- 1) Saliva, J. M. R., Darmon, N., Fernandez, Y., and Mitjavila, S., Oxygen free radical scavenger capacity in aqueous models of different procyanidins from grape seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 1549-1552 (1991).
- 2) Bomser, J. A., Singletary, K. W., Wallig, M. A., and Smith, M. A. L., Inhibition of TPA-induced tumor promotion in CD-1 mouse epidermis by a polyphenolic fraction from grape seeds. Cancer Lett., 135, 151-157 (1999).
- 3) Zhao, J., Wang, J., Chen, Y., and Agarwal, R., Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seeds in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3'-gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent Carcinogenesis, 20, 1737-1745 (1999).
- 4) Hertog, M. G. L., Feskens, E. J. M., Hollman, P. C. H., Katon, M. B., and Kromhout, D., Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet, 342, 1007-1011 (1993).
- 5) Hertog, M. G. L., Kromhout, D., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R., Fidanza, F., Giampaoli, S., Jansen, A., Menotti, A., Nedeljkovic, S., Pekkarinen, M., Simic, B. S., Toshima, H., Feskens, E. J. M., Hollman, P. C. H., and Katan, M. B., Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch. Intern. Med., 155, 381-386 (1995).
- 6) Knekt, P., Jarvinen, R., Reunanen, A., and Maatela, J., Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: acohort study. Br. Med. J., 312, 478-481 (1996).
- 7) Tijburg, L. B., Wiseman, S. A., Mejier, G. W., and Westsrate, J. A, Effects of green tea, black tea and dietary lipophilic antioxidants on LDL oxidizability and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis, 135, 37-47 (1997).
- 8) Yamakoshi, J., Kataoka, S., Koga, T., and Ariga, T., Proanthocyanidin -rich extract from grape seeds attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis, 142, 139-149 (1999).
- 9) Steinberg, D., Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis. Circulation, 85, 2337-2344 (1992).
- 10) Porter, L. J., Ma A., and Chan B. G., Cacao procyanidins: major flavanoids and identification of some minor metabolites. Phytochemistry, 30, 1657-1663 (1991).
- 11) Sanbongi, C., Osakabe, N., Natsume, M., Takizawa, T., Gomi, S., and Osawa, T., Antioxidative polyphenols isolated from Theobroma cacao. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 454-457 (1998).
- 12) Adamson, G. E, Lazarus, S. A., Mitchell, A. E., Prior, R. L., Cao, G., Jacobs, P. H., Kremers, B. G., Hammerstone, J. F., Rucker, R. B., Ritter, K. A., and Schmitz, H. H., HPLC method for the quantification of procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate samples and correlation to total antioxidant capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 4184-4188 (1999).
- 13) Price, L.M., and Butler, L.G., Rapid visual estimation and spectrophotometric determination of tannin content of sorghum grain. J. Agric. Food Chem., 25, 1268-1273 (1977).
- 14) Rigaud, J., Escribano-Bailon, M. T., Prieur, C, Souquet, J. M., and Cheynier, V., Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of procyanidins from cacao beans and grape seeds. J. Chromatogra. A, 654, 255-260 (1993).
- . 1999. p. 8- 35.
- . 1999. p. 101- 114.
- 17) Schenkel, H. J., Color formation in the Dutch processing of cocoa. Manufact. Confect., 53, 26-33 (1973).
Full access
Analyses of Polyphenols in Cacao Liquor, Cocoa, and Chocolate by Normal-Phase and Reversed-Phase HPLC
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.