Assertiveness Among Young Rural Adolescents: Relationship to Alcohol Use

REFERENCES

• Bandura , A. 1977a . Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. . Psychological Review , 84 : 191 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977b . Social learning theory. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1982 . Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. . American Psychologist , 37 ( 2 ) : 122 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bauman , K. E. , Koch , G. G. and Bryan , E. S. 1988 . Validity of self-reports of adolescent cigarette smoking. . International Journal of the Addictions , 17 : 1131 – 1136 .
   Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. 1990 . Comparative fit indexes in structural models. . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvin , G. 1995 . “ Drug abuse prevention in school settings. ” . In Drug abuse prevention with multiethnic youth , Edited by: Botvin , G. J. and Orlandi , M. A. 169 – 192 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Botvin , G. 2000 . Life Skills Training. , Princeton, NJ : Princeton Health Press .
   Google Scholar
• Botvin , G. , Baker , E. , Dusenbury , L. , Botvin , E. and Diaz , T. 1995 . Long-term follow-up results of a randomized drug abuse prevention trial in a White middle-class population. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 273 : 1106 – 1112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvin , G. , Baker , E. , Dusenbury , L. , Tortu , S. and Botvin , E. 1990 . Preventing adolescent drug abuse through a multimodal cognitive-behavioral approach: Results of a 3-year study. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 58 ( 4 ) : 437 – 446 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvin , G. and Botvin , E. 1992 . Adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse: Prevention strategies, empirical findings, and assessment issues. . Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 13 : 290 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvin , E. M. , Botvin , G. J. , Renick , N. , Filazzola , A. D. and Allegrante , J. P. 1984 . Adolescents' self-reports of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use: Examining the comparability of video tape, cartoon, and verbal bogus pipeline procedures. . Psychological Reports , 55 : 379 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvin , G. J. and McAlister , A. 1981 . “ Cigarette smoking among children and adolescents. ” . In Advances in disease prevention , Edited by: Arnold , C. B. , Kuller , L. H. and Greenlick , M. R. Vol. 1 , 222 – 249 . New York : Springer. .
   Google Scholar
• Bryk , A. S. and Raudenbush , S. W. 1992 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Buhrmester , D. 1996 . “ Need fulfillment, interpersonal competence, and the developmental contexts of early adolescent friendship. ” . In The company they keep , Edited by: Bukoski , W. , Newcomb , A. and Hartup , W. 158 – 85 . New York : Cambridge University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Chassin , L. A. , Presson , C. C. and Sherman , S. J. 1985 . An acquisition oriented approach to primary prevention. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 53 : 612 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMarsh , J. and Kumpfer , K. L. 1986 . Family-oriented interventions for the prevention of chemical dependency in children and adolescents. . Prevention , 18 : 117 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , J. , Griffin , K. and Botvin , G. 2000 . Role of general and specific competence skills in protecting inner-city adolescents from alcohol use. . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 61 ( 3 ) : 379 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , R. I. , Hansen , W. B. and Mittlemark , M. B. 1977 . Increasing the validity of self-reports of smoking behavior in children. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 62 : 521 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambrill , E. and Richey , C. 1975 . An Assertion Inventory for use in assessment and research. . Behavior Therapy , 6 : 550 – 561 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons , F. X. and Gerrard , M. 1997 . “ Health images and their effects on health behavior. ” . In Health, coping and well-being: Perspectives from social comparison theory , Edited by: Buunk , B. and Gibbons , F. X. 63 – 94 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , C. and Botvin , G. 1993 . Assertiveness in Hispanic adolescents: Relationship to alcohol use and abuse. . Psychological Reports , 73 : 227 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin , K. , Epstein , J. , Botvin , G. and Spoth , R. 2001 . Social competence and substance use among rural youth: Mediating role of social benefit expectancies of use. . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 30 ( 4 ) : 485 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , W. , Graham , J. , Wolkenstein , B. and Rohrbach , L. 1991 . Program integrity as a moderator of prevention program effectiveness: Results for fifth-grade students in the Adolescent Alcohol Prevention Trial. . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 52 ( 6 ) : 568 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , L. and Bentler , P. 1999 . Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 : 1 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iowa Department of Human Rights, Division of Criminal & Juvenile Justice Planning & Statistical Analysis Center. 2003 . The 2002 Iowa Youth Survey report. , Des Moines, IA : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Jessor , R. and Jessor , S. L. 1977 . Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. , New York : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. D. , O'Malley , P. M. and Bachman , J. G. 1988 . Illicit drug use, smoking, and drinking by America's high school students, college students, and young adults. , Rockville, MD : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. . National Institute on Drug Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. D. , O'Malley , P. M. and Bachman , J. G. 2000 . The Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use: Overview of key findings, 1999 , Rockville, MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse . (NIH Publication No. 00-4690).
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. G. and Sörbom , D. 1999 . LISREL 8: User's reference guide. , Chicago : Scientific Software, International. .
   Google Scholar
• Kumpfer , K. L. , Molgaard , V. and Spoth , R. 1996 . “ The Strengthening Families Program for the prevention of delinquency and drug use. ” . In Preventing childhood disorders, substance abuse, and delinquency , Edited by: Peters , R. D. and McMahon , R. J. 241 – 267 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , A. A. 1966 . Behavior rehearsal vs. non-directive therapy vs. advice in effecting behavior change. . Behavior Research and Therapy , 4 : 209 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , A. A. 1973 . On assertive behavior: A brief note. . Behavior Therapy , 4 : 697 – 699 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillehoj , C. , Redmond , C. and Spoth , R. Assertiveness among rural adolescents: Relationship to alcohol use. Poster presentation at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development . Minneapolis, MN. April ,
   Google Scholar
• Mathison , D. and Tucker , R. 1983 . Sex differences in assertive behavior: A research extension. . Psychological Reports , 51 ( 3 ) : 943 – 948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meichenbaum , D. , Butler , L. and Gruson , L. 1981 . “ Toward a conceptual model of social competence. ” . In Social competence , Edited by: Wine , J. D. and Smye , M. D. 36 – 60 . New York : The Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Molgaard , V. , Kumpfer , K. and Fleming , B. 1997 . The Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10–14. , Ames, IA : Iowa State University Extension .
   Google Scholar
• Mooney , D. and Corcoran , K. 1989 . The relationship between assertiveness, alcohol-related expectations for social assertion and drinking patterns among college students. . Addictive Behaviors , 14 ( 3 ) : 301 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , J. 1989 . The primary prevention of alcohol problems: A critical review of the research literature. . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 50 ( 1 ) : 54 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , D. M. , Hannan , P. J. and Zucker , D. M. 1989 . Analysis issues in school-based health promotion studies. . Health Education Quarterly , 16 : 315 – 320 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University. 2000 . No place to hide: Substance abuse in mid-size cities and rural America. , New York, NY : National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University .
   Google Scholar
• Pentz , M. A. 1985 . “ Social competence and self-efficacy as determinants of substance use in adolescence. ” . In Coping and substance use , Edited by: Shiffman , S. and Wills , T. A. 117 – 142 . New York : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , D. 1996 . UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure. . Journal of Personality Assessment , 66 ( 1 ) : 20 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter , A. 1949 . Conditioned reflex therapy. , New York : Farrar, Straus & Giroux. .
   Google Scholar
• Scheier , L. , Botvin , G. and Baker , E. 1997 . Risk and protective factors as predictors of adolescent alcohol involvement and transitions in alcohol use: A prospective analysis. . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 58 : 652 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier , L. , Botvin , G. , Diaz , T. and Griffin , K. 1999 . Social skills, competence, and drug refusal efficacy as predictors of adolescent alcohol use. . Journal of Drug Education , 29 ( 3 ) : 251 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders , T. and Bosker , R. 1999 . Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Spoth , R. , Yoo , S. , Kahn , J. and Redmond , C. 1996 . A model of the effects of protective parent and peer factors on young adolescent refusal skills. . Journal of Primary Prevention , 16 ( 4 ) : 373 – 394 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevens , J. 1996 . Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences , 3rd ed , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2000 . National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main findings 1998. , Rockville, MD : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. .
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2000 . Summary of findings from the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. , Rockville, MD : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. .
   Google Scholar
• Tobler , N. , Roona , M. , Ochshorn , P. , Marshall , D. , Streke , A. and Stackpole , K. 2000 . School-based adolescent drug prevention programs: 1998 Meta-analysis. . Journal of Primary Prevention , 20 ( 4 ) : 275 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Tortu , S. and Botvin , G. J. 1989 . School-based smoking prevention: The teacher training process. . Preventive Medicine , 18 : 280 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudeau , L. , Lillehoj , C. , Spoth , R. and Redmond , C. 2003 . The role of assertiveness and decision making in early adolescent substance initiation: Mediating processes. . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 13 : 301 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , E. and Sroufe , L. 1983 . Social competence as a developmental construct. . Developmental Review , 3 : 79 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills , T. , Baker , E. and Botvin , G. 1989 . Dimensions of assertiveness: Differential relationships to substance use in early adolescence. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 57 ( 4 ) : 473 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winfree , T. Jr. and Bernat , F. 1998 . Social learning, self-control and substance abuse by eighth grade students: A tale of two cities. . Journal of Drug Issues , 28 ( 2 ) : 539 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpe , J. 1969 . The practice of behavior therapy. , New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolpe , J. 1973 . Supervision transcripts: Mainly about assertive training. . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 4 : 141 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpe , J. and Lazarus , A. 1966 . Behavior therapy techniques. , New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar