0
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Linking Vitamin A and Childhood Immunizations

Pages 87-109 | Published online: 22 Oct 2008

References

  • Nauss , K. M. 1986 . “ Influence of Vitamin A Status on Immune System ” . In Vitamin A Deficiency and its Control , Edited by: Bauernfeind , J. C. 207 – 243 . Orlando : Academic Press .
  • Ross , A. C. 1992 . Vitamin A status: relationship to immunity and the antibody response . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 200 : 303 – 320 .
  • Semba , R. D. 1994 . Vitamin A, immunity, and infection . Clin. Infect. Dis. , (in press)
  • Hirschberg , J. 1868 . Ueber die durch Encephalitis bedingte Hornhaut-verschwarung bei kleinen Kindern . Klin. Wochenschr. , 5 : 324 – 326 .
  • Stephenson , S. 1910 . On sloughing cornea in infants: an account based upon the records of thirty-one cases . Ophthalmoscope , 8 : 782 – 818 .
  • Blegvad , O. 1924 . Xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, and xerosis conjuncti-vae . Am. J. Ophthalmol. , 7 : 89 – 117 .
  • Stransky , E. 1924 . Klinische Beiträge zur Frage der Äetiologie der Kera-tomalacia . Jahrb. Kinderheilkd. , 104 : 183 – 194 .
  • Sommer , A. , Tarwotjo , I. , Hussaini , G. and Susanto , D. 1983 . Increased mortality in children with mild vitamin A deficiency . Lancet , 2 : 585 – 588 .
  • Sommer , A. , Katz , J. and Tarwotjo , I. 1984 . Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 40 : 1090 – 1095 .
  • Milton , R. C. , Reddy , V. and Naidu , A. N. 1987 . Mild vitamin A deficiency and childhood morbidity an Indian experience . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 46 : 827 – 829 .
  • Markowitz , L. E. , Nzilambi , N. , Driskell , W. J. , Sension , M. G. , Rovira , E. Z. , Nieburg , P. and Ryder , R. W. 1989 . Vitamin A levels and mortality among hospitalized measles patients, Kinshasa, Zaire . J. Trop. Pediatr. , 35 : 109 – 112 .
  • Bloem , M. W. , Wedel , M. , Egger , R. J. , Speek , A. J. , Schrijver , J. , Saowakontha , S. and Schreurs , W. H.P. 1990 . Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 131 : 332 – 339 .
  • Semba , R. D. , Graham , N. M.H. , Caiaffa , W. T. , Margolick , J. B. , Clement , L. and Vlahov , D. 1993 . Increased mortality associated with vitamin A deficiency during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection . Arch. Intern. Med. , 153 : 2149 – 2154 .
  • Dresser , D. W. 1968 . Adjuvanticity of vitamin A . Nature , 217 : 527 – 529 .
  • Spitznagel , J. K. and Allison , A. C. 1970 . Mode of action of adjuvants: reti-nol and other lysosome-labilizing agents as adjuvants . J. Immunol. , 104 : 119 – 127 .
  • Adler , H. E. and Damassa , A. J. 1972 . Vitamin A adjuvant with Arizona hinshawii bacterin . Appl. Microbiol. , 24 : 849 – 850 .
  • Cohen , B. E. and Cohen , I. K. 1973 . Vitamin A: adjuvant and steroid antagonist in the immune response . J. Immunol. , 111 : 1376 – 1380 .
  • Falchuk , K. R. , Walker , W. A. , Perrotto , J. L. and Isselbacher , K. J. 1977 . Effect of vitamin A on the systemic and local antibody responses to intragastrical-ly administered bovine serum albumin . Infect. Immunol. , 17 : 361 – 365 .
  • Bryant , R. L. and Barnett , J. B. 1979 . Adjuvant properties of retinol on IgE production in mice . Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. , 59 : 69 – 74 .
  • Jurin , M. and Tannock , I. 1980 . Influence of vitamin A on immunologi-cal response . Immunology , 45 : 3435 – 3542 .
  • Brown , K. H. , Rajan , M. M. , Chakraborty , J. and Aziz , K. M.A. 1980 . Failure of a large dose of vitamin A to enhance the antibody response to tetanus toxoid in children . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 33 : 212 – 217 .
  • Athanassiades , T. J. 1981 . Adjuvant effect on vitamin A palmitate and analogs on cell-mediated immunity . J. Nat. Cancer Inst. , 67 : 1153 – 1156 .
  • Barnett , J. B. 1982 . Immunopotentiation of the IgE antibody response by 13-cis-retinoid acid . Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. , 67 : 287 – 290 .
  • Barnett , J. B. 1983 . Immunomodulating effects of 13-cis retinoic acid on the IgG and IgM response of BALB/c mice . Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. , 72 : 227 – 233 .
  • Kinoshita , M. , Pasatiempo , A. M.G. , Taylor , C. E. and Ross , A. C. 1991 . Immunological memory to tetanus toxoid is established and maintained in the vitamin A-depleted rat . FASEB J. , 5 : 2473 – 2481 .
  • Friedman , A. 1991 . Induction of immune response to protein antigens by subcutaneous co-infection with water-miscible vitamin A derivatives . Vaccine , 9 : 122 – 128 .
  • Chun , T. Y. , Carman , J. A. and Hayes , C. E. 1992 . Retinoid repletion of vitamin A-deficient mice restores IgG responses . J. Nutr. , 122 : 1062 – 1069 .
  • Kantha , S. S. , Kinoshita , M. , Pasatiempo , A. M.G. and Ross , A. C. 1992 . Effects of ß-carotene and retinol repletion on antibody production in vitamin A-deficient rats immunized with pneumococcal polysaccharide . Nutr. Res. , 12 : 1009 – 1024 .
  • Kinoshita , M. and Ross , A. C. 1993 . Vitamin A status and immunoglobu-lin G subclasses in rats immunized with tetanus toxoid . FASEB J. , 7 : 1277 – 1282 .
  • Cohen , B. E. and Elin , R. J. 1974 . Vitamin A-induced nonspecific resistance to infection . J. Infect. Dis. , 129 : 597 – 600 .
  • Watson , R. R. , Yahya , M. D. , Darban , H. R. and Prabhala , R. H. 1988 . Enhanced survival by vitamin A supplementation during a retrovirus infection causing murine AIDS . Life Sci. , 43 : 13 – 18 .
  • Hatchigian , E. A. , Santos , J. I. , Broitman , S. A. and Vitale , J. J. 1989 . Vitamin A supplementation improves macrophage function and bacterial clearance during experimental Salmonella infection . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 191 : 47 – 54 .
  • Leutskaya , Z. K. and Fais , D. 1977 . Antibody synthesis stimulation by vitamin A in chickens . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 475 : 207 – 216 .
  • Sidell , N. , Famatiga , E. and Golub , S. H. 1981 . Augmentation of human thymocyte proliferative responses by retinoic acid . Expl. Cell Biol. , 49 : 239 – 245 .
  • Abb , J. and Deinhardt , F . 1980 . Effects of retinoic acid on the human lymphocyte response to mitogens . Expl. Cell Biol. , 48 : 169 – 179 .
  • Sidell , N. , Rieber , P. and Golub , S. H. 1984 . Immunological aspects of retinoids in humans. I. Analysis of retinoic acid enhancement of thymocyte responses to PHA . Cell. Immunol. , 87 : 118 – 125 .
  • Sidell , N. and Ramsdell , F. 1988 . Retinoic acid upregulates interleukin-2 receptors on activated human thymocytes . Cell. Immunol. , 115 : 299 – 309 .
  • Sidell , N. , Chang , B. and Bhatti , L. 1993 . Upregulation by retinoic acid of interleukin-2-receptor MRNA in human T lymphocytes . Cell. Immunol. , 146 : 28 – 37 .
  • Buck , J. , Ritter , G. , Dannecker , L. , Katta , V , Cohen , S. L. , Chait , B. T. and Hämmerling , U. 1990 . Retinol is essential for growth of activated human B cells . J. Exp. Med. , 171 : 1613 – 1624 .
  • Blomhoff , H. K. , Smeland , E. B. , Erikstein , B. , Rasmussen , A. M. , Skrede , B. , Skjonsberg , C. and Blomhoff , R. 1992 . Vitamin A is a key regulator for cell growth, cytokine production, and differentiation in normal B cells . J. Biol. Chem. , 267 : 23988 – 23992 .
  • Wang , W. , Napoli , J. L. and Ballow , M. 1993 . The effects of retinol on in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis by cord blood and adult peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells . Clin. Exp. Immunol. , 92 : 164 – 168 .
  • Israel , H. , Odziemiec , C. and Ballow , M. 1991 . The effects of retinoic acid on immunoglobulin synthesis by human cord blood mononuclear cells . Clin. Immunol. Immunopath. , 59 : 417 – 425 .
  • Wang , W. and Ballow , M. 1993 . The effects of retinoic acid on in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis by cord blood and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells . Cell. Immunol. , 148 : 291 – 300 .
  • Dillehay , D. L. , Cornay , J. W. , Walia , A. S. and Lamon , E. W. 1989 . Effects of retinoids on human thymus-dependent and thymus-independent mitoge-nesis . Clin. Immunol. Immunopath. , 50 : 100 – 108 .
  • Nuwayri-Salti , N. and Murad , T. 1985 . Immunologic and anti-immuno-suppressive effects of vitamin A . Pharmacol. , 30 : 181 – 187 .
  • Medawar , P. B. , Hunt , R. and Mertin , J. 1979 . An influence of diet on transplantation immunity . Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol] , 206 : 265 – 280 .
  • Medawar , P. B. and Hunt , R. 1981 . Anti-cancer action of retinoids . Immunology , 42 : 349 – 353 .
  • Malkovsky , M. , Edwards , A. J. , Hunt , R. , Palmer , L. and Medawar , P. B. 1983 . T-cell-mediated enhancement of host-versus-graft reactivity in mice fed a diet enriched in vitamin A acetate . Nature (Lond) , 302 : 338 – 340 .
  • Floersheim , G. L. and Bollag , W. 1972 . Accelerated rejection of skin ho-mografts by vitamin A acid . Transplant , 15 : 564 – 567 .
  • Dennert , G. and Lotan , R. 1978 . Effects of retinoic acid on the immune system: stimulation of T killer cell induction . Eur. J. Immunol. , 8 : 23 – 29 .
  • Dennert , G. , Crowley , C. , Kouba , J. and Lotan , R. 1979 . Retinoic acid stimulation of the induction of mouse killer T-cells in allogeneic and syngeneic systems . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 62 : 89 – 94 .
  • Lotan , R. and Dennert , G. 1979 . Stimulatory effects of vitamin A analogs on induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity . in vivo. Cancer Res. , 39 : 55 – 58 .
  • Miller , K. , Maisey , J. and Malkovsky , M. 1984 . Enhancement of contact sensitization in mice fed a diet enriched in vitamin A acetate . Int. Arch. Allergy Apply. Immunol. , 75 : 120 – 125 .
  • Moriguchi , S. , Werner , L. and Watson , R. R. 1985 . High dietary vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) and cellular immune functions in mice . Immunology , 56 : 169 – 177 .
  • Friedman , A. and Sklan , D. 1989 . Antigen-specific immune response impairment in the chick as influenced by dietary vitamin A . J. Nutr. , 119 : 790 – 795 .
  • Friedman , A. , Meidovsky , A. , Leitner , G. and Sklan , D. 1991 . Decreased resistance and immune response to Escherichia coli in chicks with low or high intakes of vitamin A . J. Nutr. , 121 : 396 – 400 .
  • Semba , R. D. and Hussey , G. 1993 . Vitamin A supplementation and childhood morbidity . Lancet , 342 : 1176 – 1177 .
  • Guzman , J. J. and Caren , L. D. 1991 . Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to vitamin A on the development of the murine immune system . Life Sci. , 49 : 1455 – 1462 .
  • Bauernfeind , J. C. 1980 . The safe use of vitamin A. A report of the International Vitamin A Consultative Group (IVACG) , 1 – 44 . Washington : Nutrition Foundation .
  • WHO/UNICEF/IVACG Task Force . 1988 . Vitamin A supplements. A guide to their use in the treatment and prevention of vitamin A deficiency and xer-ophthalmia , 1 – 24 . Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • Petkovich , M. , Brand , N. J. , Krust , A. and Chambon , P. 1987 . A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors . Nature , 330 : 444 – 450 .
  • Giguere , V , Ong , E. S. , Segui , P. and Evans , R. M. 1987 . Identification of a receptors for the morphogen retinoic acid . Nature , 330 : 624 – 629 .
  • Brand , N. , Petkovich , M. , Krust , A. , Chambon , P. , de Thé , H. , Marchio , A. , Tiollais , P. and Dejean , A. 1988 . Identification of a second human retinoic acid receptor . Nature , 332 : 850 – 853 .
  • Benbrook , D. , Lernhardt , E. and Pfahl , M. 1988 . A new retinoic acid receptor identified from a hepatocellular carcinoma . Nature , 333 : 669 – 672 .
  • Zelent , A. , Krust , A. , Petkovich , M. , Kastner , P. and Chambon , P. 1989 . Cloning of murine a and b retinoic acid and a novel receptor gamma predominantly expressed in skin . Nature , 339 : 714 – 717 .
  • Evans , R. M. 1988 . The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfami-ly . Science , 240 : 889 – 895 .
  • De Luca , L. M. 1991 . Retinoids and their receptors in differentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia . FASEB J. , 5 : 2924 – 2933 .
  • Mangelsdorf , D J. , Ong , E. S. , Dyck , J. A. and Evans , R. M. 1990 . A nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid response pathway . Nature , 345 : 224 – 229 .
  • Heyman , R. A. , Mangelsdorf , E. J. , Dyck , J. A. , Stein , R. B , Eichele , G. , Evans , R. M. and Thaller , C. 1992 . 9-cis retinoic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor . Cell , 68 : 397 – 406 .
  • Levin , A. A. , Sturzenbecker , L. J. , Kazmer , S. , Bosakowski , T , Huaelton , C , Allenby , G. , Speck , J. , Kratzeisen , C , Rosenberger , M. , Lovey , A. and Grippo , J. F . 1992 . 9-cis retinoic acid stereoisomer binds and activates the nuclear receptor RXRoc . Nature , 355 : 359 – 361 .
  • Zhang , X. , Hoffmann , B. , Tran , P. B.V , Graupner , G. and Pfahl , M. 1992 . Retinoid X receptor is an auxiliary protein for thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors . Nature , 355 : 441 – 445 .
  • Leid , M. , Kastner , P. , Lyons , R. , Nakshatri , H. , Saunders , M. , Zacharewski , T. , Chen , J-Y. , Staub , A. , Garnier , J-M. , Mader , S. and Chambon , P. 1992 . Purification, cloning, and RXR identity of the HeLa cell factor with which RAR or RT heterodimerizes to bind target sequences efficiently . Cell , 68 : 377 – 395 .
  • Kliewer , S. A. , Umesono , K. , Mangelsdorf , D J. and Evans , R. M. 1992 . Retinoid X receptor interacts with nuclear receptors in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signalling . Nature , 355 : 446 – 449 .
  • Semba , R. D. , Muhilal , Scott , A. L. , Natadisastra , G. , Wirasasmita , S. , Mele , L. , Ridwan , E. , West , K. P. Jr. and Sommer , A. 1992 . Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency . J. Nutr. , 122 : 101 – 107 .
  • Semba , R. , Muhilal , D. and Scott , A. L. 1994 . Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immunoglobulin G subclass responses to tetanus toxoid in children . Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol. , (in press)
  • Semba , R. , Muhilal , D. , Ward , B. J. , Griffin , D. E. , Scott , A. L. , Natadusastra , G. , West , K. P. Jr. and Sommer , A. 1993 . Abnormal T-cell subset proportions in vitamin A-deficient children . Lancet , 341 : 5 – 8 .
  • Alexander , M. , Newmark , M. and Miller , R. G. 1985 . Oral beta carotene can increase the number of OKT4+ cells in human blood . Immunol. Lett. , 9 : 221 – 224 .
  • Coodley , G. O. , Nelson , H. D. , Loveless , M. O. and Folk , C. 1993 . ß-caro-tene in HIV infection . J. AIDS , 6 : 272 – 276 .
  • Cohen , B. E. and Cullen , P R. 1979 . Reversal of postoperative immuno-suppression in man be vitamin A . Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. , 149 : 658 – 662 .
  • Sidell , N. , Connor , M. J. , Chang , B. , Lowe , N. J. and Brook , M. 1990 . Effects of 13-cis retinoic acid therapy on human antibody responses to defined protein antigens . J. Invest. Dermatol. , 95 : 597 – 602 .
  • Sherr , E. , Adelman , D. C. , Saxon , A. , Gilly , M. , Wall , R. and Sidell , N. 1988 . Retinoic acid induces the differentiation of B cell hybridomas from patients with common variable immunodeficiency . J. Exp. Med. , 168 : 55 – 71 .
  • Adelman , D. C. , Yen , T. Y. , Cumberland , W. G. , Sicell , N. and Saxon , A. 1991 . 13-cis retinoic acid enhances in vivo B-lymphocyte differentiation in patients with common variable immunodeficiency . J. All. Clin. Immunol. , 88 : 705 – 712 .
  • Ellison , J. B. 1932 . Intensive vitamin therapy in measles . Br. Med. J. , 2 : 708 – 711 .
  • Sommer , A. , Tarwotjo , I. , Djunaedi , E. , West , K. P. Jr. , Looeden , A. A. , Tilden , R. , Mele , L. and the ACEH Study Group . 1986 . Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality: a randomized controlled community trial . Lancet , 1 : 1169 – 1173 .
  • Muhilal , Permeisih D. , Idjradinata , Y. , Muherdiyantiiningsih , R. and Karyadi , D. 1988 . Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and health, growth, and survival of children: a controlled field trial . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 48 : 1271 – 1276 .
  • Rahmathullah , L. , Underwood , B. A. , Thulasiraj , R. D. , Milton , R. C. , Ramaswamy , K. , Rahmathullah , R. and Babu , G. 1990 . Reduced mortality among children in southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A . N. Engl. J. Med. , 323 : 929 – 35 .
  • West , K. P. Jr. , Pokhrel , R. P , Katz , J. , LeClerq , S. C. , Khatry , S. K. , Shrestha , S. R. , Pradhan , E. K. , Tielsch , J. M. , Pandey , M. R. and Sommer , A. 1991 . Efficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal . Lancet , 338 : 67 – 71 .
  • Kothari , G. 1991 . The effect of vitamin A prophylaxis on morbidity and mortality among children in urban slums in Bombay . J. Trop. Pediatr. , 37 : 141
  • Daulaire , N. M.P. , Starbuck , E. S. , Houston , R. M. , Church , M. S. , Stukel , T. A. and Pandey , M. R. 1992 . Childhood mortality after a high dose of vitamin A in a high risk population . B r. Med. J. , 304 : 207 – 210 .
  • Ghana , V AS and T Study Team . 1993 . Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions, and child mortality . Lancet , 342 : 7 – 12 .
  • Barclay , A. J.G. , Foster , A. and Sommer , A. 1987 . Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomized clinical trial . Br. J. Med. , 294 : 294 – 296 .
  • Hussey , G. D. and Klein , M. 1990 . A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles . N. Engl. J. Med. , 323 : 160 – 164 .
  • Coutsoudis , A. , Broughton , M. and Coovadia , H. M. 1991 . Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 54 : 890 – 895 .
  • Coutsoudis , A. , Kiepiela , P. , Coovadia , H. M. and Broughton , M. 1992 . Vitamin A supplementation enhances specific IgG antibody levels and total lymphocyte numbers while improving morbidity in measles . Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. , 11 : 203 – 209 .
  • Ogaro , F. O. , Orinda , V. A. , Onyango , F. E. and Black , R. E. 1994 . Effect of vitamin A on diarrheal and respiratory complications of measles . Trop. Geo. Med. , (in press)
  • Beaton , G. H. , Martorell , R. , L'Abbé , K. A. , Edmonston , B. , McCabe , G. , Ross , A. C. and Harvey , B. 1992 . Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries , 1 – 108 . Toronto : University of Toronto .
  • Fawzi , W. W. , Chalmers , T. C. , Herrera , G. and Mosteller , F. 1993 . Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality: a meta-analysis . J. Am. Med. Assn. , 269 : 898 – 903 .
  • Glasziou , P. P. and Mackerras , D. E.M. 1993 . Vitamin A supplementation in infectious diseases: a meta-analysis . B r. Med. J. , 306 : 366 – 370 .
  • Abdeljaber , M. H. , Monto , A. S. , Tilden , R. L. , Schork , A. and Tarwotjo , I. 1991 . The impact of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity: a randomized community intervention trial . Am. J. Public Health , 81 : 1654 – 1656 .
  • Rahmathullah , L. , Underwood , B. A. , Thulasiraj , R. D. and Milton , R. C. 1991 . Diarrhea, respiratory infections, and growth are not affected by a weekly low-dose vitamin A supplement: a masked, controlled field trial in children in southern India . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 54 : 568 – 577 .
  • Humphrey , J. H. , West , K. P. Jr. and Sommer , A. 1992 . Vitamin A deficiency and attributable mortality among under-5-year-olds . Bull. WHO , 70 : 225 – 232 .
  • Global Advisory Group . 1987 . Expanded Programme on Immunization . WHO Wkly. Epidem. Rec. , 62 : 5 – 12 .
  • Expanded Programme on Immunization . 1987 . Potential contribution of the Expanded Programme on Immunization to the control of vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency disorders , Geneva : World Health Organization . (EPI/GAG/87/WP17.)
  • World Health Organization/UNICEF . 1990 . Joint WHO/UNICEF consultation on vitamin A supplementation through national immunization programmes, and infant and young child mortality , Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • World Health Organization Executive Board . 1991 . National strategies for overcoming micronutrient malnutrition , Geneva : World Health Organization . (Document EB89/27.)
  • Expanded Programme on Immunization . 1991 . Addressing micronutri-ent supplementation through EPI , Geneva : World Health Organization . (Document EPI/GAG/91/WP.17REV.1.)
  • Patriarca , P. A. , Wright , P. F. and John , T. J. 1991 . Factors affecting the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine in developing countries: review . Rev. Infect. Dis. , 13 : 926 – 939 .
  • Henderson , R. H. , Keja , J. , Hayden , G. , Galazka , A. , Clements , J. and Chan , C. 1988 . Immunizing the children of the world: progress and prospects . Bull WHO , 66 : 535 – 543 .
  • Aaby , P. and Clements , C. J. 1989 . Measles immunization research: a review . Bull. WHO , 67 : 443 – 448 .
  • Mitchell , C. D. and Balfour , H. H. Jr. 1985 . Measles control: so near yet so far . Progr. Med. Virol. , 31 : 1 – 42 .
  • de Francisco , A. , Chakraborty , J. , Chowdhury , H. R. , Yunus , M. , Baqui , A. H. , Siddique , A. K. and Sack , R. B. 1993 . Acute toxicity of vitamin A given with vaccines in infancy . Lancet , 342 : 526 – 527 .
  • Cohen , N. and Underwood , B. A. 1993 . Vitamin A supplement given with vaccines . Lancet , 342 : 1048

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.