Race, Gender, and Representation Index as Predictors of an Equal Opportunity Climate in Military Organizations

REFERENCES

• Binkin, M., & Eitelberg, M. J. (1982). Blacks and the military. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Brinton, C. (1938). Anatomy of revolution. New York: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Dansby, M. R. (1992). Racial disparities in military incarceration rates: An overview and research strategy ( Rep. No. DEOMI RSP 92–3). Patrick Air Force Base, FL: Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Dansby, M. R.(1994, December). The Military Equal Opportunity Climate Survey (MEOCS). Paper presented at the WorldWide Equal Opportunity Conference, Cocoa Beach, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Dansby, M. R. (1995). The Military Equal Opportunity Climate Survey (MEOCS) [Slide presentation]. Patrick Air Force Base, FL: Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Dansby, M. R., & Landis, D. (1991). Measuring equal opportunity in the military environment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15, 389–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dansby, M. R., & Landis, D. (1996). Intercultural training in the United States military. In D. Landis & R. S. Bhagat (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed., pp. 203–215). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Day, H. R. (1983). Race relations training in the U.S. military. In D. Landis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training: Vol. 2. Issues in training methodology (pp. 241–289). New York: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Exec. Order No. 9981, 13 C.F.R. 4313 (1948).
   Google Scholar
• Feagin, J. R., & Feagin, C. B. (1993). Racial and ethnic relations (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Heikes, E. J. (1991). When men are the minority: The case of men in nursing. The Sociological Quarterly, 32, 389–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izraeli, D. N. (1983). Sex effects or structural effects? An empirical test of Kanter’s theory of proportions. Social Forces, 62, 153–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, R. M. (1977). Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 965–994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitano, H. L. (1980). Race relations (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Knouse, S. B. (1993). Differences between Black and White military offenders: A study of socioeconomic, familial, personality, and military characteristics of inmates at the U.S. Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth ( Rep. No. DEOMI RSP 93–2). Patrick Air Force Base, FL: Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Knouse, S. B. (1994). Preliminary development of the military socialization inoculator: A means of reducing discipline problems by early socialization into appropriate military behaviors ( Rep. No. DEOMI RSP 94–9). Patrick Air Force Base, FL: Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Knouse, S. B., & Dansby, M. R. (1994). The organizational socialization inoculator. Proceedings of the Southwest Decision Sciences Institute, 25, 35–39.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, D., & Dansby, M. R. (1994). Race and the military justice system: Design for a program of action research ( Rep. No, DEOMI RSP 94–3). Patrick Air Force Base, FL: Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, D., Dansby, M. R., & Faley, R. H. (1993). The Military Equal Opportunity Climate Survey: An example of surveying in organizations. In P. Rosenfeld, J. E. Edwards, & M. D. Thomas (Eds.), Improving organizational surveys: New directions, methods, and applications (pp. 210–239). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, D,, Dansby, M. R., & Tallarigo, R. (1996). The use of equal opportunity climate in intercultural training. In. D. Landis & R. S. Bhagat (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed., pp. 244–263). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, D., Fisher, G., & Dansby, M. R. (1988). Construction and preliminary validation of an equal opportunity climate assessment instrument. In F. E. McIntire (Ed.), Proceedings of Psychology in the DoD Symposium ( Tech. Rep. No. 88–1, pp. 487–491). Colorado Springs, CO: U.S. Air Force Academy.
   Google Scholar
• MacGregor, M. J. (1981). Integration of the armed forces, 1940–1965. Washington, DC: U.S. Army, Center of Military History.
   Google Scholar
• Meglino, B. M., & DeNisi, A. S. (1987). Realistic job previews: Some thoughts on their more effective use in managing the flow of human resources. Human Resource Planning, 10, 157–167.
   Google Scholar
• Nalty, B. C. (1986). Strength for the fight: A history of BlackAmericans in the military. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, L. N., Durand, D. B., Bliese, P. D., Halverson, R. R., Rothberg, J. M., & Harrison, N. L. (1996). Cohesion and readiness in gender-integrated combat service support units: The impact of acceptance of women and gender ratio. Armed Forces and Society, 22, 537–553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, P., & Edwards, J. E. (1994). Automated system assesses equal opportunity. Personnel Journal, 73(9), 99–103.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, P., Newell, C. E., & Le, S. (1998/this issue). Equal opportunity climate of women and minorities in the Navy: Results from the Navy Equal Opportunity/Sexual Harassment (NEOSH) Survey. Military Psychology, 10, 69–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, P., Thomas, M. D., Edwards, J. E., Thomas, P. J., & Thomas, E. D. (1991). Navy research into race, ethnicity, and gender issues: A historical review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15, 407–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadroff, R. (1992, June). Sexual harassment: The inside story. Working Woman, pp. 47–51.
   Google Scholar
• Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1961). Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spangler, E., Gordon, M. A., & Pipkin, R. M. (1978). Token women: An empirical test of Kanter’s hypothesis. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 160–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallarigo, R. S. (1994, July). Perceptions of equal opportunity/treatment: How related to organizational sex ratios? Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Terpstra, D. E., & Cook, S. E. (1985). Complainant characteristics and reported behaviors and consequences associated with formal sexual harassment charges. Personnel Psychology, 38, 559–574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, J. A. (1988). Race relations research in the U.S. Army in the 1970s: A collection of selected readings. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board. (1981). Sexual harassment in the federal workplace: Is it a problem? Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board. (1988). Sexual harassment in the federal government: An update. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Wanous, J. P. (1975). Tell it like it is at realistic job previews. Personnel, 52, 50–60.
   Google Scholar
• Wanous, J. P. (1992). Organizational entry: Recruitment, selection, orientation, and socialization of newcomers (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Wanous, J. P., Poland, T. D., Premack, S. L., & Davis, K. S. (1992). The effects of met expectations on newcomer attitudes and behaviors: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 288–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoder, J. D. (1991). Rethinking tokenism: Looking beyond numbers. Gender and Society, 5, 178–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar