Process Evaluation Results from a Condom Use Intervention with Substance Abusers in Treatment

References

• Balshem , M. , Oxman , G. , van Rooyen , D. and Girod , K. 1992 . Syphilis, sex, and crack cocaine: Images of risk and mortality . Social Science and Medicine , 35 : 147 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1989 . Human agency in social cognitive theory . American Psychologist , 44 : 1175 – 1184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1990 . Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection . Evaluation and Program Planning , 13 : 9 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1994 . “ Social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection ” . In Preventing AIDS: Theories and methods of behavioral interventions , Edited by: DiClemente , R. J. and Peterson , J. L. 25 – 59 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Booth , R. E. , Watters , J. K. and Chitwood , D. D. 1993 . HIV risk-related sex behaviors among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack . American Journal of Public Health , 83 : 1144 – 1148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth , R. E. , Watters , J. K. and Chitwood , D. D. 1994 . How effective are risk-reduction interventions targeting injection drug users . AIDS , 8 : 1515 – 1525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen , A. , Williams , M. , McCoy , H. V. and McCoy , C. B. 2001 . Crack smokers' intention to use condoms with loved partners: Intervention development using the theory of reasoned action, condom beliefs, and processes of change . AIDS Care , 13 : 579 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , V. B. , Melchior , L. A. , Panter , A. T. , Slaughter , R. and Huba , G. J. 2000 . Women's steps of change and entry into drug abuse treatment: A multidimensional stages of change model . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 18 : 231 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheney , R. and Merwin , A. 1996 . Integrating a theoretical framework with street outreach services: Issues for successful training . Public Health Reports , 111 : 83 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , E. , Navaline , H. and Metzger , D. 1994 . High-risk behaviors for HIV: A comparison between crack-abusing and opioid-abusing African-American women . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 26 : 233 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiClemente , C. C. 1993 . Changing addictive behaviors: A process perspective . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 2 : 101 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Dutton , L. B. and Winstead , B. A. Condom use in casual versus meaningful relationships. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Network on Personal Relationships . Miami, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Edlin , B. R. , Irwin , K. L. , Faruque , S. , McCoy , C. B. , Word , C. Serrano , Y. 1994 . Intersecting epidemics: Crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city young adults . New England Journal of Medicine , 331 : 1422 – 1427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlin , B. R. , Irwin , K. L. , Ludwig , D. D. , McCoy , H. V. , Serrano , Y. Word , C. 1992 . High-risk sex behavior among street-recruited crack cocaine smokers in three American cities: An interim report . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 24 : 364 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood , W. N. 1994 . Rhetoric in the war on drugs: The triumphs and tragedies of public relations , Westport, CT : Praeger Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Elwood , W. N. 2001 . “The head that doesn't speak one calls a cabbage”: HIV/AIDS, risk, and social support in the 21st century . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 19 : 143 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood , W. N. and Greene , K. 2003a . Desperately seeking skeezers: Downward comparison theory and the implications for HIV/STD prevention among heterosexual African-American crack users . Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse , 2 ( 1 ) : 15 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Elwood , W. N. and Greene , K. Ready (or not) to graduate: Mental and physical health characteristics associated with completing public housing-based, substance abuse treatment in Key West, Florida. Poster presented at the 131st annual meeting of the American Public Health Association . San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Elwood , W. N. and Greene , K. 2003c . “Risks both known and unknown”: A qualitative method for assessing the role of situation in HIV/STD risk and prevention . Journal of Homosexuality , in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood , W. N. , Greene , K. and Carter , K. C. 2003 . Gentlemen don't speak: Communication norms and condom use in bathhouses . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 31 ( 4 ) : 277 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood , W. N. and Haskins , H. V. No place like Safeport: The planning and process of providing residential substance abuse treatment to public housing tenants in Key West, Florida . Poster presented atthe 131st annual meeting of the American Public Health Association . November , San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Elwood , W. N. and Williams , M. L. 1999 . “ The politics of silence: Communicative rules and HIV prevention issues in gay male bathhouses ” . In Power in the blood: A handbook on AIDS, politics, and communication , Edited by: Elwood , W. N. 121 – 132 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Elwood , W. N. , Williams , M. L. , Bell , D. C. and Richard , A. J. 1997 . Powerlessness and HIV prevention among people who trade sex for drugs (“strawberries”) . AIDS Care , 9 : 273 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , J. L. 1996 . Hidden populations and the gaze of power . Journal of Drug Issues , 26 : 5 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , A. 1993 . Crack cocaine and HIV: How national drug addiction-treatment deficits fan the pandemic's flames . AIDS and Public Policy Journal , 8 : 44 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Fullilove , M. T. , Weinstein , M. , Fullilove , R. E. 3d. , Crayton , E. J. Jr. , Goodjoin , R. B. , Bowser , B. and Gross , S. 1990 . Race/gender issues in the sexual transmission of AIDS . AIDS Clinical Review , 25 : 25 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Glaser , B. G. and Straus , A. L. 1967 . The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research , Chicago : Aldine Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , J. C. 1994 . “ Qualitative program evaluation: Practice and promise ” . In Handbook of qualitative research , Edited by: Denzin , N. K. and Lincoln , Y. S. 530 – 544 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Haiman , J. 1998 . Talk is cheap: Sarcasm, alienation, and the evolution of language , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , S. M. 2003 . Applying the Transtheoretical model to pregnancy and STD prevention: A review of the literature . American Journal of Health Promotion , 17 : 304 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houlding , C. and Davidson , R. 2003 . Beliefs as predictors of condom use by injecting drug users in treatment . Health Education Research , 18 ( Supplement 2 ) : 145 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inciardi , J. A. 1989 . Trading sex for crack among juvenile drug users: A research note . Contemporary Drug Problems , Winter : 689 – 700 .
   Google Scholar
• Inciardi , J. A. 1995 . Crack, crack house sex, and HIV risk . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 24 : 249 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jammer , M. S. , Wolitski , R. J. and Corby , N. H. 1997 . Impact of a longitudinal community HIV intervention targeting injecting drug users stage of change for condom use and bleach use . American Journal of Health Promotion , 12 : 15 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuz , R. J. , Kassler , M. A. , Copenrath , L. and Allen , B. M. 1999 . Tag questions and common ground effects in the perception of verbal irony . Journal of Pragmatics , 31 : 1685 – 1700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauby , J. L. , Semaan , S. , O'Connell , A. , Person , B. and Vogel , A. 2001 . Factors related to self-efficacy for use of condoms and birth control among women at risk for HIV infection . Women and Health , 34 : 71 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lear , D. 1995 . Sexual communication in the age of AIDS: The construction of risk and trust among young adults . Social Science and Medicine , 41 : 1311 – 1323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg , C. E. 2000 . Knowledge, self-efficacy, coping, and condom use among urban women . Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 11 : 80 – 90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malotte , C. K. , Jarvis , B. , Fishbein , M. , Kamb , M. , Iatesta , M. , Hoxworth , T. , Zenilman , J. and Bolan , G. 2000 . Stage of change versus an integrated psychosocial theory as a basis for developing effective behaviour change interventions: The Project RESPECT Study Grou . AIDS Care , 12 : 357 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy , H. V. , Chitwood , D. D. , Page , J. B. and McCoy , C. B. 1997 . Skills for HIV risk reduction: Evaluation of recall and performance in injecting drug users . Substance Use and Misuse , 32 : 229 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , R. C. , Malow , R. M. , Jennings , T. E. and Gomez , C. J. 2001 . Effects of a cognitive-behavioral HIV prevention intervention among HIV negative male substance abusers in VA residential treatment . AIDS Education and Prevention , 13 : 91 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metts , S. and Fitzpatrick , M. A. 1992 . “ Thinking about safer sex: The risky business of “know your partner” advice ” . In AIDS: A communication perspective , Edited by: Edgar , T. , Fitzpatrick , M. A. and Freimuth , V. S. 1 – 20 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Metts , S. and Spitzberg , B. 1996 . Sexual communication in interpersonal contexts: A script-based approach . Communication Yearbook , 19 : 49 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Monahan , J. L. , Miller , L. C. and Rothspan , S. 1997 . Power and intimacy: On the dynamics of risky sex . Health Communication , 9 : 303 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montoya , I. D. 1997 . Attitudes, norms, self-efficacy, and stage of change among out-of-treatment female crack cocaine users: A pilot study . AIDS Education and Prevention , 9 : 424 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montoya , I. D. 1998 . Social network ties, self-efficacy, and condom use among women who use crack cocaine: A pilot study . Substance Use and Misuse , 33 : 2049 – 2073 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , D. A. , Stein , J. A. , Schlenger , W. , Maibach , E. and the National Institute of Mental Health Multisite HIV Prevention Trial Grou . 2001 . Conceptualizing the multidimensional nature of self-efficacy: Assessment of situational context and level of behavioral challenge to maintain safer sex . Health Psychology , 20 : 281 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogien , R. 1990 . Diffuse sanctions: Sarcasm, laughter, and contempt . Revue Française de Sociologie , 31 : 591 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska , J. O. and DiClemente , C. C. 1984 . The transtheoretical approach , Homewood, IL : Dow-Jones-Irwin .
   Google Scholar
• Prochaska , J. O. and DiClemente , C. C. 1986 . “ Toward a comprehensive model of change ” . In Treating addictive behaviors , Edited by: Miller , W. and Heather , N. 3 – 27 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Sheeran , P. and Taylor , S. 1999 . Predicting the intentions to use condoms: A meta-analysis and comparison of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior . Journal of Applied Psychology , 29 : 1624 – 1675 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoptaw , S. and Frosch , D. 2000 . Substance abuse treatment as HIV prevention for men who have sex with men . AIDS and Behavior , 4 : 193 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen , J. L. , Masson , C. L. and Perlman , D. C. 2002 . HIV/hepatitis prevention in drug abuse treatment programs . Science and Practice Perspectives , 1 : 4 – 12 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• St. Lawrence , J. S. , Jefferson , K. W. , Alleyne , E. and Brasfield , T. L. 1995 . Comparison of education versus behavioral skills training interventions in lowering sexual HIV-risk behavior of substance-dependent adolescents . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 63 : 154 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss , A. and Corbin , J. 1990 . Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce . 2001 . 1990 US Census Data, Summary level: Monroe County, FL Census Bureau website, http://homer.ssd.census.gov/cdrom/lookup977260461
   Google Scholar
• van Empelen , P. , Schaalma , H. P. , Kok , G. and Jansen , M. W. 2001 . Predicting condom use with casual and steady sex partners among drug users . Health Education Research , 16 : 293 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , J. , Porter , J. , Weiner , A. and Steinberg , A. 1997 . Oral sex, crack smoking, and HIV infection among female sex workers who do not inject drugs . American Journal of Public Health , 87 : 470 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters , J. K. 1993 . The significance of sampling and understanding hidden populations . Drugs and Society , 7 : 13 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Weatherby , N. L. , Shultz , J. M. , Chitwood , D. D. , McCoy , H. V. , McCoy , C. B. Ludwig , D. D. 1992 . Crack cocaine use and sexual activity in Miami, Florida . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 24 : 373 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , M. L. , Elwood , W. N. , Weatherby , N. L. , Bowen , A. M. , Zhao , Z. , Saunders , L. A. and Montoya , I. D. 1996 . An assessment of the risks of syphilis and HIV infection among a sample of not-in-treatment drug users in Houston, Texas . AIDS Care , 8 : 671 – 682 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , M. L. , McCoy , C. B. , McCoy , H. V. , Bowen , A. , Messiah , S. E. and Aversa , S. L. March 1998 . IRPG interventions guidelines. Manual produced for NIDA-funded HIV prevention grants March ,
   Google Scholar