108
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research

Sale of WHO AWaRe groups antibiotics without a prescription in Pakistan: a simulated client study

, , , , , , , , , & show all
Article: 26 | Received 30 Jan 2020, Accepted 26 May 2020, Published online: 04 Dec 2023

References

  • de Kraker ME, Stewardson AJ, Harbarth S. Will 10 million people die a year due to antimicrobial resistance by 2050? PLoS Med. 2016;13(11):e1002184.
  • Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(7):309–318.
  • Gandra S, Barter DM, Laxminarayan R. Economic burden of antibiotic resistance: how much do we really know? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(10):973–980.
  • Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AK, Wertheim HF, Sumpradit N, et al. Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(12):1057–1098.
  • Bell BG, Schellevis F, Stobberingh E, Goossens H, Pringle M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:13.
  • Founou RC, Founou LL, Essack SY. Clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189621.
  • Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6(1):47.
  • O’Neill J. Securing new drugs for future generations: the pipeline of antibiotics. The review of antimicrobial resistance; 2015. Available at URL: https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/SECURING%20NEW%20DRUGS%20FOR%20FUTURE%20GENERATIONS%20FINAL%20WEB_0.pdf.
  • Freire-Moran L, Aronsson B, Manz C, Gyssens IC, So AD, Monnet DL, et al. Critical shortage of new antibiotics in development against multidrug-resistant bacteria—time to react is now. Drug Resist Updat. 2011;14(2):118–124.
  • Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):742–750.
  • Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharm Ther. 2015;40(4):277.
  • Laxminarayan R, Sridhar D, Blaser M, Wang M, Woolhouse M. Achieving global targets for antimicrobial resistance. Science. 2016;353(6302):874–875.
  • World Health Organization. World health assembly addresses antimicrobial resistance, immunization gaps and malnutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available at URL: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/wha-25-may-2015/en/.
  • Shallcross LJ, Howard SJ, Fowler T, Davies SC. Tackling the threat of antimicrobial resistance: from policy to sustainable action. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2015;370(1670):20140082.
  • Jinks T, Lee N, Sharland M, Rex J, Gertler N, Diver M, et al. A time for action: antimicrobial resistance needs global response. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(8):558.
  • Seale AC, Gordon NC, Islam J, Peacock SJ, Scott JAG. AMR surveillance in low and middle-income settings-a roadmap for participation in the global antimicrobial surveillance system (GLASS). Wellcome Open Res. 2017;2:92.
  • Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Hashmi FK. Pakistan’s national action plan for antimicrobial resistance: translating ideas into reality. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(10):1066–1067.
  • World Health Organization. The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2017 (including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children): World Health Organization; 2017.
  • Sharland M, Pulcini C, Harbarth S, Zeng M, Gandra S, Mathur S, et al. Classifying antibiotics in the WHO essential medicines list for optimal use—be AWaRe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):18–20.
  • Le Doare K, Barker CI, Irwin A, Sharland M. Improving antibiotic prescribing for children in the resource-poor setting. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(3):446–455.
  • Shaikhan F, Rawaf S, Majeed A, Hassounah S. Knowledge, attitude, perception and practice regarding antimicrobial use in upper respiratory tract infections in Qatar: a systematic review. JRSM open. 2018;9(9):2054270418774971.
  • Sakeena M, Bennett AA, McLachlan AJ. Non-prescription sales of antimicrobial agents at community pharmacies in developing countries: a systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;52(6):771.
  • Hoa NQ, Chuc NTK, Phuc HD, Larsson M, Eriksson B, Lundborg CS. Unnecessary antibiotic use for mild acute respiratory infections during 28-day follow-up of 823 children under five in rural Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105(11):628–636.
  • Md Rezal RS, Hassali MA, Alrasheedy AA, Saleem F, Md Yusof FA, Godman B. Physicians’ knowledge, perceptions and behaviour towards antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2015;13(5):665–680.
  • Morgan DJ, Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Perencevich EN, Weisenberg S. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(9):692–701.
  • Al-Faham Z, Habboub G, Takriti F. The sale of antibiotics without prescription in pharmacies in Damascus, Syria. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011;5(05):396–399.
  • Safrany N, Monnet DL. Antibiotics obtained without a prescription in Europe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(3):182–183.
  • Saleem Z, Saeed H, Ahmad M, Yousaf M, Hassan HB, Javed A, et al. Antibiotic self-prescribing trends, experiences and attitudes in upper respiratory tract infection among pharmacy and non-pharmacy students: a study from Lahore. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0149929.
  • Auta A, Hadi MA, Oga E, Adewuyi EO, Abdu-Aguye SN, Adeloye D, et al. Global access to antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Inf Secur. 2019;78(1):8–18.
  • Ocan M, Obuku EA, Bwanga F, Akena D, Richard S, Ogwal-Okeng J, et al. Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):742.
  • Nepal G, Bhatta S. Self-medication with antibiotics in WHO southeast Asian region: a systematic review. Cureus. 2018;10(4):e2428.
  • Servia-Dopazo M, Figueiras A. Determinants of antibiotic dispensing without prescription: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(12):3244–3253.
  • Napolitano F, Izzo MT, Di Giuseppe G, Angelillo IF. Public knowledge, attitudes, and experience regarding the use of antibiotics in Italy. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e84177.
  • Oh AL, Hassali MA, Al-Haddad MS, Sulaiman SAS, Shafie AA, Awaisu A. Public knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic usage: a cross-sectional study among the general public in the state of Penang, Malaysia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010;5(05):338–347.
  • World Health Organization. Antibiotic resistance: multi-country public awareness survey; 2015. Available at URL: https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/publications/baselinesurveynov2015/en/.
  • Bahnassi A. A qualitative analysis of pharmacists’ attitudes and practices regarding the sale of antibiotics without prescription in Syria. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2015;10(2):227–233.
  • Torres N, Chibi B, Middleton L, Solomon V, Mashamba-Thompson T. Evidence of factors influencing self-medication with antibiotics in low and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review. Public Health. 2019;168:92–101.
  • Kalungia A, Godman B. Nonprescription antibiotic sales in China and the implications. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(12):1272–1273.
  • Ramay BM, Lambour P, Cerón A. Comparing antibiotic self-medication in two socio-economic groups in Guatemala City: a descriptive cross-sectional study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;16:11.
  • Miller R, Goodman C. Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a systematic review. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(7):940–953.
  • Bilal M, Haseeb A, Khan MH, Arshad MH, Ladak AA, Niazi SK, et al. Self-medication with antibiotics among people dwelling in rural areas of Sindh. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):OC08–OC13.
  • Riaz H, Godman B, Hussain S, Malik F, Mahmood S, Shami A, et al. Prescribing of bisphosphonates and antibiotics in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities for the future. JPHSR. 2015;6:111–121.
  • Aziz MM, Masood I, Yousaf M, Saleem H, Ye D, Fang Y. Pattern of medication selling and self-medication practices: a study from Punjab, Pakistan. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194240.
  • Ali IKA. Self-medication of antibiotics: a perspective on alarming situation in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Arch Pharm Pract. 2015;6(3):68–70.
  • Javed MP. Self-medication of anti-biotics amongst university students of Islamabad: prevalence, knowledge and attitudes; 2013. p. 1–4.
  • Shah SJ, Ahmad H, Rehan RB, Najeeb S, Mumtaz M, Jilani MH, et al. Self-medication with antibiotics among non-medical university students of Karachi: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;15(1):74.
  • Hussain A, Ibrahim MI, Baber ZD. Compliance with legal requirements at community pharmacies: a cross sectional study from Pakistan. Int J Pharm Pract. 2012;20(3):183–190.
  • Gillani A, Ji W, Hussain W, Imran A, Chang J, Yang C, et al. Antibiotic self-medication among non-Medical University students in Punjab, Pakistan: a Cross-sectional survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(10):1152.
  • Khan SA. Manual of drug Laws; 2015.
  • Sarwar MR, Saqib A, Iftikhar S, Sadiq T. Knowledge of community pharmacists about antibiotics, and their perceptions and practices regarding antimicrobial stewardship: a cross-sectional study in Punjab, Pakistan. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:133.
  • Atif M, Asghar S, Mushtaq I, Malik I, Amin A, Babar Z-U-D, et al. What drives inappropriate use of antibiotics? A mixed methods study from Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:687.
  • Shaikh BT. Anti-microbial resistance in Pakistan: a public health issue. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2017;29(2):184–185.
  • Waseem H, Ali J, Sarwar F, Khan A, Rehman HSU, Choudri M, et al. Assessment of knowledge and attitude trends towards antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the community members, pharmacists/pharmacy owners and physicians in district Sialkot, Pakistan. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):67.
  • Elong Ekambi G-A, Okalla Ebongue C, Penda IC, Nnanga Nga E, Mpondo Mpondo E, Eboumbou Moukoko CE. Knowledge, practices and attitudes on antibiotics use in Cameroon: self-medication and prescription survey among children, adolescents and adults in private pharmacies. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0212875.
  • Zawahir S, Lekamwasam S, Aslani P. A cross-sectional national survey of community pharmacy staff: knowledge and antibiotic provision. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0215484.
  • Markovic-Pekovic V, Grubisa N, Burger J, Bojanic L, Godman B. Initiatives to reduce nonprescription sales and dispensing of antibiotics: findings and implications. J Res Pharm Pract. 2017;6(2):120–125.
  • Weiss MC, Booth A, Jones B, Ramjeet S, Wong E. Use of simulated patients to assess the clinical and communication skills of community pharmacists. Pharm World Sci. 2010;32(3):353–361.
  • Berger K, Eickhoff C, Schulz M. Counselling quality in community pharmacies: implementation of the pseudo customer methodology in Germany. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2005;30(1):45–57.
  • Alabid AHM, Ibrahim MIM, Hassali MA. Antibiotics dispensing for URTIs by community pharmacists (CPs) and general medical practitioners in Penang, Malaysia: a comparative study using simulated patients (SPs). J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(1):119.
  • Ibrahim MI, Palaian S, Al-Sulaiti F, El-Shami S. Evaluating community pharmacy practice in Qatar using simulated patient method: acute gastroenteritis management. Pharm Pract. 2016;14:4.
  • Chang J, Xu S, Zhu S, Li Z, Yu J, Zhang Y, et al. Using simulated clients to assess nonprescription antibiotic dispensing at community pharmacies in China: a mixed Cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; In Press.
  • Llor C, Cots JM. The sale of antibiotics without prescription in pharmacies in Catalonia, Spain. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(10):1345–1349.
  • Ashraf F, Hafeez A, Imtiaz F, Ayub A, Imtiaz H. Antibiotic dispensing and prescription pattern in pharmacies of Islamabad and Rawalpindi: Pakistan. Int J Collab Res Intern Med Public Health. 2017;9:5.
  • Mendelson M, Matsoso MP. The World Health Organization global action plan for antimicrobial resistance. SAMJ. 2015;105(5):325.
  • World Health Organisation. Antimicrobial resistance; 2018. Available at URL: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance.
  • Lee BX, Kjaerulf F, Turner S, Cohen L, Donnelly PD, Muggah R, et al. Transforming our world: implementing the 2030 agenda through sustainable development goal indicators. J Public Health Policy. 2016;37(1):13–31.
  • Essack SY, Desta AT, Abotsi RE, Agoba EE. Antimicrobial resistance in the WHO African region: current status and roadmap for action. J Public Health (Oxford, England). 2017;39(1):8–13.
  • Chang J, Ye D, Lv B, Jiang M, Zhu S, Yan K, et al. Sale of antibiotics without a prescription at community pharmacies in urban China: a multicentre cross-sectional survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(4):1235–1242.
  • Nyazema N, Viberg N, Khoza S, Vyas S, Kumaranayake L, Tomson G, et al. Low sale of antibiotics without prescription: a cross-sectional study in Zimbabwean private pharmacies. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59(4):718–726.
  • Bin Abdulhak AA, Altannir MA, Almansor MA, Almohaya MS, Onazi AS, Marei MA, et al. Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:538.
  • Khurshid HF, Zikria S, Hamid S, Kumar VA. Self-medication of corticosteroids: a life threatening case report from Pakistan. J Pharm Pract Commun Med. 2016;2:3.
  • Plachouras D, Kavatha D, Antoniadou A, Giannitsioti E, Poulakou G, Kanellakopoulou K, et al. Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Greece, 2008: another link in the antibiotic resistance chain. Eurosurveillance. 2010;15(7):19488.
  • Hadi MA, Karami NA, Al-Muwalid AS, Al-Otabi A, Al-Subahi E, Bamomen A, et al. Community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude, and practices towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP): a cross-sectional survey in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;47:95–100.
  • WHO. The role of pharmacist in encouraging prudent use of antibiotics and averting antimicrobial resistance: a review of policy and experience. Available at URL: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/262815/The-role-of-pharmacist-in-encouraging-prudent-use-of-antibiotics-and-averting-antimicrobial-resistance-a-review-of-policy-and-experience-Eng.pdf?ua=1.
  • FIP. FIP statement of policy - control of antimicrobial medicines resistance (AMR). Available from URL: http://www.fip.org/www/uploads/database_file.php?id=289&table_id.
  • Dyar OJ, Beovic B, Vlahovic-Palcevski V, Verheij T, Pulcini C. How can we improve antibiotic prescribing in primary care? Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2016;14(4):403–413.
  • Havers FP, Hicks LA, Chung JR, Gaglani M, Murthy K, Zimmerman RK, et al. Outpatient antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections during influenza seasons. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(2):e180243.
  • Barnett ML, Linder JA. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with acute bronchitis in the United States, 1996–2010. Jama. 2014;311(19):2020–2022.
  • Ebell MH, Radke T. Antibiotic use for viral acute respiratory tract infections remains common. Am J Manag Care. 2015;21(10):e567–e575.
  • Butler CC, Hood K, Verheij T, Little P, Melbye H, Nuttall J, et al. Variation in antibiotic prescribing and its impact on recovery in patients with acute cough in primary care: prospective study in 13 countries. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2009;338:b2242.
  • Cross EL, Tolfree R, Kipping R. Systematic review of public-targeted communication interventions to improve antibiotic use. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(4):975–987.
  • Huttner B, Goossens H, Verheij T, Harbarth S. Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in high-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(1):17–31.
  • WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety. The University of Geneva hospitals and Faculty of Medicine. Evaluation of antibiotic awareness campaigns; 2017. Available at URL: https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/21/applications/s6_antibiotic_awareness_campaigns.pdf.
  • Hoxha I, Malaj A, Kraja B, Bino S, Oluka M, Markovic-Pekovic V, et al. Are pharmacists’ good knowledge and awareness on antibiotics taken for granted? The situation in Albania and future implications across countries. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018;13:240–245.
  • Ahmad A, Khan MU, Moorthy J, Jamshed SQ, Patel I. Comparison of knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics and resistance, and antibiotics self-practicing between bachelor of pharmacy and doctor of pharmacy students in southern India. Pharm Pract. 2015;13(1):523.
  • Mukokinya M, Opanga S, Oluka M, Godman B. Dispensing of antimicrobials in Kenya: a cross-sectional pilot study and its implications. J Res Pharm Pract. 2018;7(2):77–82.
  • Eslami N, Eshraghi A, Vaseghi G, Mehdizadeh M, Masjedi M, Mehrpooya M. Pharmacists’ knowledge and attitudes towards upper respiratory infections (URI) in Iran: a Cross sectional study. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2016;11(4):342–345.
  • Jacobs TG, Robertson J, van den Ham HA, Iwamoto K, Bak Pedersen H, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK. Assessing the impact of law enforcement to reduce over-the-counter (OTC) sales of antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries; a systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):536.