704
Views
62
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Multilevel Analysis of Cohesion's Relation to Stress, Well-Being, Identification, Disintegration, and Perceived Combat Readiness

Pages 217-239 | Published online: 17 Nov 2009

REFERENCES

  • Armfield, F. (1994). Preventing post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from military operations. Military Medicine, 159, 739–746.
  • Bales, R. F. (1950). Interaction process analysis: A method for the study of small groups. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Bass, B. M. (1960). Leadership, psychology, and organizational behavior. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Bliese, P. D., & Halverson, R. R. (1996). Individual and nomothetic models of job stress: An examination of work hours, cohesion, and well-being. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1171–1189.
  • Brawley, L. R., Carron, A. V., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1988). Exploring the relationship between cohesion and group resistance to disruption. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 199–213.
  • Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbusch, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear modeling: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.
  • Cota, A. A., Dion, K. L., Evans, C. R., Kilik, L., & Longman, R. S. (1995). The structure of group cohesion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 572–580.
  • Department of the U.S. Army. (1982, June). Training, developing, and maintaining unit cohesion ( Department of the Army Pamphlet No. 350-352). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Deutsch, M. (1959). Some factors affecting membership motivation and achievement motivation in a group. Human Relations, 12, 81–85.
  • Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational influences on individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 629–636.
  • Dupuy, H. (1978, October). Self-presentations of general psychological well-being of American adults. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Los Angeles.
  • Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, S. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups: A study of a housing community. New York: Harper.
  • Gal, R. (1986). Unit morale: From a theoretical puzzle to an empirical illustration—An Israeli example. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 549–564.
  • George, J. M. (1995). Leader positive mood and group performance: The case of customer service. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 778–794.
  • Griffith, J. (1988). The measurement of group cohesion in U.S. Army units. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 9, 149–171.
  • Griffith, J. (1989). The army's new unit personnel replacement and its relationship to unit cohesion and social support. Military Psychology, 1, 17–34.
  • Griffith, J., & Vaitkus, M. (1999). Relating cohesion to stress, strain, disintegration, and performance: An organizing framework. Military Psychology, 11, 27–55.
  • Grinker, R. R., & Spiegel, J. P. (1945). Men under stress. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Gross, N., & Martin, W. E. (1952). On group cohesiveness. American Journal of Sociology, 52, 546–554.
  • Gully, S. M., Devine, D. J., & Whitney, D. J. (1995). A meta-analysis of cohesion and performance: Effects of level of analysis and task interdependence. Small Group Research, 26, 497–520.
  • Hofman, D. A., & Gavin, M. B. (1998). Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management, 24, 623–641.
  • Hogg, M. A. (1987). Social identity and group cohesiveness. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher, & M. S. Wetherell (Eds.), Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory (pp. 89–116). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
  • Hogg, M. A. (1992). The social psychology of group cohesiveness: From attraction to social identity. New York: New York University Press.
  • Hogg, M. A., & Hains, S. C. (1996). Intergroup relations and group solidarity: Effects of group identification and social beliefs on depersonalized attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 295–309.
  • House, R. J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321–339.
  • House, R. J., & Shamir, B. (1993). Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic, and visionary theories. In M. M. Chemers & R. Ayman (Eds.), Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions (pp. 81–108). San Diego, CA: Academic.
  • Janis, I. L. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Kellett, A. (1982). Combat motivation: The behavior of soldiers in battle. Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff.
  • Kirmeyer, S. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1988). Workload, tension, and coping: Moderating effects of supervisor support. Personnel Psychology, 41, 125–139.
  • Lazarus, R. L. (1969). Patterns of adjustment and human effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Little, R. W. (1964). Buddy relations and combat performance. In M. Janowitz (Ed.), The new military: Changing patterns of organization (pp. 195–224). New York: Russell Sage.
  • Lott, A. J., & Lott, B. E. (1965). Cohesion as interpersonal attraction. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 259–309.
  • Mael, F. A., & Alderks, C. E. (1993). Leadership team cohesion and subordinate work unit morale and performance. Military Psychology, 5, 141–158.
  • Manning, F. J., & Ingraham, L. H. (1987). An investigation into the value of unit cohesion during peacetime. In G. L. Belenky (Ed.), Contemporary studies in combat psychology (pp. 47–68). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  • Marlowe, D. H. (1985). New Manning system “human dimensions” field evaluation ( Tech. Rep. No. 1). Washington, DC: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Department of Military Psychiatry.
  • Marshall, S. L. A. (1966). Men against fire. New York: Morrow.
  • Martin, R., & Davids, K. (1995). The effects of group development techniques on a professional athletic team. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 533–535.
  • Mullen, B., & Cooper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesion and performance: An integration. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 210–227.
  • Napier, R. W., & Gershenfeld, M. K. (1999). Groups: Theory and experience. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • National Center for Health Statistics. (1979). Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES 1) 1971–1975 ( NTIS No. PB–296–021). Hyattsville, MD: Author.
  • Oliver, L. W., Harman, J., Hoover, E., Hayes, M., & Pandhi, N. A. (1999). A quantitative integration of military cohesion literature. Military Psychology, 11, 57–83.
  • Ostroff, C. (1993). Comparing correlations based on individual-level and aggregated data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 569–582.
  • Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1984). Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Savage, P. L., & Gabriel, R. A. (1976). Cohesion and disintegration in the American Army. Armed Forces and Society, 2, 340–376.
  • Scientific Software International. (2000). HLM5: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Chicago: Author.
  • Seltzer, J., & Numerof, R. E. (1988). Supervisory leadership and subordinate burnout. Academy of Management Journal, 31, 439–446.
  • Shamir, B., Brainin, E., Zakay, E., & Popper, M. (2000). Perceived combat readiness as collective efficacy: Individual- and group-level analysis. Military Psychology, 12, 105–119.
  • Shaw, M. E. (1964). Communication networks. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 111–147). New York: Academic.
  • Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. W. (1956). An outline of social psychology. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Shibutani, T. I. (1978). The derelicts of Company K: A sociological study of demoralization. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Shils, E. A., & Janowitz, M. (1948). Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II. Public Opinion Quarterly, 12, 29–42.
  • Siebold, G. L., & Kelly, D. (1988). Development of the Combat Platoon Cohesion Questionnaire ( Tech. Rep. No. 817). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences ( DTIC No. AD–A204 917).
  • Solomon, Z., & Mikulincer, M. (1990). Life events and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: The intervening role of locus of control and social support. Military Psychology, 2, 241–256.
  • Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., & Hobfoll, S. E. (1986). Effects of social and battle intensity on loneliness and breakdown during combat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1269–1276.
  • Spector, P. E., Dwyer, D. J., & Jex, S. M. (1988). Relation of job stressors to affective, health, and performance outcomes: A comparison of multiple data sources. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 11–19.
  • Spink, K. S. (1998). Mediational effects of social cohesion on the leadership behavior-intention to return relationship in sport. Group Dynamics, 2, 92–100.
  • Steiner, M., & Neumann, M. (1978). Traumatic neurosis and social support in the Yom Kippur War returnees. Military Medicine, 143, 866–868.
  • Stouffer, S. A., Lumsdaine, A. A., Lumsdaine, M. H., Williams, R. M., Jr., Smith, M. B., Janis, I. L., et al. (Eds.). (1949). The American soldier: Combat and its aftermath: Vol. 2. Studies in social psychology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Tajfel, H. (Ed.). (1982). Social identity and in-group relations. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Torrance, E. P. (1961). A theory of leadership and interpersonal behavior under stress. In L. Petrullo & B. M. Bass (Eds.), Leadership and interpersonal behavior (pp. 100–117). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  • Vaitkus, M., & Griffith, J. (1990). An evaluation of unit replacement on individual morale and unit cohesion in the all-volunteer army. Military Psychology, 2, 221–239.
  • Viet, C. T., & Ware, J. E., Jr. (1983). The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 730–742.
  • Warr, P. B. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Oxford, England: Clarendon.
  • Watson, B. A. (1997). When soldiers quit: Studies in military disintegration. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  • Wills, T. A. (1985). Supportive functions of interpersonal relationships. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 61–82). Orlando, FL: Academic.
  • Wolfe, J., Brown, P., & Kelley, J. M. (1993). Reassessing war stress: Exposure and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues, 49(4), 15–31.
  • Zaccaro, S. J., & Lowe, C. A. (1988). Cohesiveness and performance on an additive task: Evidence for multidimensionality. Journal of Social Psychology, 128, 547–558.
  • Zaccarro, S. J., & McCoy, C. (1988). The effects of task and interpersonal cohesiveness on performance of a disjunctive group task. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 837–851.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.