Constrained But Not Determined by Stigma: Resistance by African American Women Living with HIV

REFERENCES

• Alonzo , A. A. and Reynolds , N. R. 1995 . Stigma, HIV and AIDS: An exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory. . Social Science and Medicine , 41 ( 3 ) : 303 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers , L. , Kavanaugh , K. and Knafl , K. A. 2003 . Within-case and across-case approaches to qualitative data analysis. . Qualitative Health Research , 13 ( 6 ) : 871 – 883 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , L. A. , Wheeler , D. and Gaiter , J. 2004 . HIV prevention research for African Americans: Current and future directions. . Journal of Black Psychology , 30 ( 1 ) : 40 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Biernacki , P. and Waldorf , D. 1981 . Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. . Sociological Methods Research , 10 ( 2 ) : 141 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , B. P. and Miles , M. S. 2002 . Calculating the risk and benefits of disclosure in African American women who have HIV. . JOGNN , 31 ( 6 ) : 688 – 697 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. , Macintyre , K. and Trujillo , L. 2003 . Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: What have we learned? AIDS Education and Prevention , 15 : 49 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Boyle , J. S. , Hodnicki , D. R. and Ferrell , J. A. 1999 . Patterns of resistance: African American mothers and adult children with HIV illness. . Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice: An International Journal , 13 ( 2 ) : 111 – 133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carr , R. L. and Gramling , L. F. 2004 . Stigma: A health barrier for women with HIV/ AIDS, Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 15 ( 5 ) : 30 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2004 . Diagnoses of HIV/AIDS-33 States, 2000–2003. . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 53 ( 47 ) : 1106 – 1110 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2005 . Trends in HIV/AIDS Diagnosis- 33 States, 2001–2004. . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 54 ( 45 ) : 1149 – 1164 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark , H. J. , Lindner , G. , Armistead , L. and Austin , B. J. 2003 . Stigma, disclosure, and psychological functioning among HIV-infected and non-infected African American women. . Women and Health , 38 ( 4 ) : 57 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean , H. D. , Steele , C. B. , Satcher , A. J. and Nakashima , A. K. 2005 . HIV/AIDS among minority races and ethnicities in the United States, 1999–2003. . Journal of National Medical Association , 97 ( 7Suppl ) : 5S – 12S .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duffy , L. 2005 . Suffering, shame, and silence: The stigma of HIV/AIDS. . Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 16 ( 1 ) : 13 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1963 . Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , J. M. and Stevens , P. E. 1991 . Rigor in feminist research. . Advances in Nursing Science , 13 ( 3 ) : 16 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. 1999 . AIDS and stigma. . American Behavioral Scientist , 42 ( 7 ) : 1106 – 1116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. , Capitanio , J. P. and Widaman , K. F. 2002 . HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1991–1999. . American Journal of Public Health , 92 ( 3 ) : 371 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooks , B. 1993 . Sisters of the Yam , Boston : South End Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hoxie , N. J. 2005 . The epidemic of HIV infection in Wisconsin: Review of case surveillance data collected through 2004 1 – 5 . Wisconsin AIDS/HIV Update, Winter
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein , B. 2003 . Stigma as a barrier to treatment of sexually transmitted infection in the American deep south: Issues of race, gender and poverty. . Social Science and Medicine , 57 ( 12 ) : 2435 – 2445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln , Y. S. and Guba , E. G. 1985 . Naturalistic inquiry , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Mayers , A. M. , Naples , N. A. and Nilsen , R. D. 2005 . Existential issues and coping: A qualitative study of low-income women with HIV. . Psychology and Health , 20 ( 1 ) : 93 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair , L. D. and Prather , C. M. 2004 . African American women and AIDS: Factors influencing risk and reaction to HIV disease. . Journal of Black Psychology , 30 ( 1 ) : 106 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Owens , S. 2003 . African American women living with HIV/AIDS: Families as sources of support and of stress. . Social Work , 48 ( 2 ) : 163 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , R. and Aggleton , P. 2003 . HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. . Social Science and Medicine , 57 ( 1 ) : 13 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton , S. 2002 . The paradox of public HIV disclosure. . AIDS Care , 14 ( 4 ) : 559 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poindexter , C. C. 2002 . “It don't matter what people say as long as I love you”: Experiencing stigma when raising an HIV-infected grandchild. . Journal of Mental Health and Aging , 8 ( 4 ) : 331 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Poindexter , C. C. 2005 . The lion at the gate: An HIV-affected caregiver resists stigma. . Health and Social Work , 30 ( 1 ) : 64 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidpath , D. D. and Chan , K. Y. 2005 . A method for the quantitative analysis of the layering of HIV-related stigma. . AIDS Care , 17 ( 4 ) : 425 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , T. and Richards , L. 2003 . The way ahead in qualitative computing. . Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods , 2 ( 1 ) : 16 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Riessman , C. K. 2000 . Stigma and everyday resistance practices: Childless women in South India. . Gender and Society , 14 ( 1 ) : 11 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , G. W. and Miller , R. L. 2004 . Intervening in the HIV/AIDS crisis: The role of black psychologists. . Journal of Black Psychology , 30 ( 1 ) : 138 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Sandelowski , M. 1995 . Sample size in qualitative research. . Research in Nursing and Health , 18 ( 2 ) : 179 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders-Phillips , K. 2002 . Factors influencing HIV/AIDS in women of color. . Public Health Reports , 117 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S151 – S156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. K. , Gwinn , M. , Selik , R. M. , Miller , K. S. , Dean-Gaitor , H. , Imani , Maat P. , DeCock , K. M. and Gayle , H. D. 2000 . HIV/AIDS among African Americans: Progress or progression? . AIDS , 14 ( 9 ) : 1237 – 1248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , P. E. 1998 . The experience of lesbians of color in health care encounters: Narrative insights for improving access and quality. . Journal of Lesbian Studies , 2 ( 1 ) : 77 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor , J. Y. 1998 . Womanism: A methodologic framework for African American women. . Advances in Nursing Science , 21 ( 1 ) : 53 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters , J. K. and Biernacki , P. 1989 . Targeted sampling: Options for the study of hidden populations. . Social Problems , 36 ( 4 ) : 416 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg , B. A. and Simoni , J. M. 2003 . African American women, AIDS, and Resiliency. . Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services , 2 ( 3 ) : 49 – 57 .
   Google Scholar