Search in:

Advanced search

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Volume 18, 2021 - Issue 1

Submit an article Journal homepage

Open access

859

Views

CrossRef citations to date

Altmetric

Case Report

The role of age in the physiological adaptations and psychological responses in bikini-physique competitor contest preparation: a case series

Daniel E. Newmire1 Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry LabTexas A&M University-Corpus Christi78412Corpus ChristiTXUSACorrespondence[email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8666-0728

Heather E. Webb1 Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry LabTexas A&M University-Corpus Christi78412Corpus ChristiTXUSA

Article: 45 | Published online: 01 Apr 2022

Cite this article
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00445-1
CrossMark

Full Article
Figures & data
References
Citations
Metrics
Licensing
Reprints & Permissions
View PDF PDF View EPUB EPUB

References

SternfeldBDuganSPhysical activity and health during the menopausal transitionObstet Gynecol Clin North Am201138 3 537 566 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.008 21961719 3270074
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
GrindlerNMSantoroNFMenopause and exerciseMenopause201522 12 1351 1358 https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000536 26382311
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
TinsleyGMTrexlerETSmith-RyanAEPaoliAGraybealAJCampbellBISchoenfeldBJChanges in body composition and neuromuscular performance through preparation, 2 competitions, and a recovery period in an experienced female physique athleteJ Strength Cond Res201933 7 1823 1839 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002758 30036283
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
WhiteheadJSlaterGWrightHMartinLO’ConnorHMitchellLDisordered eating behaviours in female physique athletesEur J Sport Sci202020 9 1206 1214 https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1698659 31771429
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
TrexlerETHirschKRCampbellBISmith-RyanAEPhysiological changes following competition in male and female physique athletes: a pilot studyInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab201727 5 458 466 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXkslKhu7c%3D https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0038 28422530
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Gray J. Associations between eating disorder risk, emotional intelligence, and body image experience in bikini competitors: Keiser University; 2019.
Google Scholar
HallidayTMLoennekeJPDavyBMDietary intake, body composition, and menstrual cycle changes during competition preparation and recovery in a drug-free figure competitor: a case studyNutrients20168 11 740 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXptlWjsw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110740 5133123
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
LongstromJMColenso-SempleLMWaddellBJMastrofiniGTrexlerETCampbellBIPhysiological, psychological and performance-related changes following physique competition: a case-seriesJ Functional Morphol Kinesiol20205 2 27 https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020027
PubMedGoogle Scholar
RohrigBJPettittRWPettittCDKanzenbachTLPsychophysiological tracking of a female physique competitor through competition preparationInt J Exerc Sci201710 2 301 311 28344742 5360372
PubMedGoogle Scholar
PetrizzoJDiMennaFJMartinsK et al Case study: the effect of 32 weeks of figure-contest preparation on a self-proclaimed drug-free female's lean body and bone massInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab201727 6 543 549 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXntFOqu74%3D https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0313 28253030
PubMedGoogle Scholar
MathisenTFHeiaJRaustølMSandeggenMFjellestadISundgot-BorgenJPhysical health and symptoms of relative energy deficiency in female fitness athletesScand J Med Sci Sports202030 1 135 147 https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13568 31593622
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Hulmi JJ, Isola V, Suonpää M, Järvinen NJ, Kokkonen M, Wennerström A, et al. The effects of intensive weight reduction on body composition and serum hormones in female fitness competitors. Front Physiol. 2017;7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00689.
Google Scholar
ThomasDTErdmanKABurkeLMPosition of the academy of nutrition and dietetics, dietitians of Canada, and the american college of sports medicine: nutrition and athletic performanceJ Acad Nutr Diet2016116 3 501 528 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006 26920240
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
RobertsBMHelmsERTrexlerETFitschenPJNutritional recommendations for physique athletesJ Hum Kinet202071 1 79 108 https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0096 32148575 7052702
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
CunninghamJJA reanalysis of the factors influencing basal metabolic rate in normal adultsAm J Clin Nutr198033 11 2372 2374 1:STN:280:DyaL3M%2FlvFCmtg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/33.11.2372 7435418
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
ThomasDTErdmanKABurkeLMNutrition and athletic performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc201648 3 543 568 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XjtFKgtLk%3D https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852 26891166 26891166
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
LoucksABEnergy availability, not body fatness, regulates reproductive function in womenExerc Sport Sci Rev200331 3 144 148 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200307000-00008 12882481
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
CohenSKamarckTMermelsteinRA global measure of perceived stressJ Health Soc Behav198324 4 385 396 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7js12iug%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
CashTFFlemingECAlindoganJSteadmanLWhiteheadABeyond body image as a trait: the development and validation of the body image states scaleEat Disord200210 2 103 113 https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260290081678 16864251
PubMedGoogle Scholar
TylkaTLWood-BarcalowNLThe body appreciation scale-2: item refinement and psychometric evaluationBody Image201512 53 67 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006 25462882
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
HartEALearyMRRejeskiWJTie measurement of social physique anxietyJ Sport Exerc Psychol198911 1 94 104 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.11.1.94
Web of Science ®Google Scholar
GarnerDOlmstedMBohrY et al The eating attitudes test: psychometric featuresPsychol Med198212 4 871 878 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7hvVWkug%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700049163 6961471
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
HangartnerTNWarnerSBraillonPJankowskiLShepherdJThe official positions of the international society for clinical densitometry: acquisition of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry body composition and considerations regarding analysis and repeatability of measuresJ Clin Densitom201316 4 520 536 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.007 24183641
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
KimJWangZHeymsfieldSBBaumgartnerRNGallagherDTotal-body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by a new dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry methodAm J Clin Nutr200276 2 378 383 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslOltrY%3D https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.2.378 12145010
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
AndersonLJErcegDNSchroederETUtility of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance compared to deuterium dilution for assessment of total body waterNutri Dietetics201572 2 183 189 https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12130
Web of Science ®Google Scholar
WeyerCWalfordRLHarperITMilnerMMacCallumTTataranniPARavussinEEnergy metabolism after 2 y of energy restriction: the biosphere 2 experimentAm J Clin Nutr200072 4 946 953 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnt1amt74%3D https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.4.946 11010936
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
KarastergiouKSmithSRGreenbergASFriedSKSex differences in human adipose tissues - the biology of pear shapeBiol Sex Differ20123 1 13 https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-6410-3-13 22651247 3411490
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Liguori G and Medicine ACoS: Acsm's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2020(Series Editor).
Google Scholar
Mechelli F, Arendt-Nielsen L, Stokes M, Agyapong-Badu S. Validity of ultrasound imaging versus magnetic resonance imaging for measuring anterior thigh muscle, subcutaneous fat, and fascia thickness. Methods Protoc. 2019;2(3):58.
Google Scholar
WagnerDRThompsonBJAndersonDASchwartzSA-mode and b-mode ultrasound measurement of fat thickness: a cadaver validation studyEur J Clin Nutr201973 4 518 523 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0085-2 29391591
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
JacksonASPollockMLWardAGeneralized equations for predicting body density of womenMed Sci Sports Exerc198012 3 175 181 1:STN:280:DyaL3c3ltl2ktw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198023000-00009
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
LixandrãoMEUgrinowitschCBottaroMChacon-MikahilMPTCavaglieriCRMinLLde SouzaEOLaurentinoGCLibardiCAVastus lateralis muscle cross-sectional area ultrasonography validity for image fitting in humansJ Strength Cond Res201428 11 3293 3297 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000532 24845210
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
AhtiainenJPHoffrenMHulmiJJPietikäinenMMeroAAAvelaJHäkkinenKPanoramic ultrasonography is a valid method to measure changes in skeletal muscle cross-sectional areaEur J Appl Physiol2010108 2 273 279 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1211-6 19777252
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Valera-Calero JA, Ojedo-Martín C, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, et al. Reliability and validity of panoramic ultrasound imaging for evaluating muscular quality and morphology: a systematic review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2021;47(2):185–200. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301562920304713.
Google Scholar
FranchiMVLongoSMallinsonJQuinlanJITaylorTGreenhaffPLNariciMVMuscle thickness correlates to muscle cross-sectional area in the assessment of strength training-induced hypertrophyScand J Med Sci Sports201828 3 846 853 1:STN:280:DC%2BC1cfntlGkuw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12961 28805932
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
JeongJ-RLeeS-JLeeW-HReliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging for measuring the gluteus maximus muscle at rest and during contractionPhysical Therapy Rehab Sci20176 1 7 13 https://doi.org/10.14474/ptrs.2017.6.1.7
Google Scholar
CasaDJArmstrongLEHillmanSKMontainSJReiffRVRichBSRobertsWOStoneJANational athletic trainers' association position statement: fluid replacement for athletesJ Athl Train200035 2 212 224 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cngs1Wntw%3D%3D 16558633 1323420
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Exercise and Fluid Replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597.
Google Scholar
SterlingWMGoldenNHJacobsonMSOrnsteinRMHertzSMMetabolic assessment of menstruating and nonmenstruating normal weight adolescentsInt J Eat Disord200942 7 658 663 https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20604 19247996
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Kinney JM: Energy metabolism: Tissue determinants and cellular corollaries: raven Press; 1992(Series Editor).
Google Scholar
TeixeiraVVociSMMendes-NettoRSda SilvaDGThe relative validity of a food record using the smartphone application myfitnesspalNutri Dietetics201875 2 219 225 https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12401
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
ScottBRDuthieGMThorntonHRDascombeBJTraining monitoring for resistance exercise: theory and applicationsSports Med201646 5 687 698 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0454-0 26780346 26780346
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Organization WH: Who guidelines on drawing blood: Best practices in phlebotomy: World Health Organization; 2010(Series Editor).
Google Scholar
BanasiakSJWertheimEHKoernerJVoudourisNJTest-retest reliability and internal consistency of a variety of measures of dietary restraint and body concerns in a sample of adolescent girlsInt J Eat Disord200129 1 85 89 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FpsVCjtg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(200101)29:1<85::AID-EAT14>3.0.CO;2-G 11135339
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Nakamoto J and Mason P: Quest diagnostics. The quest diagnostics manual endocrinology. San juan capistrano. CA: Quest Diagnostics 2012.
Google Scholar
American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(3):543–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852.
Google Scholar
The female athlete triad Med Sci Sports Exerc200739 1867 1882 https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111
Web of Science ®Google Scholar
ZurloFLarsonKBogardusCRavussinESkeletal muscle metabolism is a major determinant of resting energy expenditureJ Clin Invest199086 5 1423 1427 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXmt1yguro%3D https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114857 2243122 296885
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
OstlundRJrYangJWKleinS et al Relation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, gender, diet, age, and metabolic covariatesJ Clin Endocrinol Metabol199681 11 3909 3913 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XntVCrsro%3D https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.11.8923837
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Sundgot-BorgenJMeyerNLLohmanTGAcklandTRMaughanRJStewartADMüllerWHow to minimise the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition, health and performance, under the auspices of the ioc medical commissionBr J Sports Med201347 16 1012 1022 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092966 24115480
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
BrynerRWUllrichIHSauersJDonleyDHornsbyGKolarMYeaterREffects of resistance vs. aerobic training combined with an 800 calorie liquid diet on lean body mass and resting metabolic rateJ Am Coll Nutr199918 2 115 121 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3hvFGhsg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1999.10718838 10204826
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Ardavani A, Aziz H, Smith K, et al. The effects of very low energy diets and low energy diets with exercise training on skeletal muscle mass: a narrative review. Adv Ther. 2020:1–15.
Google Scholar
MettlerSMitchellNTiptonKDIncreased protein intake reduces lean body mass loss during weight loss in athletesMed Sci Sports Exerc201042 2 326 337 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpsVSntg%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b2ef8e 19927027
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
HelmsERZinnCRowlandsDSBrownSRA systematic review of dietary protein during caloric restriction in resistance trained lean athletes: a case for higher intakesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab201424 2 127 138 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtVyiurnO https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0054 24092765
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
NetoWKSoaresEGVieiraTLAguiarRCholaTASampaioVLGamaEFGluteus maximus activation during common strength and hypertrophy exercises: a systematic reviewJ Sports Sci Med202019 1 195 203 32132843 7039033
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
ToomeyCMMcCormackWGJakemanPThe effect of hydration status on the measurement of lean tissue mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometryEur J Appl Physiol2017117 3 567 574 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3552-x 28204901
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
BarreiraTTsehWThe effects of acute water ingestion on body composition analyses via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometryClin Nutr202039 12 3836 3838 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXmvFentbY%3D https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.037 32307198
PubMedGoogle Scholar
TinsleyGMMoralesEForsseJS et al Impact of acute dietary manipulations on dxa and bia body composition estimatesMed Sci Sports Exerc201749 4 823 832 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXksVeiuro%3D https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001148 27875499
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
OlssonKESaltinBVariation in total body water with muscle glycogen changes in manActa Physiol Scand197080 1 11 18 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXlt1ymtro%3D https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04764.x 5475323
PubMedGoogle Scholar
AholaRKorpelainenRVainionpääALeppäluotoJJämsäTTime-course of exercise and its association with 12-month bone changesBMC Musculoskelet Disord200910 1 138 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-10-138 19909496 2784429
PubMedGoogle Scholar
ShirreffsSMarkers of hydration statusEur J Clin Nutr200357 S2 S6 S9 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601895 14681707
PubMedGoogle Scholar
ChappellAJSimperTNNutritional peak week and competition day strategies of competitive natural bodybuildersSports20186 4 126 https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040126 6315482
Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Mayr FB, Domanovits H, and Laggner AN: Hypokalemic paralysis in a professional bodybuilder. The American J Emerg Med 2012, 30:1324. e5–1324. e8.
Google Scholar
HeshkaSYangM-UWangJBurtPPi-SunyerFXWeight loss and change in resting metabolic rateAm J Clin Nutr199052 6 981 986 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FltFemsw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.6.981 2239796
PubMedGoogle Scholar
YavuzSSalgado Nunez del PradoSCeliFSThyroid hormone action and energy expenditureJ Endocrine Soc20193 7 1345 1356 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXlslSrs7s%3D https://doi.org/10.1210/js.2018-00423
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Van PeltREDinnenoFASealsDR et al Age-related decline in rmr in physically active men: relation to exercise volume and energy intakeAm J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab2001281 3 E633 E639 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.3.E633 11500320
PubMedGoogle Scholar
ByrneNMWeinsierRLHunterGRDesmondRPattersonMADarnellBEZuckermanPAInfluence of distribution of lean body mass on resting metabolic rate after weight loss and weight regain: comparison of responses in white and black womenAm J Clin Nutr200377 6 1368 1373 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlanuro%3D https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1368 12791611
PubMedGoogle Scholar
GoldEBThe timing of the age at which natural menopause occursObstet Gynecol Clin North Am201138 3 425 440 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.002 21961711 3285482
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
HaleGERobertsonDMBurgerHGThe perimenopausal woman: endocrinology and managementJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol2014142 121 131 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsl2gt7nP https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.08.015 24134950
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
LoucksAVerdunMHeathELow energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters lh pulsatility in exercising womenJ Appl Physiol199884 1 37 46 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXotVCmsw%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.37 9451615
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
HerbisonAEControl of puberty onset and fertility by gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronsNat Rev Endocrinol201612 8 452 466 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XotlCmurs%3D https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.70 27199290
PubMedGoogle Scholar
KlokMDJakobsdottirSDrentMThe role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a reviewObes Rev20078 1 21 34 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXitVClsrw%3D https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00270.x 17212793
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
Tena-SempereMRoles of ghrelin and leptin in the control of reproductive functionNeuroendocrinology200786 3 229 241 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1Kjtr%2FI https://doi.org/10.1159/000108410 17851226
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Ibrahim AbdallaMMGhrelin - physiological functions and regulationEur Endocrinol201511 2 90 95 https://doi.org/10.17925/EE.2015.11.02.90 29632576 5819073
PubMedGoogle Scholar
StubbsBJCoxPJEvansRDCyrankaMClarkeKde WetHA ketone ester drink lowers human ghrelin and appetiteObesity201826 2 269 273 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhvVemtb0%3D https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22051 29105987
PubMedGoogle Scholar
KorekEKraussHGibas-DornaM et al Fasting and postprandial levels of ghrelin, leptin and insulin in lean, obese and anorexic subjectsPrzeglad Gastroenterologiczny20138 383 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpt12msbw%3D 24868288 4027830
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
BlatnikMSoderstromCIA practical guide for the stabilization of acylghrelin in human blood collectionsClin Endocrinol (Oxf)201174 3 325 331 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjvFOgt70%3D https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03916.x
Web of Science ®Google Scholar
NariciMVHoppelerHKayserB et al Human quadriceps cross-sectional area, torque and neural activation during 6 months strength trainingActa Physiol Scand1996157 2 175 186 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xjs1Omtbo%3D https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201X.1996.483230000.x 8800357
PubMedGoogle Scholar
LoucksABThumaJRLuteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab200388 1 297 311 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkvVCjug%3D%3D https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020369 12519869
PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.

People also read
Recommended articles
Cited by

To cite this article:

Reference style: APA Chicago Harvard

Citation copied to clipboard

Reference styles above use APA (6th edition), Chicago (16th edition) & Harvard (10th edition)

Download citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by citation management software including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks and Reference Manager.

Choose format: RIS BibTex RefWorks Direct Export

Choose options: Citation Citation & abstract Citation & references

The role of age in the physiological adaptations and psychological responses in bikini-physique competitor contest preparation: a case series

References

Information for

Open access

Opportunities

Help and information

Your download is now in progress and you may close this window

Login or register to access this feature

The role of age in the physiological adaptations and psychological responses in bikini-physique competitor contest preparation: a case series

References

Related research

To cite this article:

Download citation

Information for

Open access

Opportunities

Help and information

Keep up to date