Assessment of disposal practices of expired and unused medications among community pharmacies in Anambra State southeast Nigeria: a mixed study design

References

• Smith CA. Managing pharmaceutical waste. J Pharm Soc Wis. 2002;5:17–22.
   Google Scholar
• Daughton CG. Pharmaceuticals as environmental pollutants: the ramifications for human exposure. In: International encyclopedia of public health, vol. 5; 2008. p. 66–102.
   Google Scholar
• Peake BM, Braund R, Tong A, Tremblay LA. The Life-cycle of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. Elsevier. 2015;1(1):187–251.
   Google Scholar
• Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, Buxton HT. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999− 2000: a national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol. 2002;36(6):1202–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stackelberg PE, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Zaugg SD, Henderson AK, Reissman DB. Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant. Sci Total Environ. 2004;329(1):99–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadam A, Patil S, Tumkur A. Pharmaceutical waste management: an overview. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2016;9(1):3.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, International Pharmaceutical Association; International Solid Waste Association, and UNICEF. (1999) Guidelines for safe disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals in and after emergencies.
   Google Scholar
• Heberer T. Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data. Toxicol Lett. 2002;131(1):5–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones OA, Voulvoulis N, Lester J. Potential impact of pharmaceuticals on environmental health. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(10):768–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb S, Ternes T, Gibert M, Olejniczak K. Indirect human exposure to pharmaceuticals via drinking water. Toxicol Lett. 2003;142(3):157–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattner BA, Whitehead MA, Gasper G, Meteyer CU, Link WA, Taggart MA, et al. Apparent tolerance of Turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2008;27(11):2341–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell DJ, Mastrocco F, Anderson PD, Länge R, Sumpter JP. Predicted-no-effect concentrations for the steroid estrogens estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012;31(6):1396–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braund R, Yuen YC, Jung J. Identification and quantification of medication returned to Otago pharmacies. New Zealand Family Physician. 2007;34(4):258.
   Google Scholar
• Seehusen DA, Edwards J. Patient practices and beliefs concerning disposal of medications. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2006;19(6):542–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nworgu BG. Educational research: basic issues and methodology. Nsukka: University Trust Publishers. 2006:45—9.
   Google Scholar
• Tong A, Peake B, Braund R. Disposal practices for unused medications in New Zealand community pharmacies. Journal of primary health care. 2011;3(3):197–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osadare T., Anetoh M. Awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacists towards disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals 2015; (Bachelor’s dissertation, Unpublished).
   Google Scholar
• Radhakrishna L, Nagarajan P, Vijayanandhan SS, Ponniah T. Knowledge, Attitude and practice (KAP) towards disposal of medicines: a qualitative study among health care professionals in South India. Wld J Pharm Res. 2014;3:1955–63.
   Google Scholar
• Sasu S, Kümmerer K, Kramer M. Assessment of pharmaceutical waste management at selected hospitals and homes in Ghana. Waste Manag Res. 2012;30(6):625–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auta A, Omale S, Shalkur D, Abiodun AH. Unused medicines in Nigerian households: types and disposal practices. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2011;2(3):195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braund R, Peake BM, Shieffelbien L. Disposal practices for unused medications in New Zealand. Environ Int. 2009;35(6):952–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones OAH, Voulvoulis N, Lester JN. Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment a review. Environ Technol. 2001;22(12):1383–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakada N, Tanishima T, Shinohara H, Kiri K, Takada H. Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment. Water Res. 2006;40(17):3297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemathaga F, Maringa S, Chimuka L. Hospital solid waste management practices in Limpopo Province, South Africa: a case study of two hospitals. Waste Manag. 2008;28(7):1236–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anyachebelu O. Assessment of community pharmacists’ compliance to practice regulations and good professional practice in Anambra state Nigeria, 2017; (Master’s dissertation, publication in progress).
   Google Scholar
• Ngwuluka NC, Ochekpe NA, Odumosu PO. An assessment of pharmaceutical waste management in some Nigerian pharmaceutical industries. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10(54):11259–64.
   Google Scholar
• Azage M. Healthcare waste management practices among healthcare workers in healthcare facilities of Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Health Sci J. 2013;7(3):315–22.
   Google Scholar
• Abah SO, Ohimain EI. Healthcare waste management in Nigeria: a case study. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology. 2011;3(3):99–110.
   Google Scholar
• Ogie, O. M. Biomedical waste disposal and environmental aesthetics of tertiary health care centers in federal capital territory, Abuja-Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Geography, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria), 2015. http://kubanni.abu.edu.ng/jspui/handle/123456789/7544.
   Google Scholar
• Uwa CU. Assessment of healthcare waste management practices in Enugu metropolis, Nigeria. Intnl J of Env Sci and Dev. 2014;5(4):370.
   Google Scholar
• Persson M, Sabelström E, Gunnarsson B. Handling of unused prescription drugs—knowledge, behaviour and attitude among Swedish people. Environ Int. 2009;35(5):771–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassmeyer ST, Hinchey EK, Boehme SE, Daughton CG, Ruhoy IS, Conerly O, Sykes K, et al. Disposal practices for unwanted residential medications in the United States. Environ Int. 2009;35(3):566–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udofia EA, Gulis G, Fobil J. Solid medical waste: a cross-sectional study of household disposal practices and reported harm in southern Ghana. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):464.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abahussain EA, Ball DE, Matowe WC. Practice and opinion towards disposal of unused medication in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract. 2006;15(5):352–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abahussain EA, Ball DE. Disposal of unwanted medicines from households in Kuwait. Pharm World Sci. 2007;29(4):368–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swaroop HS, Charaborty A, Virupakshaiah A. Knowledge, attitude and practice of medical professionals towards the safe disposal of unused medications in South India. World J Pharm Sic. 2015;4(5):1423–30.
   Google Scholar
• Bound JP, Voulvoulis N. Household disposal of pharmaceuticals as a pathway for aquatic contamination in the United Kingdom. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(12):1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medhi B, Sewal RK. Ecopharmacovigilance: an issue urgently to be addressed. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2012;44(5):547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokcekus L, Toklu HZ, Demirdamar R, Gumusel B. Dispensing practice in the community pharmacies in the Turkish republic of northern Cyprus. Int J Clin Pharm. 2012;34(2):312–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaqeel S, Abanmy NO. Counseling practices in community pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15(1):557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cordina M, Safta V, Ciobanu A, Sautenkova N. An assessment of community pharmacists’ attitudes towards professional practice in the Republic of Moldova. Pharmacy Practice (Granada). 2008;6(1):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daughton Christian G. Cradle-to-cradle stewardship of drugs for minimizing their environmental disposition while promoting human health. II. Drug disposal, waste reduction, and future directions. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(5):775–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshy S. Disposal of unwanted medications: throw, bury, burn or just ignore? Int J Pharm Pract. 2013;21(2):131–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarvis CI, Seed SM, Silva M, Sullivan KM. Educational campaign for proper medication disposal. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2009;49(1):65–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrons J, Vadala T, Miller S, Cerulli J. Encouraging safe medication disposal through student pharmacist intervention. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2010;50(2):169–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim OHM. Assessment of Egyptian pharmacists’ attitude, behaviors, and preferences related to continuing education. Int J Clin Pharm. 2012;34(2):358–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longe EO, Williams A. A preliminary study of medical waste management in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering. 2006;3(2):133–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sonowal S, Desai C, Kapadia JD, Desai MKA. Survey of knowledge, attitude, and practice of consumers at a tertiary care hospital regarding the disposal of unused medicines. Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy. 2016;8(1):4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tai BWB, Hata M, Wu S, Law AV. Prediction of pharmacists intention to provide medication disposal education using the theory of planned behavior. J of Eval in Clin Pract. 2016;22(5):253–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagishetty R, Nagarajan P, Vijayanandhan SS. Practice towards disposal of medicines (left out/expired drugs) among the patients visiting tertiary care teaching hospital and primary health Centre in South India. Asian J Biochem Pharm Res. 2013;4:175–82.
   Google Scholar
• Oke IA. Management of immunization solid wastes in Kano state, Nigeria. Waste Manag. 2008;28(12):2512–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzadkia M, Moradi A, Mohammadi MS, Jorfi S. Hospital waste management status in Iran: a case study in the teaching hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Waste Manag Res. 2009;27(4):384–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta D, Gupta A, Ansari NA, Ahmed QS. Patient’s opinion and practice toward unused medication disposal: a qualitative study. J Pharm Sci Innov. 2013;2:47–50.
   Google Scholar
• Law AV, Sakharkar P, Zargarzadeh A, Tai BWB, Hess K, Hata M, et al. Taking stock of medication wastage: unused medications in US households. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2015;11(4):571–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayaz SH, Higuchi M, Hirosawa T, Sarker MAB, Djabbarova Z, Hamajima N. Knowledge and practice of universal precautions among health care workers in four national hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2014;8(04):535–42.
   Google Scholar
• Ananth AP, Prashanthini V, Visvanathan C. Healthcare waste management in Asia. Waste Manag. 2010;30(1):154–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar