The Relationship Between Vitamin A Status and Immune Function During Measles

References

• Scrimshaw , N. W. , Taylor , C. and Gordon , J. E. 1968 . Interactions of Nutrition and Infection , WHO Monograph Series no. 57 Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Ellison , J. B. 1932 . Intensive vitamin therapy in measles . B r. Med. J. , 2 : 708 – 711 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barclay , A. J.G. , Foster , A. and Sommer , A. 1987 . Retinol supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomized clinical trial . B r. Med. J. , 294 : 294 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussey , G. D. and Klein , M. 1990 . A randomized, controlled trial of reti-nol in children with severe measles . N. Engl. J. Med. , 323 : 160 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inua , M. , Duggan , M. B. , West , C. E. , Whittle , H. C. , Kogbe , O. T. , Sanford-Smith , J. H. and Glover , J. 1983 . Postmeasles corneal ulceration in children in northern Nigeria: the role of retinol, malnutrition, and measles . Ann. Trop. Pe-diatr. , 3 : 181 – 191 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varavithya , W. , Stoecker , B. , Chaiyaratana , W. and Kittikool , J. 1986 . Re-tinol status of Thai children with measles . Trop. Geograph. Med. , 38 : 359 – 361 .
   Google Scholar
• Reddy , V. , Bhaskaram , P. , Raghuramulu , N. , Milton , R. C. , Rao , V. , Madhusudan , J. and Radha Krishna , K. V. 1986 . Relationship between measles, malnutrition, and blindness: a prospective study in Indian children . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 44 : 924 – 930 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutsoudis , A. , Broughton , M. and Coovadia , H. M. 1991 . Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind trial . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 54 : 890 – 895 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coovadia , H. M. 1977 . Host allergic response variation in children with measles infection , (M.D.Thesis) Durban, , South Africa : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , B. E. and Elin , R. J. 1974 . Vitamin A-induced nonspecific resistance to infection . J. Infect. Dis. , 129 : 597 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauss , K. M. , Mark , D. A. and Suskind , R. M. 1979 . The effect of vitamin A deficiency on the in vitro cellular immune response of rats . J. Nutr. , 109 : 1815 – 1823 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurin , M. and Tannock , I. F. 1972 . Influence of vitamin A on immunologi-cal response . Immunology , 23 : 283 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , K. H. , Rayan , M. M. , Chakraborty , J. and Aziz , K. M. 1980 . Failure of a large dose of vitamin A to enhance the antibody response to tetanus toxoid in children . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 33 : 212 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• West , K. P. Jr. , Howard , G. R. and Sommer , A. 1989 . Vitamin A and infection: public health implications . Ann. Rev. Nutr. , 9 : 63 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra , R. K. and Vyas , D. 1989 . Vitamin A, immunocompetence and infection . Food and Nutr. Bull. , 11 ( 3 ) : 12 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Coovadia , H. M. , Wesley , A. W. , Brain , P. , Hallett , A. F. , Henderson , L. G. and Vos , G. 1977 . Immunoparesis and outcome in measles . Lancet , 1 : 619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesley , A. G. , Coovadia , H. M. and Kiepiela , P. 1982 . Further predictive indices of clinical severity of measles . S. Afr. Med. J. , 61 : 663 – 665 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Expanded programme on immunization: programme for the prevention of blindness nutrition . 1987 . Joint WHO/UNICEF statement Vitamin A for measles . Wkly. Epidem. Rec. , 62 : 133 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamill , P. V. , Drizd , T. A. , Johnson , C. L. , Reed , R. B. , Roach , A. F. and Moore , W. M. 1979 . Physical growth: national center for health statistics percen-tiles . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 32 : 607 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley , D. 1973 . Paediatric Priorities in the Developing World , London : Butter-worths .
   Google Scholar
• Aaby , P. 1988 . Malnutrition and overcrowding/intensive exposure in severe measles infection: review of community studies . Rev. Infect. Dis. , 10 : 478 – 491 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solon , F. S. , Popkin , B. M. , Fernandez , T. L. and Latham , M. C. 1978 . Vitamin A deficiency in the Philippines: a study of xerophthalmia in Cebu . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 31 : 360 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coovadia , H. M. , Wesley , A. and Brain , P. 1978 . Immunological events in acute measles influencing outcome . Arch. Dis. Child. , 53 ( 11 ) : 81 – 87 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Semba , R. D. , Muhilal , Scott , A. L. , Natadisastra , G. , Wirasasmita , S. , Mele , L. , Ridwan , E. , West , K. P. Jr. and Sommer , A. 1992 . Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency . J. Nutr. , 122 : 101 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semba , R. D. , Muhilal , Ward , B. J. , Griffin , D. E. , Scott , A. L. , Natadisastra , G. , West , K. P. Jr. and Sommer , A. 1993 . Abnormal T-cell subset proportions in vitamin-A deficient children . Lancet , 341 : 5 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieden , T. R. , Sowell , A. , Henning , K. J. , Huff , D. L. and Gunn , R. A. 1992 . Retinol concentration and severity of measles: New York City . Am. J. Dis. Child. , 146 : 182 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J. C. , Havens , P. L. , Sowell , A. L. , Huff , D. L. , Peterson , D. E. , Day , S. L. , Chusil , M. J. , Bennin , R. A. , Circo , R. and Davis , J. P. 1991 . Measles severity and serum retinol (vitamin A) concentration among children in the United States . Pediatrics , 91 : 1176 – 1181 .
   Google Scholar
• Arrieta , A. C. , Zaleska , M. , Stutman , H. R. and Marks , M. I. 1992 . Vitamin A levels in children with measles in Long Beach, California . J. Pediatr. , 121 : 75 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar