Effect of Feeding Single Ingredient Supplemental Diet on Growth, Feed Utilization, Plankton Abundance and Survival of Tilapia, Tilapia rendalli Boulenger, in Ponds

REFERENCES

• Alceste , C. C. 2000 . Tilapia: Alternative protein sources in tilapia feed formulation. . Aquaculture Magazine, July/August. , 26 ( 4 ) : 70 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• American Public Health Association (APHA). 1985 . Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water, , 16th Edition Washington, D.C. : American Public Health Association .
   Google Scholar
• Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1990 . Methods of Analysis, , 15th Edition Washington, Arlington, Virginia, D.C. : AOAC .
   Google Scholar
• Ayub , M. and Boyd , C. E. 1994 . Comparison of different methods for measuring organic carbon in pond bottom soils. . Journal of Aquaculture Society , 25 : 322 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Bardack , J. E. and Santerre , M. T. 1979 . Use of organic residues in aquaculture. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, United Nations University Press Vol 1 (2) Tokyo, , Japan : United Nations University .
   Google Scholar
• Beniga , Z. M. and Circa , A. V. 1997 . “ Growth performance evaluation of genetically improved Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in floating cages in Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, Philippines. ” . In Tilapia Aquaculture. Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture Edited by: Fitzsimmons , K. 116 – 126 . Baton Rouge, Louisiana : World Aquaculture Society .
   Google Scholar
• Berkan , T. 1996 . Strategies of Supplementary Feeding in Semi-Intensive Carp Fish Farming Systems in Bangladesh Masters Thesis. Zooligik Instittut, Norges Tekninsk-naturvitenskapelige Universitet, Dragvoll, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen , S. H. 1982 . “ Feeding digestion and growth-qualitative considerations. ” . In The Biology and Culture of Tilapias. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 7 Edited by: Pullin , R. S.V. and Lowe-McConell , R. H. 141 – 156 . Manila, , Philippines : International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management .
   Google Scholar
• Boyd , C. E. 1990 . Water Quality for Pond Aquaculture. Auburn, Alabama : Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University .
   Google Scholar
• Boyd , C. E. 1995 . Bottom Soils, Sediments and Pond Aquaculture New York, NY : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Brummett , R. E. 2000 . Food organism availability and resource partitioning in organically or inorganically fertilized Tilapia rendalli ponds. . Aquaculture , 183 : 57 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , A. C. and Maluwa , O. A. 1997 . “ The development of fish farming technologies. ” . In Fish farming in Malawi: A case study of Central and Northern Regions fish farming project. Edited by: Dickson , M. W. and Brooks , A. C. 5 – 22 . Lilongwe, Malawi : European Commission Directorate-General for Development, Malawi Government, Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , C. L. , Bolivar , R. B. , Jimenez , E. B.T. and Szyper , J. P. 2002 . “ Reduction of feed rations below satiation levels in tilapia pond production. ” . In Nineteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP Edited by: McElwee , K. , Lewis , K. , Nidiffer , M. and Buitrago , P. 21 – 23 . Corvallis, Oregon : Oregon State University .
   Google Scholar
• Bubinas , A. and Lozys , L. 2000 . The nutrition of fish in the Curonian lagoon and the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. . Acta Zoologica , 10 : 5 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , K. J. 1960 . The estimation of available lysine in animal protein. . Biochemistry Journal , 77 : 604 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaula , K. , Jamu , D. , Bowman , J. R. and Veverica , K. L. 2002 . “ Effect of stocking size and nutrient inputs on the productivity of Oreochromis shiranus in ponds. ” . In Nineteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Edited by: McElwee , K. , Lewis , K. , Niddifer , M. and Buitrago , P. 161 – 165 . Corvallis, Oregon : CRSP, Oregon State University .
   Google Scholar
• Chikafumbwa , F. J.K. 1996a . The use of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and maize (Zea mays) bran as low-cost tilapia aquaculture inputs. . Aquaculture , 146 : 101 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Chikafumbwa , F. J.K. 1996b . “ Use of terrestrial plants in Aquaculture in Malawi. ” . In The Third International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conference Proceedings No. 41 175 – 182 . Makati City, Manila, Philippines : ICLARM .
   Google Scholar
• Craig , S. and Helfrich , L. A. 2002 . Understanding fish nutrition, feeds and feeding. Blacksburg, Virginia : Virginia State University .
   Google Scholar
• Cremer , M. C. , Zang , J. and Euhua , Z. 2000 . Big mouth buffalo fingerling to market growth performance in ponds in Habin on a soymeal-based feed. Beijing, P.R., China : American Soybean Association .
   Google Scholar
• Dhawan , A. and Kaur , S. 2002 . Pig dung as pond manure: Effect on water quality, pond productivity and growth of carps in polyculture system . Naga, TheICLARM Quarterly , 25 ( 1 ) : 11 – 14 . M. V. Gupta (Ed.). Aquabyte-Aquaculture Section of the Network of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries Professionals.
   Google Scholar
• Delbare , D. and Dert , P. 1996 . “ Cladocerans, Nematodes and Trochophora Larvae. ” . In Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. Edited by: Lavens , P. and Sogeloos , P. 283 – 295 . Rome, Italy : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• De Silva , S. S. 1993 . “ Supplementary feeding in semi-intensive aquaculture systems. ” . In Farm made aquafeeds. Proceedings of the FAO/AADCP Regional Expert Consultation on Farm-Made Aquafeeds. Proceedings, 14–18 December 1992 Edited by: New , M. B. , Tacon , A. G.J. and Csavas , I. 24 – 60 . Thailand : Bangkok . FAO-RAPA/ AADCP, Bangkok, Thailand.
   Google Scholar
• Diana , J. S. , Kwei-Lin , C. and Yi , Y. 1996 . “ Stocking density and supplemental feeding. ” . In Fourteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Oregon State University 133 – 138 . Corvallis, Oregon : CRSP .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , D. B. 1955 . Multiple range and multiple F-tests. . Biometrics , 11 : 1 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , P. 1999 . Aquaculture and Poverty: Past, present and future prospects of impact Rome, , Italy : Discussion paper prepared for the Fifth Fisheries Development Donor Consultation .
   Google Scholar
• El-Sayed , A. M. 1999 . Alternative dietary protein sources for farmed tilapia, Oreochromis spp. . Aquaculture , 179 : 149 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO . 1997 . “ Review of the State of World Aquaculture. Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Services, Fishery Resource Division ” . In FAO Fisheries Circular , No. 886 Rome, , Italy : FAO . Rev. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzsimmons , K. 1997 . “ Introduction to tilapia production. ” . In Tilapia aquaculture. Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tilapia in aquaculture Edited by: Fitzmmons , K. 9 – 12 . Baton Rouge, Louisiana : World Aquaculture Society .
   Google Scholar
• Fitzsimmons , K. , Circa , A. , Jimenez , E. B. and Pereda , D. 1999 . “ Development of low cost supplemental feeds for tilapia in pond and cage culture. ” . In Sixteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Oregon State University Edited by: McElwee , K. , Burke , D. , Nilesand , M. and Egna , H. 57 – 63 . Corvallis, Oregon : CRSP .
   Google Scholar
• Hanley , F. 1991 . Effect of supplementary feeding on growth, feed conversion and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L). . Aquaculture , 91 : 323 – 334 .
   Google Scholar
• Hasan , M. R. 2001 . “ Nutrition and feeding for sustainable aquaculture development in the third Millennium. ” . In Aquaculture in Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20–25 February 2000 Edited by: Subasinghe , R. P. , Bueno , P. , Phillips , M. J. , Hough , C. , Mc Gladdery , S. E. and Arthur , J. R. 193 – 219 . Bangkok, and FAO, Rome, , Thailand, Italy : NACA .
   Google Scholar
• Hyslop , E. J. 1980 . Stomach content analysis, a review of methods and their application. . Journal of Fish Biology , 17 : 411 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICLARM-GTZ. 1991 . The context of small-scale integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems in Africa: A case study for Malawi. . ICLARM Studies and Reviews , 18
   Google Scholar
• Islam , M. S. 2002 . Evaluation of supplementary feeds for semi-intensive pond culture of mahseer, Tor putitora (Halmilton). . Aquaculture , 212 : 263 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauncey , K. 1998 . Tilapia Feeds and Feeding. Scotland : Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling .
   Google Scholar
• Kadongola , W. K. 1991 . “ Effect of feeding rates of maize bran (madeya) on Oreochromis shiranus Tilapia rendalli juveniles in polyculture ” . In Aquaculture Research and development in Rural Africa. Summary Report on theICLARM-GTZ/ Malawi Fisheries Department/University of Malawi Conference, Zomba, Malawi, ICLARM Conference Proceedings. (ICLARM Proc.) No. 7 Edited by: Costa-Pierce , B. A. , Lightfoot , C. , Ruddle , K. and Pullin , R. S.V. Philippines : Manila .
   Google Scholar
• Kamanga , L. and Kunda , E. 1998 . “ The effect of different types of manure on zoo-plankton abundance and composition in relation to culture of Oreochromis shiranus (L). ” . In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Aquaculture Edited by: Likongwe , J. S. and Kaunda , E. 45 – 56 . Lilongwe, Malawi : University of Malawi . First Regional Workshop on Aquaculture
   Google Scholar
• Keshavanath , P. , Gangadhar , B. , Ramesh , T. J. , van Dam , A. A. , Beveridge , M. C.M. and Verdegem , M. C.J. 2002 . The effect of periphyton and supplemental feeding on the production of indigenous carps, Torkhudree Labeo fimbriaatus. . Aquaculture , 213 : 207 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liti , D. M. , Mac'Wee , O. E. and Vaverica , K. L. 2002 . “ Growth performance and economic benefits of Oreochromis niloticus/Clarias gariepinus polyculture fed on three supplementary feeds in fertilised tropical ponds. ” . In Nineteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Oregon State University Edited by: Lewis , K. , Nidiffer , M. and Buitrago , P. 11 – 16 . Corvallis, Oregon : CRSP .
   Google Scholar
• Lovell , R. T. 1980 . “ Nutrition and feeding. ” . In Fish Farming Handbook. Edited by: Brown , E. E. and Gratzek , J. B. 207 – 236 . Westport, Connecticut : AVI Publishing Company Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Marais , J. F.K. and Kissil , G. W. 1979 . The influence of energy level on the feed intake, growth, feed conversion and body composition of Spaurus aurata. . Aquaculture , 17 : 203 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Meschiatti , A. J. and Arcifa , M. S. 2002 . Early life stages of fish and the relationships with zooplankton in a tropical Brazilian reservoir: Lake Monte Allegro. . Brazilian Journal of Biology , 62 : 41 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miaje , M. A.H. , Hossain , M. A. , Hasan , M. R. and Siddique , M. A.L. 1999 . Effect of form of supplemental feed on the growth and production of Indian major carps and silver barb in polyculture. . Bangladesh Journal of Aquaculture , 21 : 41 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Moriarty , D. J.W. 1973 . The physiology of digestion of blue green algae in the cichlids fish, Tilapia nilotica. . Journal of Zoology , 171 : 25 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty , D. J.W. 1997 . The role of microorganisms in aquaculture ponds. . Aquaculture , 151 : 333 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Msiska , O. V. 1988 . “ Preliminary studies on the performance of Oreochromis shiranus chilwae in pond with respect to water quality and temperature. ” . In The Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 15 Edited by: Pullin , R. S.V. , Bhukaswan , T. , Tonguthai , K. and Maclean , J. L. 63 – 68 . Bangkok, , Thailand : Department of Fisheries . International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC). 1993 . Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Noble , R. P. and Chimatiro , S. 1991 . “ On-farm biotic resources for small-scale fish farming in Malawi ” . In Aquaculture Research and Development in Rural Africa. Summary Report on theICLARM-GTZ/ Malawi Fisheries Department/University of Malawi Conference, Zomba, Malawi, ICLARM conference proceedings. (ICLARM Proc.) No. 27 Edited by: Costa-Pierce , B. A. , Lightfoot , C. , Ruddle , K. and Pullin , R. S.V. Philippines : Manila .
   Google Scholar
• Ohashi , M. , Miyashita , T. , Pulaizi , A. , Chirwa , B. B. , Chirwa , W. M. and Chaggwa , I. J. 1999 . Technical Report and Instruction of Aquaculture in Malawi on Rearing Technique Development Research Project for Small-Scale Aquaculture of Malawi Indigenous Species Domasi, Zomba, Malawi : National Aquaculture Center .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , E. H. and Li , M. H. 1994 . Use of plant protein in catfish feeds: Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed meal and replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal and cottonseed meal. . World Aquaculture Society , 25 : 271 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Siwick , R. A. 2001 . “ Feed based tilapia culture. ” . In Technical Bulletin, American Soybean Association (ASA). MITA (P)No. 070/10/2001. Singapore : Liat Towers .
   Google Scholar
• SPSS Inc. 1999 . SPSS Base 10.0 for Windows. Chicago, Illinois : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Suresh , V. A. 2002 . (Ed.). Nutrient requirements: Vitamin requirements of tilapias. . Aqua Feeds Formulation and Beyond , 1 ( 2 ) : 1 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Swift , D. R. 1993 . Aquaculture training manual Second Edition Surrey, England : Fishing News Books Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Tacon , A. G.J. 1990 . Standard methods for the nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp. Richmond, Washington : Argent Laboratories, Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tacon , A. G.J. 1993 . “ Feed ingredients for warmwater fish: Fish meal and other processed feedstuffs. ” . In FAO Fisheries Circular No. 856. Rome, , Italy : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Tacon , A. G.J. and De Silver , S. S. 1997 . Feed preparation and feed management strategies within semi-intensive fish faming systems in the tropics. . Aquaculture , 151 : 379 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veverica , K. , Bowman , J. , Gichuri , W. , Izaru , P. , Mwau , P. and Popma , T. 2000 . “ Relative contribution of supplemental feed and inorganic fertilizers in semi-intensive tilapia production. ” . In Seventeenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Edited by: McElwee , K. , Burke , D. , Niles , M. , Cummings , X. and Egna , H. 23 – 28 . Corvallis, Oregon : CRSP, Oregon State University .
   Google Scholar
• Wohlfarth , G. W. and Hulata , G. 1987 . “ Use of manure in Aquaculture ” . In Detritus and Microbial Ecology in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 14 Edited by: Moriatry , D. J. and Pullin , R. S.V. 353 – 367 . Manila, , Philippines : International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 1988 . Malawi Fisheries Sector Study submitted to the Government of Malawi. Lilongwe, Malawi : Department of Fisheries .
   Google Scholar
• Yakupitiyage , A. P. , Edwards , P. and Wee , K. L. 1991 . “ Supplementary feeding in duck-fish integration system I. The effect of rice bran ” . In Fish Nutrition Research in Asia. Edited by: DeSilva , S. S. 143 – 157 . Manila, Philippines : Asian Fisheries Society Special Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Yi , Y. and Kwei Lin , C. 1996 . “ Finishing system for large tilapia. ” . In Fourteenth Annual Technical Report, Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture 146 – 156 . Corvallis, Oregon : CRSP, Oregon State University .
   Google Scholar
• Yi , Y. , Kwei Lin , C. and Diana , J. S. 2002 . “ Supplemental feeding for semi-intensive culture of red tilapia in brackish water ponds. ” . In Nineteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Edited by: McElwee , K. , Lewis , K. , Nidiffer , M. and Buitrago , P. 89 – 96 . Corvallis, Oregon : CRSP, Oregon State University .
   Google Scholar