1,693
Views
116
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Environmental Attitudes and Behavior of Consumers in China

Survey Findings and Implications

Pages 25-52 | Accepted 01 Nov 1998, Published online: 24 Oct 2008

References

  • Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1980 . Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Behavior , New Jersey : Prentice Hall .
  • Alwitt , L. F. and Berger , I. E. 1993 . “Understanding the Link Between Environmental Attitudes and Consumer Product Usage: Measuring the Moderating Role of Attitude Strength,” . Advances in Consumer Research , Vol. 20 : 189 – 194 .
  • Anand , P. , Holbrook , M. B. and Stephens , D. 1988 . “The Formation of Affective Judgements: The Cognitive-Affective Model versus the Independence Hypothesis,” . Journal of Consumer Research , Vol. 15 : 386 – 391 . December
  • Arbuthnot , J. and Lingg , S. 1975 . “A Comparison of French and American Environmental Behavior, Knowledge and Attitudes,” . International Journal of Psychology , Vol. 10 : 275 – 281 .
  • Arcury , T. A. 1990 . “Environmental Attitude and Environmental Knowledge,” . Human Organization , Vol. 49 ( 4 ) : 300 – 304 .
  • Azzone , G. and Bertele , U. 1994 . “Exploiting Green Strategies for Competitive Advantage,” . Long Range Planning , Vol. 27 ( 6 ) : 69 – 81 .
  • Bagozzi , R. P. , Tybout , A. M. , Craig , C. S. and Sternthal , B. 1979 . “The Construct Validity of the Tripartite Classification of Attitude,” . Journal of Marketing Research , Vol. 16 : 88 – 95 . February
  • Bagozzi , R. P. and Yi , Y. 1988 . “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models,” . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , Vol. 16 : 74 – 94 .
  • Balderjahn , I. 1988 . “Personality Variables and Environmental Attitudes as Predictors of Ecologically Responsible Consumption Patterns,” . Journal of Business Research , Vol. 17 : 51 – 56 .
  • Beh , H. 1994 . “Going Green Is Not Optional,” . Asian Business , Vol. 30 ( 9 ) : 70 September
  • Bentler , P. M. 1995 . EQS: Structural Equations Program Manual , California : Multivariate Software Inc. .
  • Bentler , P. M. and Wu , E. J. C. 1995 . EQS for Windows: User's Guide , California : Multivariate Software Inc. .
  • Benton , Raymond . 1994 . “Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes of Undergraduate Business Students Compared to Non-Business Students,” . Business and Society , Vol. 33 ( 2 ) : 191 – 211 .
  • Berger , I. E. and Corbin , R. M. 1992 . “Perceived Consumer Effectiveness and Faith in Others as Moderators of Environmentally Responsible Behaviors,” . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , Vol. 11 ( 2 ) : 79 – 89 .
  • Bhalla , G. and Lin , L. 1987 . “Cross Cultural Marketing Research: A Discussion of Equivalence Issues and Measurement Strategies,” . Psychology and Marketing , Vol. 4 : 2 – 85 .
  • Biddle , D. 1993 . “Recycling for Profit: The New Green Business Frontier,” . Harvard Business Review , Vol. 71 ( 6 ) : 145 – 156 .
  • Bollen , K. A. 1989 . Structural Equations with Latent Variables , New York : John Wiley .
  • Bond , M. H. 1996 . The Handbook of Chinese Psychology , Hong Kong : Oxford University Press. .
  • Breckler , S. J. 1984 . “Empirical Validation of Affect, Behavior and Cognition as Distinct Attitude Components,” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , Vol. 47 ( 6 ) : 1191 – 1205 .
  • Byrne , B. M. 1994 . Structural Equation Modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows , London : Sage Publications .
  • Chan , Hon S. and Wong , Kenneth K. K. 1994 . “Environmental Attitudes and Concerns of the Environmental Protection Bureaucrats in Guangzhou, People's Republic of China: Implications for Environmental Policy Implementation,” . International Journal of Public Administration , Vol. 17 ( 8 ) : 1523 – 1554 .
  • Chan , R. Y. K. and Yam , E. 1995 . “Green Movement in a Newly Industrializing Area: A Survey on the Attitudes and Behavior of the Hong Kong Citizens,” . Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology , Vol. 5 : 273 – 284 .
  • Chan , T. S. and Lin , Gong-shi . 1992 . “An Empirical Analysis of Consumer Decision Processes in the People's Republic of China,” . Journal of International Consumer Marketing , Vol. 4 ( 4 ) : 33 – 48 .
  • Chan , W. T. 1963 . The Way of Lao Tsu , New York : Bobbs-Merrill .
  • 1997 . China Statistical Yearbook , Beijing : China Statistical Publishing House .
  • Cronbach , L. J. 1951 . “Coefficient Alpha and Internal Structure of Tests,” . Psychometrika , Vol. 16 : 297 – 334 . September
  • Davis , J. J. 1993 . “Strategies for Environmental Advertising,” . Journal of Consumer Marketing , Vol. 10 ( 2 ) : 19 – 36 .
  • Dispoto , R. G. 1977 . “Interrelationships Among Measures of Environmental Activity, Emotionality and Knowledge,” . Educational and Psychological Measurement , Vol. 37 : 451 – 459 . Summer
  • 1995 . “Environmental Market Trends in Four East Asian Areas,” , Vol. 17 ( 10 ) : 8 – 22 . East Asian Executive Report
  • Gallarotti , Giulio M. 1995 . “It Pays to Be Green: The Managerial Incentive Structure and Environmentally Sound Strategies,” . Columbia Journal of World Business , Vol. 30 ( 4 ) : 38 – 57 .
  • Geller , E. S. 1981 . “Evaluating Energy Conservation Programs: Is Verbal Report Enough?” . Journal of Consumer Research , Vol. 8 : 331 – 335 . December
  • Gerbing , D. W. and Anderson , J. C. 1988 . “An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment,” . Journal of Marketing Research , Vol. 25 : 186 – 192 . May
  • Groot , J. J. M. 1910 . The Religion of the Chinese , New York : Macmillan .
  • Grunert , S. C. 1993 . “Everybody Seems Concerned About the Environment but Is This Concern Reflected in (Danish) Consumers' Food Choice?” . European Advances in Consumer Research , Vol. 1 : 428 – 433 .
  • Grunert , S. C. and Grunert , K. G. 1993 . “What's Green About Green Consumers Besides Their Environmental Concern?” . Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the European Marketing Academy , Vol. 2 : 1611 – 1613 . Barcelona, May
  • Hair , J. F. , Anderson , R. E. , Tatham , R. L. and Black , W. C. 1995 . Multivariate Data Analysis , New Jersey : Prentice-Hall .
  • Head , J. W. 1995 . “Using Criminal Sanctions to Fight Environmental Damage in the PRC,” . East Asian Executive Report , : 9 15 September
  • Head , J. W. 1996 . “China: Environmental Legislation: Report on Recent Developments,” . East Asian Executive Report , : 13 – 14 . 15 January
  • Henion , E. K. and Wilson , W. H. 1976 . “The Ecologically Concerned Consumer and Locus of Control,” . In Ecological Marketing , Edited by: Henion , K. E. and Kinnear , T. C. 131 – 144 . Chicago : American Marketing Association .
  • Heslop , L. A. , Moran , L. and Cousineau , A. 1981 . “Consciousness in Energy Conservation Behavior: An Exploratory Study,” . Journal of Consumer Research , Vol. 8 ( 3 ) : 299 – 305 .
  • Hines , J. M. , Hungerford , H. R. and Tomera , A. N. 1987 . “Analysis and Synthesis of Research on Responsible Environmental Behavior: A Meta-Analysis,” . Journal of Environmental Education , Vol. 18 ( 2 ) : 1 – 8 .
  • Ho , Chiang , Ching , Wen-yung and Wang , I-ting . 1994 . Introduction to Ecology [Huan Ching Hsueh Tao Lun] , Beijing : Ching Hua University Press . [In Chinese].
  • Hoch , S. J. and Deighton , J. 1989 . “Managing What Consumers Learn from Experience,” . Journal of Marketing , Vol. 53 : 1 – 20 . April
  • Horton , D. and Turnage , T. 1976 . Human Learning , New Jersey : Prentice-Hall .
  • Hovland , C. and Rosenberg , M. 1960 . Attitude Organization and Change , New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Hume , Scott . 1991 . “Green Marketing Consumer Double-Talk Makes Companies Wary,” . Advertising Age , Vol. 62 ( 46 ) 46, 28 October, GR4
  • Jiang , J. 1992 . China's Greening Efforts and Environmental Protection , Beijing : New Star Publishers .
  • Kilkeary , R. 1975 . The Energy Crisis and Decision Making in the Family,” . The National Technical Information Service , US Department of Commerce, PB238782.
  • Kinnear , T. C. and Taylor , J. R. 1973 . “The Effect of Ecological Concern on Brand Perceptions,” . Journal of Marketing Research , Vol. 10 : 191 – 197 . May
  • Krech , D. , Crutchfield , R. and Ballachey , E. 1962 . Individuals in Society , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Laroche , M. , Kim , C. , Hui , M. and Tomiuk , M. A. 1997 . “A Multidimensional Perspective on Acculturation and Its Relative Impact on Consumption of Convenience Foods,” . Journal of International Consumer Marketing , Vol. 10 ( 1/2 ) : 33 – 57 .
  • Lawrence , J. 1993 . “Green Products Sprouting Again,” . Advertising Age , : 12 10 May
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1982 . “Thoughts on the Relations between Emotion and Cognition,” . American Psychologist , Vol. 7 ( 9 ) : 1019 – 1024 .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1984 . “On the Primacy of Cognition,” . American Psychologist , Vol. 39 ( 2 ) : 124 – 129 .
  • Li , Ling-yee . 1997 . “Effect of Collectivist Orientation and Ecological Attitude on Actual Environmental Commitment: The Moderating Role of Consumer Demographics and Product Involvement,” . Journal of International Consumer Marketing , Vol. 9 ( 4 ) : 31 – 53 .
  • Loundsbury , J. W. and Tournatsky , L. G. 1977 . “A Scale for Assessing Attitudes toward Environmental Quality,” . Journal of Social Psychology , Vol. 101 : 299 – 305 .
  • MacCallum , R. C. 1986 . “Specification Searches in Covariance Structure Modeling,” . Psychological Bulletin , Vol. 100 : 107 – 120 .
  • Maloney , M. P. and Ward , M. P. 1973 . “Ecology: Let's Hear from the People: An Objective Scale for the Measurement of Ecological Attitudes and Knowledge,” . American Psychologist , : 583 – 586 . July
  • Maloney , M. P. , Ward , M. P. and Braucht , G. N. 1975 . “Psychology in Action: A Revised Scale for the Measurement of Ecological Attitudes and Knowledge,” . American Psychologist , : 787 – 790 . July
  • Martin , Bridget and Simintiras , A. C. 1995 . “The Impact of Green Product Lines on the Environment: Does What They Know Affect How They Feel?” . Marketing Intelligence and Planning , Vol. 13 ( 4 ) : 16 – 23 .
  • Martinsons , M. G. , So , S. K. K. , Tin , C. and Wong , D. 1997 . “Hong Kong and China: Emerging Markets for Environmental Products and Technologies,” . Long Range Planning , Vol. 30 ( 2 ) : 277 – 290 .
  • McGougall , Gordon H. G. 1993 . “The Green Movement in Canada: Implications for Marketing Strategy,” . Journal of International Consumer Marketing , Vol. 5 ( 3 ) : 69 – 87 .
  • Miles , Thomas H. 1992 . Tao Te Ching: About the Way of Nature and Its Powers/Lao Tzu: A Translation with Commentary , New York : Avery Publishing Group Inc. .
  • 1996 . Ming Pao Daily “Hong Kong's Environmental Protection: Ranked 39th Worldwide,” 7 December [In Chinese]
  • Nunnally , J. C. 1978 . Psychometric Theory , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Ottman , J. 1992 . “Sometimes Consumers Will Pay More to Go Green,” . Marketing News , : 16 6 July
  • Park , Whan C. , Mothersbaugh , D. L. and Feick , L. 1994 . “Consumer Knowledge Assessment,” . Journal of Consumer Research , Vol. 21 : 71 – 82 . June
  • Pettus , A. M. and Giles , M. B. 1987 . “Personality Characteristics and Environmental Attitudes,” . Population and Environment , Vol. 9 ( 3 ) : 127 – 137 .
  • Pieters , R. G. M. and Van Raaij , W. F. 1988 . “Functions and Management of Affect: Applications to Economic Behavior,” . Journal of Economic Psychology , Vol. 9 ( 88 ) : 251 – 282 .
  • Rice , G. , Wongtada , N. and Leelakulthanit , O. 1996 . “An Investigation of Self-Efficacy and Environmentally Concerned Behavior of Thai Consumers,” . Journal of International Consumer Marketing , Vol. 9 ( 2 ) : 1 – 19 .
  • Rosenberg , M. 1956 . “Cognitive Structure and Attitudinal Effect,” . Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology , Vol. 53 : 367 – 372 .
  • Salzman , J. 1991 . “Green Labels for Consumers,” . OECD Observer , Vol. 169 : 28 – 30 . April/May
  • Schahn , J. and Holzer , E. 1990 . “Studies of Individual Environmental Concern: The Role of Knowledge, Gender and Background Variables,” . Environment and Behavior , Vol. 22 ( 6 ) : 767 – 786 . November
  • Schwepker , C. H. and Cornwell , T. B. 1991 . “An Examination of Ecologically Concerned Consumers and Their Intention to Purchase Ecologically Packaged Products,” . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , Vol. 10 ( 2 ) : 77 – 101 . Fall
  • Seligman , C. M. , Kriss , M. , Darley , J. M. , Fazio , R. H. , Becker , L. J. and Pryor , J. B. 1979 . “Predicting Summer Energy Consumption from Householders' Attitudes,” . Journal of Applied Psychology , Vol. 1 : 70 – 90 .
  • Shi , Stephen J. and Kane , Jane M. 1996 . “Green Issues,” . Business Horizons , Vol. 39 ( 1 ) : 65 – 70 .
  • Synodinos , Nicolaos E. 1990 . “Environmental Attitudes and Knowledge: A Comparison of Marketing and Business Students with Other Groups,” . Journal of Business Research , Vol. 20 : 161 – 170 .
  • Tsal , Y. 1985 . “On the Relationship between Cognitive and Affective Processes: A Critique of Zajonc and Markus,” . Journal of Consumer Research , Vol. 12 : 358 – 362 . December
  • Verhallen , T. M. M. and Van Raaij , W. F. 1981 . “Household Behavior and the Use of Natural Gas for Home Heating,” . Journal of Consumer Research , Vol. 8 ( 3 ) : 253 – 257 .
  • Wei , C. T. 1980 . The Wisdom of China , Taipei : Cowboy Publishing .
  • Weigel , R. and Weigel , J. 1978 . “Environmental Concern: The Development of a Measure,” . Environment and Behavior , : 3 – 15 . March
  • Yau , Oliver H. M. 1988 . “Chinese Cultural Values: Their Dimensions and Marketing Implications,” . European Journal of Marketing , Vol. 22 : 44 – 57 .
  • Yau , Oliver H. M. 1994 . Consumer Behavior in China: Customer Satisfaction and Cultural Values , London : Routledge .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1980 . “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences,” . American Psychologist , Vol. 35 : 151 – 175 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. and Markus , H. 1982 . “Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences,” . Journal of Consumer Research , Vol. 9 : 123 – 131 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. and Markus , H. 1984 . “Affect and Cognition: The Hard Interface,” . In Emotions, Cognitions and Behavior , Edited by: Izard , C. C. , Kagan , J. and Zajonc , R. B. 73 – 102 . Cambridge : Cambridge University .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.