google Scholar
• Churchward-Venne TA, Burd NA, Mitchell CJ, West DW, Philp A, Marcotte GR, et al. Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men. J Physiol. 2012;590:2751–65.
   Google Scholar
• LaymanDKRole of leucine in protein metabolism during exercise and recoveryCan J Appl Physiol200227 646 663 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjvVSjsLg%3D 12501002 10.1139/h02-038
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CockburnEStevensonEHayesPRRobson-AnsleyPHowatsonGEffect of milk-based carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on the attenuation of exercise-induced muscle damageAppl Physiol Nutr Metab201035 270 277 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtlKksLk%3D 20555370 10.1139/H10-017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WojcikJRWalber-RankinJSmithLLGwazdauskasFCComparison of carbohydrate and milk-based beverages on muscle damage and glycogen following exerciseInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200111 406 419 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387ot1Cquw%3D%3D 11915776 10.1123/ijsnem.11.4.406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WatsonPLoveTDMaughanRJShirreffsSMA comparison of the effects of milk and a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on the restoration of fluid balance and exercise capacity in a hot, humid environmentEur J Appl Physiol2008104 633 642 18618137 10.1007/s00421-008-0809-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoirieYDanginMGachonPVassonMPMauboisJLBeaufrereBSlow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretionProc Natl Acad Sci199794 14930 14935 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXis1yrtQ%3D%3D 9405716 25140 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DanginMBoirieYGuilletCBeaufrereBInfluence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjectsJ Nutr2002132 3228S 3233S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xnsl2ktLg%3D 12368423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dangin M, Guillet C, Garcia-Rodenas C, Gachon P, Bouteloup-Demange C, Reiffers-Magnani K, et al. The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans. J Physiol. 2003;549(Pt 2):635–44.
   Google Scholar
• WilsonJWilsonGJContemporary issues in protein requirements and consumption for resistance trained athletesJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.20063 7 27 18500966 2129150 10.1186/1550-2783-3-1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NairKSMuscle protein turnover: methodological issues and the effect of agingJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci199550 Spec Issue 107 112 7493201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CribbPJWilliamsADCareyMFHayesAThe effect of whey isolate and resistance training on strength, body composition, and plasma glutamineInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200616 494 509 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1ehtLrK 17240782 10.1123/ijsnem.16.5.494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorifujiMSakaiKSanbongiCSugiuraKDietary whey protein increases liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels in exercise-trained ratsBr J Nutr200593 439 445 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXls1Sqtbk%3D 15946405 10.1079/BJN20051373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarkusCROlivierBDe HaanEHWhey protein rich in alpha-lactalbumin increases the ratio of plasma tryptophan to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids and improves cognitive performance in stress-vulnerable subjectsAm J Clin Nutr200275 1051 1056 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XktlSmtr0%3D 12036812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minet-RinguetJLe RuyetPMTomeDEvenPCA tryptophan-rich protein diet efficiently restores sleep after food deprivation in the ratBehav Brain Res2004152 335 340 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkvVKku74%3D 15196801 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LawBAReiterBThe isolation and bacteriostatic properties of lactoferrin from bovine milk wheyJ Dairy Res197744 595 599 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXjsF2rsA%3D%3D 338651 10.1017/S0022029900020550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangXAiTMengXLZhouJMaoXYIn vitro iron absorption of alpha-lactalbumin hydrolysate-iron and beta-lactoglobulin hydrolysate-iron complexesJ Dairy Sci201497 2559 2566 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjslOrtr8%3D 24612808 10.3168/jds.2013-7461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women. JAMA. 1999;281:1387–94.
   Google Scholar
• HaslerCMThe changing face of functional foodsJ Am Coll Nutr200019 Suppl 5 499S 506S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsVegt78%3D 11022999 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safety assessment and potential health benefits of food components based on selected scientific criteria. ILSI North America technical committee on food components for health promotion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1999;39:203–316.
   Google Scholar
• Position of the American Dietetic Association Functional foodsJ Am Diet Assoc199999 1278 1285 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00314-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BlusztajnJKCholine, a vital amineScience1998281 5378 794 795 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlt1SnsL0%3D 9714685 10.1126/science.281.5378.794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HandelmanGJNightingaleZDLichtensteinAHSchaeferEJBlumbergJBLutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolkAm J Clin Nutr199970 247 251 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkvFCrsLw%3D 10426702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SymonsTBSchutzlerSECockeTLChinkesDLWolfeRRPaddon-JonesDAging does not impair the anabolic response to a protein-rich mealAm J Clin Nutr200786 451 456 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpsVGrtbk%3D 17684218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FogelholmMDairy products, meat and sports performanceSports Med200333 615 631 12797842 10.2165/00007256-200333080-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, et al. Issn exercise & sports nutrition review: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010;7:7.
   Google Scholar
• HarrisRCLoweJAWarnesKOrmeCEThe concentration of creatine in meat, offal and commercial dog foodRes Vet Sci199762 58 62 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjslKjuro%3D 9160426 10.1016/S0034-5288(97)90181-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShomratAWeinsteinYKatzAEffect of creatine feeding on maximal exercise performance in vegetariansEur J Appl Physiol200082 321 325 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmsVOit7g%3D 10958375 10.1007/s004210000222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurkeDGChilibeckPDPariseGCandowDGMahoneyDTarnopolskyMEffect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetariansMed Sci Sports Exerc200335 1946 1955 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXoslWltbk%3D 14600563 10.1249/01.MSS.0000093614.17517.79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp MH, Lowery RP, Shields KA, Lane JR, Gray JL, Partl JM, Hayes DW, Wilson GJ, Hollmer CA, Minivich JR, and Wilson JM. The effects of beef, chicken, or whey protein post-workout on body composition and muscle performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001936. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• LarssonSCWolkKBrismarKWolkAAssociation of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor i in middle-aged and elderly menAm J Clin Nutr200581 1163 1167 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXktlylu7c%3D 15883443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JuulAScheikeTDavidsenMGyllenborgJJorgensenTLow serum insulin-like growth factor i is associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease: a population-based case-control studyCirculation2002106 939 944 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntlSqs78%3D 12186797 10.1161/01.CIR.0000027563.44593.CC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederroth CR, Vinciguerra M, Gjinovci A, Kuhne F, Klein M, Cederroth M, et al. Dietary phytoestrogens activate amp-activated protein kinase with improvement in lipid and glucose metabolism. Diabetes. 2008;57:1176–85.
   Google Scholar
• Gorissen SH, Horstman AM, Franssen R, Crombag JJ, Langer H, Bierau J, et al. Ingestion of wheat protein increases in vivo muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men in a randomized trial. J Nutr. 2016;146:1651–9.
   Google Scholar
• Purpura M, Lowery RP, Joy JM, De Souza EO, Kalman D. A comparison of blood amino acid concentrations following ingestion of rice and whey protein isolate: a double-blind, crossover study. J Nutr Health Sci. 2014;1:306.
   Google Scholar
• PaulGLThe rationale for consuming protein blends in sports nutritionJ Am Coll Nutr200928 sup4 464S 472S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXlvFOhurc%3D 20234034 10.1080/07315724.2009.10718113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidy PT, Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Gundermann DM, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, et al. Protein blend ingestion following resistance exercise promotes human muscle protein synthesis. J Nutr. 2013;143:410–6.
   Google Scholar
• Reidy PT, Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Gundermann DM, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, et al. Soy-dairy protein blend and whey protein ingestion after resistance exercise increases amino acid transport and transporter expression in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md: 1985). 2014;116:1353–64.
   Google Scholar
• Reidy PT, Borack MS, Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Deer RR, Husaini SH, et al. Protein supplementation has minimal effects on muscle adaptations during resistance exercise training in young men: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Nutr. 2016;146:1660–9.
   Google Scholar
• NortonLERupassarILaymanDKGarlicPJIsonitrogenous protein sources with different leucine contents differentially effect translation initiation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscleFASEB J200822 Supplement 1 869 865
   Google Scholar
• NortonLERupassaraIGarlickPJLaymanDKLeucine contents of isonitrogenout protein sources predict post prandial muscle protein synthesis in rats fed a complete mealFASEB J200923 Supplement 1 227 224
   Google Scholar
• Renan M, Mekmene O, Famelart MH, Guyomarc'h F, Arnoult-Delest V, Paquet D, et al. Ph-dependent behaviour of soluble protein aggregates formed during heat-treatment of milk at ph 6.5 or 7.2. J Dairy Res. 2006;73:79–86.
   Google Scholar
• SilkDBGrimbleGKReesRGProtein digestion and amino acid and peptide absorptionProc Nutr Soc198544 63 72 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhvVCjt7Y%3D 3885229 10.1079/PNS19850011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CalbetJAHolstJJGastric emptying, gastric secretion and enterogastrone response after administration of milk proteins or their peptide hydrolysates in humansEur J Nutr200443 127 139 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvFSju78%3D 15168035 10.1007/s00394-004-0448-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CalbetJAMacleanDAPlasma glucagon and insulin responses depend on the rate of appearance of amino acids after ingestion of different protein solutions in humansJ Nutr2002132 2174 2182 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmtF2qsbw%3D 12163658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood CM, Roberts MD, Dalbo VJ, Smith-Ryan AE, Kendall KL, Moon JR, et al. Effects of hydrolyzed whey versus other whey protein supplements on the physiological response to 8 weeks of resistance exercise in college-aged males. J Am Coll Nutr. 2017;36:16–27.
   Google Scholar
• Morifuji M, Ishizaka M, Baba S, Fukuda K, Matsumoto H, Koga J, et al. Comparison of different sources and degrees of hydrolysis of dietary protein: effect on plasma amino acids, dipeptides, and insulin responses in human subjects. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:8788–97.
   Google Scholar
• ThomsonRLBuckleyJDProtein hydrolysates and tissue repairNutr Res Rev201124 191 197 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhslyns7o%3D 22098638 10.1017/S0954422411000084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuckleyJDThomsonRLCoatesAMHowePRDenichiloMORowneyMKSupplementation with a whey protein hydrolysate enhances recovery of muscle force-generating capacity following eccentric exerciseJ Sci Med Sport201013 178 181 18768358 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoyerNChuangJLGipnerDAn acute care geriatric unitNurs Manag198617 22 25 1:STN:280:DyaL283gsVGisQ%3D%3D
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CookeMBRybalkaEStathisCGCribbPJHayesAWhey protein isolate attenuates strength decline after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individualsJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.20107 30 20860817 2955583 10.1186/1550-2783-7-30 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1WksLvN
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorifujiMKandaAKogaJKawanakaKHiguchiMPost-exercise carbohydrate plus whey protein hydrolysates supplementation increases skeletal muscle glycogen level in ratsAmino Acids201038 1109 1115 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXkt12qsL4%3D 19593593 10.1007/s00726-009-0321-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van LoonLJKiesAKSarisWHProtein and protein hydrolysates in sports nutritionInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200717 S1 S4 18577770 10.1123/ijsnem.17.s1.s1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaundersMJCoingestion of carbohydrate-protein during endurance exercise: influence on performance and recoveryInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.200717 S87 S103 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVCru7bM 18577778 10.1123/ijsnem.17.s1.s87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorgstromBDahlqvistALundhGSjovallJStudies of intestinal digestion and absorption in the humanJ Clin Invest195736 1521 1536 1:CAS:528:DyaG1cXns1ek 13475490 1072752 10.1172/JCI103549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minevich J, Olson MA, Mannion JP, Boublik JH, Mcpherson JO, Lowery RP, et al. Digestive enzymes reduce quality differences between plant and animal proteins: an double-blind crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12(Suppl 1):P26.
   Google Scholar
• FouqueDLavilleMLow protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev20093
   Google Scholar
• MartinWFArmstrongLERodriguezNRDietary protein intake and renal functionNutr Metab (Lond)20052 25 10.1186/1743-7075-2-25 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtF2ltbzL
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PoortmansJRDellalieuxODo regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes?Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab200010 28 38 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXit12qsL8%3D 10722779 10.1123/ijsnem.10.1.28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Technical report series 935. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition: report of a joint fao/who/uni expert consultation2011
   Google Scholar
• BrandleESieberthHGHautmannREEffect of chronic dietary protein intake on the renal function in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr199650 734 740 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FoslSqsw%3D%3D 8933120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonio J, Ellerbroek A, Silver T, Orris S, Scheiner M, Gonzalez A, et al. A high protein diet (3.4 g/kg/d) combined with a heavy resistance training program improves body composition in healthy trained men and women--a follow-up investigation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:39.
   Google Scholar
• AntonioJEllerbroekASilverTVargasLPeacockCThe effects of a high protein diet on indices of health and body composition--a crossover trial in resistance-trained menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr201613 3 26778925 4715299 10.1186/s12970-016-0114-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXis1ejt7w%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonio J, Ellerbroek A, Silver T, Vargas L, Tamayo A, Buehn R, et al. A high protein diet has no harmful effects: a one-year crossover study in resistance-trained males. J Nutr Metab. 2016;2016:9104792.
   Google Scholar
• AntonioJPeacockCAEllerbroekAFromhoffBSilverTThe effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individualsJ Int Soc Sports Nutr201411 19 24834017 4022420 10.1186/1550-2783-11-19 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXivVahs70%3D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WolfeRRCifelliAMKostasGKimIYOptimizing protein intake in adults: interpretation and application of the recommended dietary allowance compared with the acceptable macronutrient distribution rangeAdv Nutr20178 266 275 28298271 10.3945/an.116.013821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar