135
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Educative Approach to Intervention with Child Excess Behavior: Toward an Application to Parent Training Packages

Pages 1-37 | Received 20 Aug 1999, Accepted 19 Sep 1999, Published online: 21 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, , 4th ed. Washington, DC : Author. .
  • Anderson , C. M. 1999 . “ Linking functional assessment with diagnostic classification: Development of functional assessment methodology. ” . In Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown.
  • Anderson , C. M. , Freeman , K. A. , Mullen , K. B. and Scotti , J. R. 1999 . “ The School Consultation Project: Functional assessment and educative intervention for excess behavior in various community environments. ” . In Behavioral intervention: Principles, models, and practices Edited by: Scotti , J. R. and Meyer , L. H. 319 – 337 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Azrin , N. H. and Holz , W. C. 1966 . “ Punishment. ” . In Operant behavior: Areas of research and application Edited by: Honig , W. K. 380 – 447 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts. .
  • Baer , D. M. , Wolf , M. M. and Risely , R. R. 1968 . Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 1 : 91 – 97 .
  • Bernhardt , A. J. and Forehand , R. 1975 . The effects of labeled and unlabeled praise upon lower and middle class children. . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 19 : 536 – 543 .
  • Bird , F. , Dores , P. A. , Moniz , D. and Robinson , J. 1989 . Reducing severe aggressive and self-injurious behaviors with functional communication training: Direct, collateral, and generalized results. . American Journal of Mental Retardation , 94 : 37 – 48 .
  • Carr , E. G. 1977 . The motivation of self-injurious behavior: A review of some hypotheses. . Psychological Bulletin , 84 : 800 – 816 .
  • Carr , E. G. 1988 . “ Functional equivalence as a mechanism of response generalization. ” . In Generalization and maintenance: Lifestyle changes in applied settings Edited by: Horner , R. H. , Dunlap , G. and Koegel , R. L. 221 – 241 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Carr , E. G. and Durand , V. M. 1985 . Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 18 : 111 – 126 .
  • Carr , E. G. , Levin , L. , McConnachie , G. , Carlson , J. I. , Kemp , D. C. and Smith , C. E. 1994 . Communication-based intervention for problem behaviors: A user's guide for producing positive change. Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Carr , E. G. , Newsom , C. D. , Crighton , D. and Binkoff , J. A. 1980 . Escape as a factor in the aggressive behavior of two retarded children. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 13 : 101 – 117 .
  • Carr , E. G. , Reeve , C. E. and Magito-McLaughlin , D. 1996 . “ Contextual influences on problem behavior in people with developmental disabilities. ” . In Positive behavioral support: Including people with difficult behavior in the community Edited by: Koegel , L. K. , Koegel , R. L. and Dunlap , G. 403 – 423 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Carr , E. G. , Robinson , S. and Palumbo , L. W. 1990 . “ The wrong issue: Aversive versus non-aversive treatment. The right issue: Functional versus nonfunctional treatment. ” . In Current perspectives on the use of non-aversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities Edited by: Repp , A. C. and Singh , N. N. 361 – 379 . Sycamore, IL : Sycamore Publishing. .
  • Charlop , M. H. , Schreibman , L. and Thibodeau , M. G. 1985 . Increasing spontaneous verbal responding in autistic children using a time delay procedure. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 18 : 155 – 166 .
  • Cooper , L. J. , Wacker , D. P. , Sasso , G. M. , Reimers , T. M. and Donn , L. 1990 . Using parents as therapists to evaluate the appropriate behavior of their children: Application to a tertiary diagnostic clinic. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 23 : 285 – 296 .
  • Day , M. H. , Horner , R. H. and O'Neill , R. E. 1994 . Multiple functions of problem behavior: Assessment and intervention. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 279 – 289 .
  • Day , M. H. , Rea , J. A. , Schussler , N. G. , Larsen , S. E. and Johnson , W. L. 1988 . A functionally-based approach to the treatment of self-injurious behavior. . Behavior Modification , 12 : 565 – 589 .
  • Derby , K. M. , Wacker , D. P. , Berg , W. , DeRaad , A. , Ulrich , S. , Asmus , J. , Harding , J. , Prouty , A. , Laffey , P. and Stoner , E. A. 1997 . The long-term effects of functional communication training in home settings. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 30 : 507 – 531 .
  • Derby , K. M. , Wacker , D. P. , Peck , S. and Sasso , G. 1994 . Functional analysis of separate topographies of aberrant behavior. Special Issue: Functional analysis approaches to behavioral assessment and treatment. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 267 – 278 .
  • Donnellan , A. M. , Mirenda , P. L. , Mesaros , R. A. and Fassbender , L. L. 1984 . Analyzing the communicative functions of aberrant behavior. . Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps , 9 : 201 – 212 .
  • Dunlap , G. , Foster-Johnson , L. and Robbins , F. R. 1990 . “ Preventing serious behavior problems through skill development and early intervention. ” . In Current perspectives on the use of non-aversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities Edited by: Repp , A. C. and Singh , N. N. 273 – 282 . Sycamore, IL : Sycamore Publishing. .
  • Dunlap , G. and Kern , L. 1993 . “ Assessment and intervention for children within the instructional curriculum. ” . In Communicative alternatives to challenging behavior: Integrating functional assessment and intervention strategies. Communication and language series, Vol. 3 Edited by: Reichle , J. and Wacker , D. 177 – 203 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Dunlap , G. , Kern-Dunlap , L. , Clarke , S. and Robbins , F. R. 1991 . Functional assessment, curricular revision, and severe behavior problems. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24 : 387 – 397 .
  • Durand , V. M. and Carr , E. G. 1991 . Functional communication training to reduce challenging behavior: Maintenance and application in new settings. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24 : 251 – 264 .
  • Durand , V. M. and Carr , E. G. 1992 . An analysis of maintenance following functional communication training. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 25 : 777 – 794 .
  • Durand , V. M. and Crimmins , D. B. 1988 . Identifying variables maintaining self-injurious behavior. . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 18 : 99 – 117 .
  • Durand , V. M. , Crimmins , D. B. , Caulfield , M. and Taylor , J. 1989 . Reinforcement assessment I: Using problem behavior to select reinforcers. . Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps , 14 : 113 – 126 .
  • Durand , V. M. and Kishi , G. 1987 . Reducing severe behavior problems among persons with dual-sensory impairments: An evaluation of a technical assistance model. . Journal of the Association for Person's with Severe Handicaps , 12 : 2 – 10 .
  • Dyer , K. , Dunlap , G. and Winterling , V. 1990 . The effects of choice making on the serious problem behaviors of students with developmental disabilities. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 23 : 515 – 524 .
  • Eisenstadt , T. H. , Eyberg , S. , McNeil , C. B. and Newcomb , K. 1993 . Parent-child interaction therapy with behavior problem children: Relative effectiveness of two stages and overall treatment outcome. . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 22 : 42 – 51 .
  • Ervin , R. A. , DuPaul , G. J. , Kern , L. K. and Friman , P. C. 1998 . Classroom-based functional and adjunctive assessments: Proactive approaches to intervention selection for adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 31 : 65 – 78 .
  • Evans , I. M. 1971 . “ Theoretical and experimental aspects of the behavior modification approach to autistic children. ” . In Infantile autism: Concepts, characteristics, and treatment Edited by: Rutter , M. 229 – 251 . London : Churchill Livingstone. .
  • Evans , I. M. and Meyer , L. H. 1985 . An educative approach to behavior problems: A practical decision model for interventions with severely handicapped learners. Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Evans , I. M. , Scotti , J. R. and Hawkins , R. H. 1999 . “ Understanding where we are going by looking at where we have been. ” . In Behavioral intervention: Principles, models, and practices Edited by: Scotti , J. R. and Meyer , L. H. 3 – 23 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Eyberg , S. M. 1988 . Parent-child interaction therapy: Integration of traditional and behavioral concerns. . Child & Family Behavior Therapy , 10 : 33 – 46 .
  • Eyberg , S. M. , Edwards , D. , Boggs , S. R. and Foote , R. 1998 . Maintaining the treatment effects of parent training: The role of booster sessions and other maintenance strategies. . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 5 : 544 – 554 .
  • Favell , J. E. , McGimsey , J. F. and Schell , R. M. 1982 . Treatment of self-injury by providing alternate sensory activities. . Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities , 2 : 83 – 104 .
  • Favell , J. E. and Reid , D. H. 1988 . “ Generalizing and maintaining improvements in problem behavior. ” . In Generalization and maintenance: Lifestyle changes in applied settings Edited by: Horner , R. H. , Dunlap , G. and Koegel , R. L. 171 – 196 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Forehand , R. and Atkeson , B. M. 1977 . Generality of treatment effects with parents as therapists: A review of assessment and implementation procedures. . Behavior Therapy , 8 : 575 – 593 .
  • Forehand , R. and King , H. E. 1977 . Non-compliant children: Effects of parent-training on behavior and attitude change. . Behavior Modification , 1 : 93 – 108 .
  • Forehand , R. and McMahon , R. J. 1981 . Helping the non-compliant child: A clinician's guide to parent training. New York : Guilford Press. .
  • Freeman , K. A. , Anderson , C. M. , Haak Azer , R. , Girolami , P. and Scotti , J. R. 1998 . Why functional analysis is enough: A response to Reiss and Havercamp. . American Journal on Mental Retardation , 103 : 80 – 91 .
  • Freeman , K. A. , Anderson , C. M. and Scotti , J. R. “ A structured descriptive methodology: Increasing agreement between descriptive and experimental analyses ” . In Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. (in press).
  • Girolami , P. A. and Scotti , J. R. 1999 . The use of analog functional analysis in assessing the function of mealtime behavior problems. Manuscript under review
  • Goldiamond , I. 1974 . Toward a constructional approach to social problems: Ethical and constitutional issues raised by applied behavioral analysis. . Behaviorism , 2 : 1 – 85 .
  • Halle , J. W. and Spradlin , J. E. 1993 . “ Identifying stimulus control of challenging behavior. ” . In Communicative alternatives to challenging behavior: Integrating functional assessment and intervention strategies. Communication and language series Edited by: Reichle , J. and Wacker , D. Vol. 3 , 83 – 109 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Hanf , C. 1969 . “ A two-stage program for modifying maternal controlling during mother-child interaction. ” . In Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Haring , T. G. and Kennedy , C. H. 1990 . Contextual control of problem behavior with students with severe disabilities. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 23 : 235 – 243 .
  • Hawkins , R. H. 1979 . The functions of assessment: Implications for selection and development of devices for assessing repertoires in clinical, educational, and other settings. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 12 : 501 – 516 .
  • Hawkins , R. H. 1986 . “ Selection of target behaviors. ” . In Conceptual foundations of behavior assessment Edited by: Nelson , R. O. and Hayes , S. C. 331 – 385 . New York : Guilford. .
  • Haynes , S. N. and O'Brien , W. H. 1990 . Functional analysis in behavior therapy. . Clinical Psychology Review , 10 : 649 – 668 .
  • Hembree-Kigin , T. L. and McNeil , C. 1995 . Parent-child interaction therapy. New York : Plenum. .
  • Horner , R. H. and Day , M. H. 1991 . The effects of response efficiency on functionally-equivalent competing behaviors. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24 : 719 – 732 .
  • Horner , R. H. , Dunlap , G. and Koegel , R. L. 1988 . Generalization and maintenance: Lifestyle changes in applied settings. Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Horner , R. H. , Dunlap , G. , Koegel , R. L. , Carr , E. G. , Sailor , W. , Anderson , J. , Albin , R. W. and O'Neill , R. E. 1990 . Toward a technology of “non-aversive” behavioral support. . Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps , 15 : 125 – 132 .
  • Hunt , P. , Alwell , M. , Goetz , L. and Sailor , W. 1990 . Generalized effects of conversation skill training. . Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps , 15 : 250 – 260 .
  • Iwata , B. A. , Dorsey , M. F. , Slifer , K. J. , Bauman , K. E. and Richman , G. S. 1994 . Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 197 – 209 . (Reprinted from Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities 2 3–20, 1982)
  • Iwata , B. , Pace , G. , Cowdery , G. E. and Miltenberger , R. G. 1994 . What makes extinction work: An analysis of procedural form and function. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 131 – 144 .
  • Iwata , B. A. , Pace , G. M. , Dorsey , M. F. , Zarcone , J. R. , Vollmer , T. R. , Smith , R. G. , Rodgers , T. A. , Lerman , D. C. , Shore , B. A. , Mazaleski , J. L. , Goh , H. , Edwards Cowdery , G. , Kalsher , M. J. , McCosh , K. C. and Willis , K. D. 1994 . The functions of self-injurious behavior: An experimental-epidemiological analysis. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 215 – 240 .
  • Iwata , B. , Pace , G. , Kalsher , M. , Cowdery , G. and Cataldo , M. 1990 . Experimental analysis and extinction of self-injurious escape behavior. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 23 : 11 – 27 .
  • Iwata , B. A. , Vollmer , T. R. and Zarcone , J. R. 1990 . “ The experimental (functional) analysis of behavior disorders: Methodology, applications, and limitations. ” . In Perspectives on the use of non-aversive and aversive intervention for persons with developmental disabilities Edited by: Repp , A. C. and Singh , N. N. 301 – 330 . Sycamore, IL : Sycamore Press. .
  • Kazdin , A. E. and Esveldt-Dawson , K. 1981 . How to maintain behavior. Austin, TX : Pro-Ed. .
  • Kearney , C. A. and Silverman , W. K. November 1988 . “ Measuring the function of school refusal behavior: The School Refusal Assessment Scale (SRAS). ” . In Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Atlanta. November ,
  • Kearney , C. A. and Silverman , W. K. 1990 . A preliminary analysis of a functional model of assessment and treatment for school refusal behavior. . Behavior Modification , 14 : 340 – 366 .
  • Kearney , C. A. and Silverman , W. K. 1993 . Measuring the function of school refusal behavior: The School Refusal Scale. . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 22 : 85 – 96 .
  • Kern-Dunlap , L. , Clarke , S. and Dunlap , G. 1990 . “ Increasing the “meaningfulness” in curriculum content to reduce problem behaviors in a severely emotionally disturbed student. ” . In Paper presented at the tenth annual convention of the Florida Association for Behavior Analysis, Orlando, FL.
  • Kirk , K. S. 1999 . “ Functional analysis and selection of intervention strategies for people with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. ” . In Behavioral intervention: Principles, models, and practices Edited by: Scotti , J. R. and Meyer , L. H. 71 – 99 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Lovaas , O. I. , Freitag , G. , Gold , V. J. and Kassorla , I. C. 1965 . Experimental studies in childhood schizophrenia: Analysis of self-destructive behavior. . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 2 : 143 – 157 .
  • Lovaas , O. I. and Simmons , J. Q. 1969 . Manipulation of self-destruction in three retarded children. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 2 : 143 – 157 .
  • Mace , F. C. 1994 . The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies. Special Issue: Functional analysis approaches to behavioral assessment and treatment. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 385 – 392 .
  • Mace , F. C. and Belfiore , R. 1990 . Behavioral momentum in the treatment of escape motivated self-injury. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 23 : 507 – 514 .
  • Mace , F. C. , Browder , D. M. and Lin , Y. 1987 . Analysis of demand conditions associated with stereotypy. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 19 : 411 – 416 .
  • Mace , F. C. and Lalli , J. S. 1991 . Linking descriptive and experimental analyses in the treatment of bizarre speech. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24 : 553 – 562 .
  • McMahon , R. J. , Forehand , R. , Greist , D. L. and Wells , K. C. 1981 . Who drops out of treatment during parent behavioral training? . Behavioral Counseling Quarterly , 1 : 79 – 85 .
  • McMahon , R. J. and Wells , K. C. 1989 . “ Conduct disorders. ” . In Treatment of childhood disorders Edited by: Mash , E. J. and Barkley , R. A. 73 – 132 . New York : Guilford. .
  • McNeil , C. B. 1996 . Aversive-non-aversive issue: Tip of the iceberg. . Child & Family Behavior Therapy , 18 : 17 – 23 .
  • McNeil , C. B. , Eyberg , S. , Eisenstadt , T. H. and Newcomb , K. 1991 . Parent-child interaction therapy with behavior problem children: Generalization of treatment effects to the school setting. . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 20 : 140 – 151 .
  • Meyer , L. H. and Evans , I. M. 1989 . Non-aversive intervention for behavior problems: A manual for home and community. Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Meyer , L. H. and Evans , I. M. 1993 . “ Meaningful outcomes in behavioral intervention: Evaluating positive approaches to the remediation of challenging behaviors. ” . In Communication and language intervention series: Vol. 3. Communicative alternatives to challenging behavior: Integrating functional assessment and intervention strategies Edited by: Reichle , J. and Wacker , D. P. 407 – 428 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Mullen , K. M. 1995 . “ The use of a professional consultation model to teach parents functional assessment. ” . In Unpublished master's thesis, University of California at Santa Barbara.
  • Northup , J. , Broussard , C. , Jones , K. , George , T. , Vollmer , T. R. and Herring , M. 1995 . The differential effects of teacher and peer attention on the disruptive classroom behavior of three children with a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyper-activity Disorder. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 28 : 227 – 228 .
  • Northup , J. , Wacker , D. , Sasso , G. , Steege , M. , Cigrand , K. , Cook , J. and DeRaad , A. 1991 . A brief functional analysis of aggressive and alternative behavior in an out-clinic setting. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24 : 509 – 522 .
  • O'Dell , S. 1974 . Training parents in behavior modification: A review. . Psychological Bulletin , 81 : 418 – 433 .
  • O'Neill , R. E. , Horner , R. H. , Albin , R. W. , Storey , K. and Sprague , J. R. 1990 . Functional analysis: A practical assessment guide. Sycamore, IL : Sycamore Press. .
  • Parrish , J. M. , Cataldo , M. , Neef , N. and Egel , A. 1986 . Experimental analysis of response co-variation among compliant and inappropriate behavior. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 19 : 241 – 254 .
  • Patterson , G. R. 1976 . “ The aggressive child: Victim and architect of a coercive system. ” . In Behavior modification and families Edited by: Mash , E. G. , Hammerlynck , L. A. and Handy , L. C. 267 – 316 . New York : Brunner/Mazel. .
  • Reichle , J. E. and Yoder , D. E. 1979 . “ Assessment and early stimulation of communication in the severely and profoundly mentally retarded. ” . In Teaching the severely handicapped. Edited by: York , R. L. and Edgar , E. Vol. 4 , 180 – 218 . Seattle, WA : American Association for the Education of the Severely/Profoundly Handicapped. .
  • Repp , A. C. , Felce , D. and Barton , L. E. 1988 . Basing the treatment of stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors on hypotheses of their causes. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 21 : 281 – 289 .
  • Repp , A. C. and Karsh , K. G. 1994 . Hypotheses-based interventions for tantrum behaviors of persons with developmental disabilities in school settings. Special Section: Behavior analysis in school psychology. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 21 – 31 .
  • Robinson , E. A. , Eyberg , S. M. and Ross , A. W. 1980 . The standardization of an inventory of child conduct problem behavior. . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 9 : 22 – 28 .
  • Sandman , C. A. 1991 . The opiate hypothesis in autism and self-injury. . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 1 : 237 – 248 .
  • Schuster , J. W. , Gast , D. L. , Wolery , M. and Guilinan , S. 1988 . The effectiveness of a constant time-delay procedure to teach chained responses to adolescents with mental retardation. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 21 : 169 – 178 .
  • Scotti , J. R. , Evans , I. M. , Meyer , L. H. and DiBenedetto , A. 1991 . “ Individual repertoires as behavioral ecosystems: Implications for program design and evaluation. ” . In The challenge of severe mental handicap: A behavior analytic approach Edited by: Remington , B. 139 – 163 . London : Wiley. .
  • Scotti , J. R. , Evans , I. M. , Meyer , L. H. and Walker , P. 1991 . A meta-analysis of intervention research with problem behavior: Treatment validity and standards of practice. . American Journal on Mental Retardation , 96 : 233 – 256 .
  • Scotti , J. R. and Meyer , L. H. 1999 . Behavioral intervention: Principles, models, and practices. Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Scotti , J. R. , Morris , T. L. , McNeil , C. B. and Hawkins , R. P. 1996 . DSM-IV and disorders of childhood and adolescence: Can structural criteria be functional? Special issue on DSM-IV. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 1177 – 1191 .
  • Scotti , J. R. and Mullen , K. B. August 1995 . “ Focus on the function, not the consequences. ” . In Time out for time-out? Its place in today's behavior therapy. (Cassette Recording No. APA 95–166). Edited by: Franks , C. M. August , New York : Symposium presented at the 103rd annual convention of the American Psychological Association . (Discussants). In
  • Scotti , J. R. , Mullen , K. B. and Hawkins , R. P. 1998 . “ Child conduct and developmental disabilities: From theory to practice in the treatment of excess behaviors. ” . In From behavior theory to behavior therapy Edited by: Plaud , J. J. and Eifert , G. H. 172 – 202 . Boston : Allyn & Bacon. .
  • Scotti , J. R. , Schulman , D. E. and Hojnacki , R. M. 1994 . Functional analysis and unsuccessful treatment of Tourette's syndrome in a man with profound mental retardation. . Behavior Therapy , 25 : 721 – 738 .
  • Scotti , J. R. , Ujcich , K. J. , Weigle , K. L. , Holland , C. M. and Kirk , K. S. 1996 . Interventions with challenging behavior of persons with developmental disabilities: A review of current research practices. . Journal of the Association for Persons With Severe Handicaps , 21 : 123 – 134 .
  • Skinner , B. F. 1953 . Science and human behavior. New York : Free Press. .
  • Sprague , J. R. and Horner , R. H. 1992 . Co-variation within functional response classes: Implications for treatment of severe problem behavior. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 25 : 735 – 745 .
  • Stokes , T. F. and Baer , D. M. 1977 . An implicit technology of generalization. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 10 : 349 – 367 .
  • Stokes , T. F. and Osnes , P. G. 1988 . “ The developing applied technology of generalization and maintenance. ” . In Generalization and maintenance: Lifestyle changes in applied settings Edited by: Horner , R. H. , Dunlap , G. and Koegel , R. L. 5 – 19 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Taylor , J. C. and Carr , E. G. 1992 . Severe problem behaviors related to social interaction I: Attention-seeking and social avoidance. . Behavior Modification , 16 : 305 – 335 .
  • Vittimberga , G. L. , Scotti , J. R. and Weigle , K. L. 1999 . “ Standards of practice and critical elements in an educative approach to behavioral intervention. ” . In Behavioral intervention: Principles, models, and practices Edited by: Scotti , J. R. and Meyer , L. H. 47 – 69 . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes. .
  • Voeltz , L. M. and Evans , I. M. 1982 . The assessment of behavioral interrelationships in child behavior therapy. . Behavioral Assessment , 4 : 131 – 165 .
  • Wacker , D. P. , Steege , M. W. , Northup , J. , Sasso , G. , Berg , W. , Reimers , T. , Cooper , L. , Cigrand , K. and Donn , L. 1990 . A component analysis of functional communication training across three topographies of severe behavior problems. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 23 : 417 – 429 .
  • Wahler , R. G. 1969 . Setting generality: Some specific and general effects of child behavior therapy. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 2 : 239 – 246 .
  • Wahler , R. G. 1975 . Some structural aspects of deviant child behavior. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 8 : 27 – 42 .
  • Wahler , R. G. and Hann , D. M. 1986 . “ A behavioral systems perspective in childhood psychopathology: Expanding the three-term operant contingency. ” . In Child health behavior: A behavioral pediatrics perspective Edited by: Krasneger , N. A. , Arasteh , J. D. and Cataldo , M. F. 146 – 166 . New York : John Wiley. .
  • Webster-Stratton , C. 1982 . Teaching mothers through videotape modeling to change their children's behavior. . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 7 : 279 – 294 .
  • Webster-Stratton , C. 1985 . Comparison of abusive and non-abusive families with conduct-disordered children. . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 55 : 59 – 69 .
  • Webster-Stratton , C. 1994 . Troubled families—problem children: Working with parents: A collaborative process. Chichester, , England, UK : Wiley. .
  • Webster-Stratton , C. , Kolpacoff , M. and Hollinsworth , T. 1988 . Self-administered videotape therapy for families with conduct-problem children: Comparison with two cost-effective treatments and a control group. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 55 : 559 – 568 .
  • Weeks , M. and Gaylord-Ross , R. 1981 . Task difficulty and aberrant behavior in severely handicapped students. . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 14 : 449 – 463 .
  • Winterling , V. , Dunlap , G. and O'Neill , R. E. 1987 . The influence of task variation on the aberrant behavior of autistic students. . Education and Treatment of Children , 10 : 105 – 119 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.