Training on adequate use of opioid analgesics in West and Central Africa: a neglected step on the way to access to essential medicines?

References

• International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). Celebrating 60 years of the single convention on narcotic drugs of 1961 and 50 years of the convention on psychotropic substances of 1971 (E/INCB/2020/1/Supp.1). https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2020/Supplement/00_AR2020_supp_full_document.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). The report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2020 (E/INCB/2020/1)‭. http://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2020/Annual_Report/E_INCB_2020_1_eng.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Knaul FM, Farmer PE, Krakauer EL, De Lima L, Bhadelia A, Kwete XJ, et al. Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care and pain relief—an imperative of universal health coverage: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet. 2018;391:1391–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nchako E, Bussella S, Nesbetha C, Odohb C. Barriers to the availability and accessibility of controlled medicines for chronic pain in Africa. Int Health. 2018;10:70–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King NB, Fraser V. Untreated pain, narcotics regulation, and global health ideologies. PLoS Med. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO model list of essential medicines 22nd list. 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/345533/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2021.02-eng.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO model list of essential medicines for children 8th list. 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/345534/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2021.03-eng.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The International Drug Control Conventions. Schedules of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol, as at 11 June 2021. https://undocs.org/en/ST/CND/1/Add.1/Rev.8. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Scholten W. Access to controlled medications: barriers, measuring adequacy of consumption, and current developments. JIED. 2020;2:10–20.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Technical guidance: increasing access and availability of controlled medicines. Advanced Draft March 2018. https://www.unodc.org/documents/drug-prevention-and-treatment/UNODC_2018_technical_guidance_on_promoting_access_at_national_level.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Callaway MV, Connor SR, Foley KM. World Health Organization public health model: a roadmap for palliative care development. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;55:S6–S13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Resolution 63/3: promoting awareness-raising, education and training as part of a comprehensive approach to ensuring access to and the availability of internationally controlled substances for medical and scientific purposes and improving their rational use. www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/Drug_Resolutions/2020-2029/2020/Resolution_63_3.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). The report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019 (E/INCB/2019/1). https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2019/Narcotic_Drugs_Technical_Publication_2019_web.pdf. Accessed 25 November 2021.
   Google Scholar
• African Palliative Care Association (APCA). Annual report: building bridges. 2017–2018. https://www.africanpalliativecare.org/images/stories/pdf/APCA_Annualreport2018.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• African Palliative Care Association (APCA). Annual report: towards Universal Health Coverage. April 2018–March 2019. https://www.africanpalliativecare.org/images/stories/pdf/APCA%20Annual%20Report%202019_final_1.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien M, Mwangi-Powell F, Adewole IF, Soyannwo O, Amandua J, Ogaja E, et al. Improving access to analgesic drugs for patients with cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:e176–e182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien M, Schwartz A, Plattner L. Treat the pain program. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;55:S135–S139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee JY, Luyirika E, Namisango E, Powell RA, Garralda E, Pons JJ, et al. APCA atlas of palliative care in Africa. https://www.iccp-portal.org/system/files/resources/APCA_atlas.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• The Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance (WHPCA). Global atlas of palliative care. 2nd edition. 2020. http://www.thewhpca.org/resources/global-atlas-on-end-of-life-care. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ajayi I, Powell LA, Owopetu O, Soyannwo O. Palliative care research in Western Africa. Eur J Palliat Care. 2014;21:1.
   Google Scholar
• Yennurajalingam S, Amos CE, Weru J, Beryl E, Opare-Lokko A, Arthur JA, et al. Extension for community healthcare outcomes-palliative care in Africa program: improving access to quality palliative care. J Glob Oncol. 2019;5:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adenekan AT, Aaron O, Owojuyigbe AM, Olorunmoteni OE. Impact of pain management workshop on the knowledge and attitude of healthcare workers and opioid utilization in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. West Afr J Med. 2019;36:232–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Afolabi OA, Abboah-Offei M, Namisango E, Chukwusa E, Oluyase AO, Luyirika EBK, et al. COVID-19 and palliative care capacity, African Region. Bull World Health Organ. 2021;99:542–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essomba MJN, Ciaffi L, Etoundi PO, Esiene A. Palliative and end-of-life care in COVID-19 management in sub-Saharan Africa: a matter of concern. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35(Suppl 2):130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar