10,658
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review

, , , , & ORCID Icon

References

  • UN. Women, gender equality and sport. Women 2000 Beyond. 2007:1–40.
  • Fink JS. Female athletes, women’s sport, and the sport media commercial complex: Have we really “come a long way, baby”? Sport Manag. Rev. 2015:331–42.
  • McNulty KL, Elliott-Sale KJ, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Ansdell P, Goodall S, et al. The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Exercise Performance in Eumenorrheic Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sport Med [Internet]. Springer International Publishing; 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01319E-3.
  • Benton MJ, Hutchins AM, Dawes JJ. Effect of menstrual cycle on resting metabolism: A systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One. Public Library of Science; 2020 [cited 2020 4];15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32658929/
  • Corella D, Coltell O, Portolés O, Sotos-Prieto M, Fernández-Carrión R, Ramirez-Sabio JB, et al. A guide to applying the sex-gender perspective to nutritional genomics [Internet]. Nutrients. MDPI AG; 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 4]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30577445/
  • RoepstorffCSteffensenCHMadsenMStallknechtBKanstrupILRichterEA et al Gender differences in substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in endurance-trained subjectsAm J Physiol2002282 435 447
  • CampbellSEAngusDJFebbraioMAGlucose kinetics and exercise performance during phases of the menstrual cycle: effect of glucose ingestionAm J Physiol2001281 817 825
  • GorczycaAMSjaardaLAMitchellEMPerkinsNJSchliepKCWactawski-WendeJ et al Changes in macronutrient, micronutrient, and food group intakes throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy, premenopausal womenEur J Nutr201655 1181 1188 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXps12rsrw%3D 26043860 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0931-0 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26043860 [cited 2020 15 Apr]
  • WalkerJLHeigenhauserGJFHultmanESprietLLDietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen content, and endurance performance in well-trained womenJ Appl Physiol200088 6 2151 2158 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXksFWqsbs%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2151 10846030
  • Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, et al. A Reduced Ratio of Dietary Carbohydrate to Protein Improves Body Composition and Blood Lipid Profiles during Weight Loss in Adult Women. J Nutr. 2003:133, 411–7 Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jn/article-abstract/133/2/411/4687883 [cited 2020 13 Apr].
  • KerksickCMWilbornCDRobertsMDSmith-RyanAKleinerSMJägerR et al ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendKerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., … Kreider, R. B. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendatJ Int Soc Sports Nutr201815 1 57 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXjtVyrsLc%3D
  • JonasonPKAn evolutionary psychology perspective on sex differences in exercise behaviors and motivationsJ Soc Psychol2007147 5 14 17345918 https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.147.1.5-14 Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/SOCP.147.1.5-14 [cited 2020 25 Sep]
  • Silberstein LR, Striegel-Moore RH, Timko C, Rodin J. Behavioral and psychological implications of body dissatisfaction: Do men and women differ? Sex Roles; 1988; 19: 219–232. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00290156 [cited 2020 25 Sep]
  • Shriver LH, Betts NM, Wollenberg G. Dietary intakes and eating habits of college athletes: are female college athletes following the current sports nutrition standards? J am Coll heal. 2013;
  • Hoogenboom BJ, Morris J, Morris C, Schaefer K. Nutritional knowledge and eating behaviors of female, collegiate swimmers. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009.
  • ManoreMMDietary recommendations and athletic menstrual dysfunctionSport Med.200232 14 887 901 https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200232140-00002
  • Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM, Sanborn CF, Sundgot-Borgen J, Warren MP. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;
  • RoepstorffCSteffensenCHMadsenMStallknechtBKanstrupILRichterEA et al Gender differences in substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in endurance-trained subjectsAm J Physiol2002282 2 E435 E447 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhtFGitb4%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2001
  • PivarnikJMMarichalCJSpillmanTMorrowJRMenstrual cycle phase affects temperature regulation during endurance exerciseJ Appl Physiol199272 2 543 548 1:STN:280:DyaK383hvVehsw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.543 1559930
  • HunterSKSex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractionsExp Physiol2016101 250 255 26440505 https://doi.org/10.1113/EP085370 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26440505 [cited 2020 8 Apr]
  • HackneyACKallmanALAǧgönEFemale sex hormones and the recovery from exercise: menstrual cycle phase affects responsesBiomed Hum Kinet201911 1 87 89 https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2019-0011 31179123 6555618
  • Bredella MA. Sex differences in body composition. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017:9–27 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224088 [cited 2020 13 Apr].
  • Aucouturier J, Baker JS, Duché P. Fat and carbohydrate metabolism during submaximal exercise in children. Sport Med. 2008:213–38.
  • IsaccoLDuchPBoisseauNInfluence of hormonal status on substrate utilization at rest and during exercise in the female populationSport Med.201242 4 327 342 https://doi.org/10.2165/11598900-000000000-00000
  • OosthuyseTBoschANThe effect of the menstrual cycle on exercise metabolism: implications for exercise performance in eumenorrhoeic womenSports Med201040 207 227 20199120 https://doi.org/10.2165/11317090-000000000-00000 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20199120 [cited 2020 20 Mar]
  • Lebrun CM. The effect of the phase of the menstrual cycle and the birth control pill on athletic performance. Clin Sports Med. 1994:419–41.
  • Reilly T. The Menstrual Cycle and Human Performance: An Overview. https://doi.org/101076/0929-1016(200002)31:1;1-0;FT029. Taylor & Francis Group ; 2010;
  • Van Pelt RE, Gavin KM, Kohrt WM. Regulation of Body Composition and Bioenergetics by Estrogens. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015:663–76.
  • Davidsen L, Vistisen B, Astrup A, et al. Int J Obes. 2007:1777–85.
  • BisdeeJTJamesWPTShawMAChanges in energy expenditure during the menstrual cycleBr J Nutr198961 187 199 1:STN:280:DyaL1M3gslCitg%3D%3D 2706224 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19890108
  • KriengsinyosWWykesLJGoonewardeneLABallROPencharzPBPhase of menstrual cycle affects lysine requirement in healthy womenAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2004287 E489 E496 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnvVejuro%3D 15308475 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00262.2003 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308475 [cited 2020 20 Mar]
  • DraperCFDuistersKWegerBChakrabartiAHarmsACBrennanL et al Menstrual cycle rhythmicity: metabolic patterns in healthy womenSci Rep20188 14568 1:STN:280:DC%2BB3czksl2gsQ%3D%3D 30275458 6167362 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32647-0 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30275458 [cited 2020 20 Mar]
  • TarnopolskyMAGender differences in substrate metabolism during endurance exerciseCan J Appl Physiol200025 312 327 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlvFels7s%3D 10953068 https://doi.org/10.1139/h00-024
  • Blaak E. Gender differences in fat metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001:499–502.
  • Tiller NB, Elliott-Sale KJ, Knechtle B, Wilson PB, Roberts JD, Millet GY. Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport? [Internet]. Sport. Med. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2021 [cited 2021 Feb 5]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33502701/
  • LavoieJMDionneNHelieRBrissonGRMenstrual cycle phase dissociation of blood glucose homeostasis during exerciseJ Appl Physiol198762 1084 1089 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXmtlerurk%3D 3571066 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.3.1084 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3571066 [cited 2020 20 Mar]
  • NicklasBJHackneyACSharpRLThe menstrual cycle and exercise: performance, muscle glycogen, and substrate responsesInt J Sports Med198910 04 264 269 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7gvFCgsg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024913 2606593
  • JEHJJonesNLToewsCJSuttonJREffects of menstrual cycle on blood lactate, O2 delivery, and performance during exerciseJ Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol198151 1493 1499 Available from: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1981.51.6.1493 [cited 2020 5 Oct]
  • Smekal G, Von Duvillard SP, Frigo P, Tegelhofer T, Pokan R, Hofmann P, et al. Menstrual cycle: No effect on exercise cardiorespiratory variables or blood lactate concentration. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 2007; 39: 1098–1106. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17596777/ [cited 2020 5 Oct]
  • LebrunCMMcKenzieDCPriorJCTauntonJEEffects of menstrual cycle phase on athletic performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc199527 3 437 444 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3nt1eltA%3D%3D 7752873 https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199503000-00022
  • CasazzaGASuhSHMillerBFNavazioFMBrooksGAEffects of oral contraceptives on peak exercise capacityJ Appl Physiol200293 5 1698 1702 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xosl2ls7Y%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00622.2002 12381756
  • Romero-MoraledaBDel CosoJGutiérrez-HellínJRuiz-MorenoCGrgicJLaraBThe influence of the menstrual cycle on muscle strength and power performanceJ Hum Kinet Sciendo201968 1 123 133 https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0061
  • MillerAEJMacDougallJDTarnopolskyMASaleDGGender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristicsEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol199366 3 254 262 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3jvVKksg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235103 8477683
  • Yoon T, Doyel R, Widule C, Hunter SK. Sex differences with aging in the fatigability of dynamic contractions. Exp Gerontol; 2015; 70:1–10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26159162 [cited 2020 13 Apr]
  • Ansdell P, Thomas K, Hicks KM, Hunter SK, Howatson G, Goodall S. Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications. Exp Physiol; 2020. p. 2007–2021. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33002256/ [cited 2021 5 Feb]
  • Bar-Or O. Effects of age and gender on sweating pattern during exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1998; 19 Suppl 2:S106–S107. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694411 [cited 2020 8 Apr]
  • GruczaREfficiency of thermoregulatory system in man under endogenous and exogenous heat loadsActa Phys Pol A199041 123 145 1:STN:280:DyaK38zjs1yhsw%3D%3D
  • Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Grucza R. Gender differences in thermoregulation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001:533–6.
  • GruczaRPekkarinenHTitovEKKononoffAHänninenOInfluence of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on thermoregulatory responses to exercise in young womenEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol199367 3 279 285 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FjvFShsA%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00864229 8223544
  • Inoue Y, Tanaka Y, Omori K, Kuwahara T, Ogura Y, Ueda H. Sex- and menstrual cycle-related differences in sweating and cutaneous blood flow in response to passive heat exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005; 94: 323–332. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15729550 [cited 2020 8 Apr]
  • Redman LM, Heilbronn LK, Martin CK, Alfonso A, Smith SR, Ravussin E. Effect of calorie restriction with or without exercise on body composition and fat distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 2007; 92: 865–872. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17200169/ [cited 2020 16 Nov]
  • Sartorio A, Maffiuletti NA, Agosti F, Lafortuna CL. Gender-related changes in body composition, muscle strength and power output after a short-term multidisciplinary weight loss intervention in morbid obesity. J Endocrinol Invest; 2005; 28: 494–501. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16117189/ [cited 2020 16 Nov]
  • Pearson AG, Alexander L, Witard OC, Coughlin TE, Tipton KD, Walshe IH. A hypoenergetic diet with decreased protein intake does not reduce lean body mass in trained females. Eur J Appl Physiol; 2020; 1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04555-7, 121, 3, 771, 781 [cited 2020 16 Dec]
  • Valentine RJ, Misic MM, Rosengren KS, Woods JA, Evans EM. Sex impacts the relation between body composition and physical function in older adults. Menopause; 2009; 16: 518–523. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC2844341/?report=abstract [cited 2020 16 Nov]
  • Blunt BA, Klauber MR, Barrett-Connor EL, Edelstein SL. Sex differences in bone mineral density in 1653 men and women in the sixth through tenth decades of life: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Bone Miner Res. 1994; 9: 1333–1338. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7817816 [cited 2020 Apr 13]
  • Lee N, Wingo P, Gwin M, Rubin G, Kendrick J, Webster L, et al. The Reduction in Risk of Ovarian Cancer Associated with Oral-Contraceptive Use. N Engl J Med; 1987; 316: 650–655. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198703123161102 [cited 2020 Dec 3]
  • Frye CA. An overview of oral contraceptives: Mechanism of action and clinical use [Internet]. Neurology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16567739/ [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • Daniels K, Abma J. Current contracpetive status among women aged 15–49 [Internet]. NCHS Data Brief, no 327. 2018 [cited 2020 Dec 3]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db327.htm
  • Hackney AC. Sex hormones, exercise and women. 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44558-8.
  • Van Vliet HA, Grimes DA, Helmerhorst FM, Schulz KF, Lopez LM. Biphasic versus monophasic oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. Wiley; 2006 [cited 2020 Nov 20];2006. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6492366/?report=abstract.
  • Van Vliet HA, Grimes DA, Lopez LM, Schulz KF, Helmerhorst FM. Triphasic versus monophasic oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. Wiley; 2011 [cited 2020 Dec 3];2011. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7154342/?report=abstract.
  • Godsland IF, Crook D, Simpson R, Proudler T, Felton C, Lees B, et al. The Effects of Different Formulations of Oral Contraceptive Agents on Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism. N Engl J Med; 1990; 323: 1375–1381. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199011153232003 [cited 2020 Dec 3]
  • van der VangeNKloosterboerHJHaspelsAAEffect of seven low-dose combined oral contraceptive preparations on carbohyrate metabolismAm J Obstet Gynecol1987156 4 918 922 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(87)90355-3 3578401
  • Suh SH, Casazza GA, Horning MA, Miller BF, Brooks GA. Effects of oral contraceptives on glucose flux and substrate oxidation rates during rest and exercise. J Appl Physiol; 2003; 94: 285–294. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12391078/ [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • Silva-BermudezLSTolozaFJKPerez-MatosMCde SouzaRJBanfieldLVargas-VillanuevaA et al Effects of oral contraceptives on metabolic parameters in adult premenopausal women: A meta-analysisEndocr Connect20209 978 998 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXht1Chu7o%3D 33048062 7576645 https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0423 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33048062/ [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • CasazzaGAJacobsKASuhSHMillerBFHorningMABrooksGAMenstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive effects on triglyceride mobilization during exerciseJ Appl Physiol200497 302 309 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvFSisL8%3D 14990561 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00050.2004 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14990561/ [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • LarsenBCoxAColbeyCDrewMMcGuireHFazekas de St GrothB et al Inflammation and Oral Contraceptive Use in Female Athletes Before the Rio Olympic GamesFront Physiol202011 497 32523546 7261912 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00497 Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2020.00497/full [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • CauciSFrancescatoMPCurcioFCombined Oral Contraceptives Increase High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein but Not Haptoglobin in Female AthletesSport Med201747 175 185 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0534-9 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27084393/ [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • RechichiCDawsonBGoodmanCOral contraceptive phase has no effect on endurance testInt J Sports Med200829 277 281 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsVyltbg%3D 17990209 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-965334 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17990209/ [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • Rechichi C, Dawson B. Oral contraceptive cycle phase does not affect 200-m swim time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res; 2012 ; 26: 961–967. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22446669/ [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • Lebrun CM, Petit MA, McKenzie DC, Taunton JE, Prior JC. Decreased maximal aerobic capacity with use of a triphasic oral contraceptive in highly active women: A randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med; 2003; 37: 315–320. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12893716/ [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • Dalgaard LB, Dalgas U, Andersen JL, Rossen NB, Møller AB, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, et al. Influence of Oral Contraceptive Use on Adaptations to Resistance Training. Front Physiol; 2019; 10: 824. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2019.00824/full [cited 2020 3 Dec]
  • BarrackMTGibbsJCDe SouzaMJWilliamsNINicholsJFRauhMJ et al Higher incidence of bone stress injuries with increasing female athlete triad-related risk factors: A prospective multisite study of exercising girls and womenAm J Sports Med201442 949 958 24567250 https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513520295 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24567250/ [cited 2020 8 Nov]
  • LoucksABThumaJRLuteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab200388 1 297 311 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkvVCjug%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020369 12519869
  • Loucks AB, Kiens B, Wright HH. Energy availability in athletes. J. Sports Sci. 2011.
  • MelinATornbergÅBSkoubySFaberJRitzCSjödinA et al The LEAF questionnaire: A screening tool for the identification of female athletes at risk for the female athlete triadBr J Sports Med201448 540 545 24563388 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093240 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24563388/ [cited 2020 8 Nov]
  • Williams NI, Koltun KJ, Strock NCA, De Souza MJ. Female athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport: A focus on scientific rigor. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2019:197–205 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31524785/ [cited 2020 8 Nov].
  • BensonJEEngelbert-FentonKAEisenmanPANutritional aspects of amenorrhea in the female athlete triadInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab19966 2 134 145 1:STN:280:DyaK28zks1yqtg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.6.2.134
  • Otis CL, Drinkwater B, Johnson M, Loucks A, Wilmore J. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The Female Athlete Triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;
  • Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, et al. The IOC consensus statement: Beyond the Female Athlete Triad-Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med; 2014; 48: 491–497. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24620037/ [cited 2020 8 Nov]
  • HenryCJKLightowlerHJMarchiniJIntra-individual variation in resting metabolic rate during the menstrual cycleBr J Nutr200389 6 811 817 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltFenurw%3D https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2003839 12828798
  • Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes For Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Natl Acad Press. 2002:335–432.
  • Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009 [cited 2020 Nov 16];41:709–31. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00005768-200903000-00027
  • BurkeLMHawleyJAWongSHSJeukendrupAECarbohydrates for training and competitionJ Sports Sci201129 sup 1 S17 S27 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.585473 21660838
  • HargreavesMHawleyJAJeukendrupAPre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performanceJ Sports Sci200422 1 31 38 https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140536 14971431
  • WismannJWilloughbyDGender differences in Carbohydrate metabolism and Carbohydrate loadingJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.20063 1 28 34 https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-3-1-28 18500960 2129154
  • Bergstrom J. Diet, Muscle Glycogen. Acta Physiol Scand. 1967:140–50.
  • BurkeLMKiensBIvyJLCarbohydrates and fat for training and recoveryJ Sports Sci200422 1 15 30 https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140527 14971430
  • TarnopolskyMAAtkinsonSAPhillipsSMMacDougallJDCarbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and womenJ Appl Physiol199578 4 1360 1368 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzktVCisA%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.4.1360 7615443
  • JamesALorraineMCullenDGoodmanCDawsonBPalmerN et al Muscle glycogen supercompensation: absence of a gender-related differenceEur J Appl Physiol200185 6 533 538 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXotVaisL8%3D https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210100499 11718281
  • CoyleEFCogganARHemmertMKLoweRCWaltersTJSubstrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise mealJ Appl Physiol198559 2 429 433 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXlsVSktLY%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.429 3897180
  • ShermanWBrodowiczGWrightDAllenWSimonsenJDernbachAEffects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc198921 5 598 604 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7htlynsA%3D%3D 2691821 https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198910000-00017
  • WrightDAShermanWMDernbachARCarbohydrate feedings before, during, or in combination improve cycling endurance performanceJ Appl Physiol199171 3 1082 1088 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXmslylu7s%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.1082 1757304
  • BaileySPZacherCMMittlemanKDEffect of menstrual cycle phase on carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged exercise to fatigueJ Appl Physiol200088 2 690 697 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXht12is7Y%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.690 10658039
  • CoyleEFFluid and fuel intake during exerciseJ Sports Sci200422 1 39 55 https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140545 14971432
  • KerksickCMArentSSchoenfeldBJStoutJRCampbellBWilbornCD et al International society of sports nutrition position stand: Nutrient timingJ Int Soc Sports Nutr201714 1 21 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitVOgt7nE
  • TarnopolskyMABosmanMMacDonaldJRVandeputteDMartinJRoyBDPostexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and womenJ Appl Physiol199783 6 1877 1883 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXotFKg https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1877 9390958
  • Ivy JL. Glycogen Resynthesis After Exercise: Effect of Carbohydrate Intake. Int J Sports Med [Internet]. 1998; 142–145. Available from: https://www.sportsci.org/encyc/drafts/Glycogen.doc
  • VolekJSForsytheCEKraemerWJNutritional aspects of women strength athletesBr J Sports Med200640 9 742 748 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28rgsVSlsA%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016709 16855068 2564387
  • Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, et al. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018:1–57.
  • SimopoulosAPThe Mediterranean diets in health and diseaseAm J Clin Nutr199154 4 771 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.4.771
  • Isacco L, Duch P, Boisseau N. Influence of hormonal status on substrate utilization at rest and during exercise in the female population. Sport Med. 2012:327–42.
  • RubyBRobergsRGender differences in substrate utilization during exerciseSport Med199417 6 393 410 1:STN:280:DyaK2cznslOqtQ%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199417060-00005
  • HackneyACMcCracken-ComptonMAAinsworthBSubstrate responses to submaximal exercise in the midfollicular and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycleInt J Sport Nutr19944 3 299 308 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FnvVyqsw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.3.299 7987364
  • FrobergKPedersenPKSex differences in endurance capacity and metabolic response to prolonged, heavy exerciseEur J Appl Physiol198452 4 446 450 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3osFeitg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00943378
  • CarterSLRennieCTarnopolskyMASubstrate utilization during endurance exercise in men and women after endurance trainingAm J Physiol2001280 898 907
  • SprietLLGibalaMJNutritional strategies to influence adaptations to trainingJ Sports Sci200422 1 127 141 https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140608 14971438
  • Enette Larson-MeyerDNewcomerBRHunterGRInfluence of endurance running and recovery diet on intramyocellular lipid content in women: a 1H NMR studyAm J Physiol2002282 95 106
  • Stokes T, Hector AJ, Morton RW, McGlory C, Phillips SM. Recent perspectives regarding the role of dietary protein for the promotion of muscle hypertrophy with resistance exercise training. Nutrients; 2018 [Cited 2020 Apr 13]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29414855
  • Wang X, Proud CG. The mTOR pathway in the control of protein synthesis. Physiology. 2006:362–9.
  • Wolfe RR, Miller SL. The recommended dietary allowance of protein: A misunderstood concept. JAMA. 2008:2891–3. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.24.2891.
  • HumayunMAElangoRBallROPencharzPBReevaluation of the protein requirement in young men with the indicator amino acid oxidation techniqueAm J Clin Nutr200786 995 1002 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFyks7bO 17921376 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.4.995 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17921376/ [cited 2020 9 Nov]
  • MortonRWMurphyKTMcKellarSRSchoenfeldBJHenselmansMHelmsE et al A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adultsBr J Sports Med201852 376 384 28698222 28698222 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608
  • Tarnopolsky M. Protein requirements for endurance athletes. Nutrition. 2004:662–8 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15212749/ [cited 2020 16 Nov].
  • Kriengsinyos W, Wykes LJ, Goonewardene LA, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Phase of menstrual cycle affects lysine requirement in healthy women. Am J Physiol - Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2004 ; 287: E489–E496. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308475 [cited 2020 15 Apr]
  • Draper CF, Duisters K, Weger B, Chakrabarti A, Harms AC, Brennan L, et al. Menstrual cycle rhythmicity: metabolic patterns in healthy women. Sci Rep. 2018:8.
  • LamontLSLemonPWRBruotBCMenstrual cycle and exercise effects on protein catabolismMed Sci Sports Exerc198719 2 106 110 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3gtVyqtA%3D%3D 3574042 https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198704000-00007
  • BandeganACourtney-MartinGRafiiMPencharzPBLemonPWIndicator Amino Acid–Derived Estimate of Dietary Protein Requirement for Male Bodybuilders on a Nontraining Day Is Several-Fold Greater than the Current Recommended Dietary AllowanceJ Nutr2017147 850 857 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhtFOqtbzI 28179492 https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.236331 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28179492 [cited 2020 24 Mar]
  • MalowanyJMWestDWDWilliamsonEVoltermanKAAbou SawanSMazzullaM et al Protein to Maximize Whole-Body Anabolism in Resistance-trained Females after ExerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc201951 798 804 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXltVensb8%3D 30395050 https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001832 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328692335 [cited 2020 24 Mar]
  • Bosse JD, Dixon BM. Dietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theories. J Int Soc Sports Nutr; 2012 [cited 2020 Apr 13]. p. 42. Available from: https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-9-42
  • HoulthamSDRowlandsDSA snapshot of nitrogen balance in endurance-trained womenAppl Physiol Nutr Metab201439 219 225 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFaktb3E 24476478 https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0182 Available from: https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/apnm-2013-0182 [cited 2020 13 Apr]
  • Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, Camera DM, West DWD, Broad EM, et al. Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol; 2013; 591: 2319–2331. Available from: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244897 [cited 2020 13 Apr]
  • Tipton KD, Rasmussen BB, Miller SL, Wolf SE, Owens-Stovall SK, Petrini BE, et al. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. Am J Physiol. 2001:281.
  • JosseARTangJETarnopolskyMAPhillipsSMBody composition and strength changes in women with milk and resistance exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc201042 6 1122 1130 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtFKlurY%3D https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c854f6 19997019
  • Pihoker AA, Peterjohn AM, Trexler ET, Hirsch KR, Blue MNM, Anderson KC, et al. The effects of nutrient timing on training adaptations in resistance-trained females. J Sci Med Sport; 2019; 22: 472–477. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30366741/ [cited 2020 16 Nov]
  • Wingfield HL, Smith-Ryan AE, Melvin MN, Roelofs EJ, Trexler ET, Hackney AC, et al. The acute effect of exercise modality and nutrition manipulations on post-exercise resting energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio in women: a randomized trial. Sport Med; 2015 ; 1: 11. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27747847 [cited 2020 16 Nov]
  • Carbone JW, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM. Recent advances in the characterization of skeletal muscle and whole-body protein responses to dietary protein and exercise during negative energy balance. Adv Nutr. 2019. p. 70–79. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy087, 2019 [cited 2020 14 Apr]
  • Krishnan S, Tryon R, Welch LC, Horn WF, Keim NL. Menstrual cycle hormones, food intake, and cravings. FASEB J [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; [cited 2020 Dec 3];30:418.6–418.6. Available from: https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.418.6
  • Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan A, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Wilborn CD, Sale C, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr ; 2015;12:1–14. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y 1
  • StegenSBexTVervaetCVanheeLAchtenEDeraveWβ-Alanine dose for maintaining moderately elevated muscle carnosine levelsMed Sci Sports Exerc201446 1426 1432 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpvV2ksLs%3D 24389513 https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000248
  • VaranoskeANHoffmanJRChurchDDCokerNABakerKMDoddSJ et al β-Alanine supplementation elevates intramuscular carnosine content and attenuates fatigue in men and women similarly but does not change muscle L-histidine contentNutr Res201748 16 25 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhvVeit7bF 29246277 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.002
  • VaranoskeANHoffmanJRChurchDDWangRBakerKMDoddSJ et al Influence of skeletal muscle carnosine content on fatigue during repeated resistance exercise in recreationally active womenNutrients.20179 1 14 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090988 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitVCms7vE
  • Varanoske AN, Hoffman JR, Church DD, Coker NA, Baker KM, Dodd SJ, et al. Comparison of sustained-release and rapid-release β-alanine formulations on changes in skeletal muscle carnosine and histidine content and isometric performance following a muscle-damaging protocol. Amino Acids; 2019; 51: 49–60. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2609-4, 2019.
  • Smith-Ryan A, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Kendall KL. High-velocity intermittent running: Effects of beta-alanine supplementation. J Strength Cond Res [Internet]. 2012; 26: 2798–2805. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797003 [cited 2020 24 Apr]
  • HarrisRCTallonMJDunnettMBoobisLCoakleyJKimHJ et al The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralisAmino Acids200630 3 279 289 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xktlaksrk%3D https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9 16554972
  • MacPheeSWeaverINWeaverDFAn evaluation of Interindividual responses to the orally administered neurotransmitter β -alanineJ Amino Acids Hindawi Limited20132013 1 5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVGqurzM https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/429847
  • KeislerBDArmseyTDCaffeine as an ergogenic aidCurr Sports Med Rep20065 4 215 219 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CSMR.0000306510.57644.a7 16822345
  • Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Jenkins NDM, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021:1 Available from: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.TheCreativeCommonsPublicDomainDedicationwaiver [cited 2021 5 Feb].
  • LaneJDSteegeJFRuppSLKuhnCMMenstrual cycle effects on caffeine elimination in the human femaleEur J Clin Pharmacol199243 5 543 546 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXltFyjsQ%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02285099 1483492
  • Smith A. Effects of caffeine on human behavior. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002:1243–55.
  • Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam. 2003:1–30.
  • GrahamTECaffeine and exercise metabolism, endurance and performanceSport Med.200131 11 785 807 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrjsFahtw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002
  • GoldsteinERJacobsPLWhitehurstMPenhollowTAntonioJCaffeine enhances upper body strength in resistance-trained womenJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.20107 1 6 https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksFensbs%3D
  • HarrisRCSoderlundKHultmanEElevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementationClin Sci199283 367 374 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlvVKjtQ%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0830367 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1327657/ [cited 2021 3 Feb]
  • Buford TW, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Greenwood M, Campbell B, Spano M, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Creatine supplementation and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007:6 Available from: https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-4-6 [cited 2021 3 Feb].
  • Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017:1–18 Available from: https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z [cited 2021 5 Feb].
  • EllerySJWalkerDWDickinsonHCreatine for women: a review of the relationship between creatine and the reproductive cycle and female-specific benefits of creatine therapyAmino Acids201648 8 1807 1817 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XjtFChsrY%3D https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-016-2199-y 26898548
  • Ainsley DeanPJArikanGOpitzBSterrAPotential for use of creatine supplementation following mild traumatic brain injuryConcussion.20172 2 CNC34 https://doi.org/10.2217/cnc-2016-0016 30202575 6094347
  • KreiderRBKalmanDSAntonioJZiegenfussTNWildmanRCollinsR et al International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicineJ Int Soc Sports Nutr201714 1 19 28096757 5234097 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitVKmtb%2FE
  • Cooper R, Naclerio F, Allgrove J, Jimenez A. Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: An update. J Int Soc Sports Nutr; 2012;9:1. Available from: ???
  • TarnopolskyMAMacLennanDPCreatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and femalesInt J Sport Nutr200010 452 463 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvF2hsA%3D%3D
  • AyoamaRHirumaESasakiHEffects of creatine loading on muscular strength and endurance of female softball playersJ Sports Med Phys Fitness200343 4 481 487 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivVemtrk%3D 14767409
  • KerksickCMWilbornCDRobertsMDSmith-RyanAKleinerSMJägerR et al ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendationsJ Int Soc Sports Nutr201815 1 57 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXjtVyrsLc%3D
  • EckersonJMCreatine as an Ergogenic Aid for Female AthletesStrength Cond J201638 14 23 https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000208 Available from: https://journals.lww.com/00126548-201604000-00004 [cited 2021 5 Feb]
  • SimopoulosAPOmega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseasesJ Am Coll Nutr200221 6 495 505 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktleitg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248 12480795
  • HibbelnJRGowRVThe potential for military diets to reduce depression, suicide, and impulsive aggression: a review of current evidence for Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty AcidsMil Med2014179 11S 117 128 https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00153 25373095
  • SwansonDBlockRMousaSAOmega-3 fatty Acids EPA and DHA : healthJ Adv Nutr20123 1 7 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XjtFGmtLw%3D https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000893 Available from: https://advances.nutrition.org/content/3/1/1.short
  • VincentJUFederal RegisterFed Regist201075 56928 56935
  • WestNPPyneDBPeakeJMCrippsAWProbiotics, immunity and exercise: a reviewExerc Immunol Rev200915 107 126 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MfgtFSrtw%3D%3D 19957873
  • Jäger R, Mohr AE, Carpenter KC, Kerksick CM, Purpura M, Moussa A, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: probiotics. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019:62 Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0329-0, 2019 [cited 2021 Feb 5].
  • LamprechtMBognerSSchippingerGSteinbauerKFankhauserFHallstroemS et al Probiotic supplementation affects markers of intestinal barrier, oxidation, and inflammation in trained men; a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr20129 1 13 https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-45 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVSiur%2FK
  • Akgül T, Karakan T. The role of probiotics in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. Turkish J Urol; 2018. p. 377–383. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6134985/?report=abstract [cited 2020 14 Jul]
  • AxlingUÖnningGCombsMABogaleAHögströmMSvenssonMThe Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on Iron Status and Physical Performance in Female Iron-Deficient Athletes: A Randomized Controlled TrialNutrients202012 1279 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhvVGltrvI 7282001 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051279 7282001 Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1279 [cited 2021 4 Mar]
  • West NP, Pyne DB, Cripps AW, Hopkins WG, Eskesen DC, Jairath A, et al. Lactobacillus fermentum (PCC) supplementation and gastrointestinal and respiratory-tract illness symptoms: A randomised control trial in athletes. Nutr J. 2011:10 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21477383/ [cited 2021 4 Mar].
  • SteckerRAMoonJMRussoTJRatliffKMMumfordPWJägerR et al Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 improves amino acid absorption from milk proteinNutr Metab202017 93 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFOgsLvE https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-020-00515-2 Available from: https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12986-020-00515-2 [cited 2021 4 Mar]
  • Kligler B, Cohrssen A. Probiotics Am Fam. Physician. American Academy of Family Physicians; 2008. p. 1073–8.
  • ZdzieblikDOesserSBaumstarkMWGollhoferAKönigDCollagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: a randomised controlled trialBr J Nutr2015114 8 1237 1245 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhs1ehtLjP https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515002810 26353786 4594048
  • AntonioJSandersMSEhlerLAUelmenJRaetherJBStoutJREffects of exercise training and amino-acid supplementation on body composition and physical performance in untrained womenNutrition.200016 11-12 1043 1046 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXoslGnsbk%3D https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00434-2 11118822
  • KerksickCMArentSSchoenfeldBJStoutJRCampbellBWilbornCD et al International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timingJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.201714 1 21 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitVOgt7nE
  • HoffmanJRFalvoMJProtein - Which is best?J Sport Sci Med20043 118 130
  • Gorissen SHM, Crombag JJR, Senden JMG, Waterval WAH, Bierau J, Verdijk LB, et al. Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids [Internet]. Springer-Verlag Wien; 2018 [cited 2020 Jul 14];50:1685–95. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6245118/?report=abstract.
  • Jäger R, Zaragoza J, Purpura M, Iametti S, Marengo M, Tinsley GM, et al. Probiotic Administration Increases Amino Acid Absorption from Plant Protein: a Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Crossover Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins [Internet]. Springer; 2020 [cited 2021 mar 4];12:1330–9. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-020-09656-5.
  • BrownMAStevensonEJHowatsonGWhey protein hydrolysate supplementation accelerates recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in femalesAppl Physiol Nutr Metab201843 4 324 330 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXjtlaju7c%3D https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0412 29106812
  • Wan JJ, Qin Z, Wang PY, Sun Y, Liu X. Muscle fatigue: general understanding and treatment. Exp. Mol. Med. Nature Publishing Group; 2017.
  • Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Diet. Ref. Intakes Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitam. B6, Folate, Vitam. B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biot. Choline. National Academies Press; 1998.
  • Riboflavin - Health Professional Fact Sheet [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jul 15]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/
  • JägerRKerksickCMCampbellBICribbPJWellsSDSkwiatTM et al International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Protein and exerciseJ Int Soc Sports Nutr201714 1 25 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXitVOru7zE
  • Ross C, Taylor C, Yaktine A, Del Valle H. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Diet Ref Intakes Calcium Vitam D 2011.