Serum Carotenoids, Vitamin A and Vitamin E in HIV Infected Patients

References

• Seifter , E , Rettura , G and Levensen , S M . 1984 . “ Carotenoids and cell-medicated immune responses ” . In Quality of foods and beverages: recent developments in chemistry and technology , Edited by: Charatamboss , G and Inglett , G . Vol. 4 , 335 – 47 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gey , H F , Brobacker , G B and Stahelin , H B . 1987 . Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in relation to ischemic heart disease and cancer . Am J Clin Nutr , 45 : 1368 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , S , Hellmann , R Marshall , J . 1991 . Nutritional epidemiology of post-menopausal breast cancer in western New York . Am J of Epidemiology. , 134 ( 6 ) : 552 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menkes , M S , Comstock , G W Vuilleumier , J P . 1986 . Serum beta carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium and the risk of lung cancer . NEJM , 315 : 1250 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A H and Waller , K D . 1991 . Serum beta-carotene in persons with cancer and their immediate families . Am Jour of Epidemiol , 133 ( 7 ) : 661 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potischman , N , McCulloch , C E Byers , T . 1990 . Breast cancer and dietary and plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin A . Am J Gin Nutr , 52 : 909 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrimshaw , N S , Taylor , C E and Gordon , J E . 1968 . Interaction of Nutrition and Infection , World Health Organization Monograph Series #57 87 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Coodley , G , Nelson , H , Loveless , M and Folk , C . 1992 . B-Carotene in HIV Infection . JAIDS , 6 : 272 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Dennert , G and Lotan , R . 1978 . Effects of retinoic acid on the immune system; stimulation of T killer cell induction . Eur J Immunol , 8 : 23 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriguchi , S , Werner , L and Watson , R R . 1985 . High dietary vitamin A (retinyl palmi-tate) and cellular immune function in mice . Immunology , 56 : 169 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , R R , Jackson , J C , Alberts , D S and Hicks , M J . 1986 . Cellular immune functions of adults treated with a daily, long-term low dose of 13-cis-retinoic acid . J Leukocyte Biol , 39 : 567 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Moriguchi , S , Jackson , J C and Watson , R R . 1985 . Effects of retinoids on human lymphocyte function in vitro . Hum Toxicol , 4 : 365 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sklar , D , Yosefov , T and Friedman , A . 1989 . The effects of vitamin A, B-carotene and canthaxanthin on vitamin A metabolism and immune responses in the chick . Int Vitamin J. Nutr Res , 59 : 245 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Bendich , A and Shapiro , S . 1986 . Effect of beta carotene and canthaxanthin on immune responses of the rat . J Nutr , 116 : 2254 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince , M R . 1991 . Beta carotene to prevent skin cancer . NEJM , 324 : 924 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Coodley , G and Girard , D E . 1991 . Vitamins and minerals in HIV infection . JGIM , 6 : 472 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach , R S , Mantero-Atienza , E Shor-Posner , G . 1992 . Specific nutrient abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection . AIDS , 6 ( 7 ) : 701 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogden , J D , Baker , H Frank , O . 1990 . Micronutrient status and human immunodeficiency virus infection . Ann NY Acad Sci , 587 : 189 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coodley , G O , Coodley , M K , Nelson , H D and Loveless , M O . 1993 . Micronutrient concentrations in the HIV wasting syndrome . AIDS , 7 : 1595 – 1600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcolm , J A , Tynn , P F , Sutherland , D C , Dobson , P , Kelson , W and Carlton , J. . Trace Metal and Vitamin Deficiencies in AIDS . 6th Int Conf AIDS . San Francisco. Abstract Th. B. 206
   Google Scholar
• Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis , M , Bowen , P E , Kirkendall , J W and Burgess , M . 1987 . Simultaneous determination of serum retinol and various carotenoids: Their distribution in middle-aged men and women . J Micronutr Anal , 5 : 27 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Somner , A . 1990 . Vitamin A status, resistance to infection and childhood mortality . Ann NY Acad Sci , 587 : 17 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Semba , R D Mulital , Wick BT . 1993 . Abnormal T-cell subset proportions in vitamin A deficient children . Lancet , 341 : 5 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , R R . 1986 . Immunological enhancement by fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and trace metals: A factor in cancer prevention . Cancer Det and Preven , 9 : 67 – 77 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gensler , H L , Watson , R R , Moriguchi , S and Bowden , G T . 1987 . Effects of Dietary Re-tinyl Palmitate or 13-cis-Retinoic Acid on the promotion of tumors in mouse skin . Cancer Research , 47 : 967 – 970 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , K . 1991 . Antioxidant vitamins and B-carotene: effects on immunocom-petence . Am J Clin Nutr , 53 : 3835 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Diplock , A T . 1991 . Antioxidant nutrients and disease prevention: an overview . Am J Clin Nutr , 53 : 1895 – 1935 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn , N D , Purkins , L , Kelleher , J , Heatley , R V , Mascie-Taylor , B H and Belfield , P W . 1991 . The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins A, C, and E on cell-mediated immune function in elderly long-stay patients: A randomized controlled trial . Age and Ageing , 20 : 169 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutsoudis , A , Kiepiela , P , Coovadia , H M and Broughton , M . 1992 . Vitamin A supplementation enhances specific IgG antibody levels and total lymphocyte numbers while improving morbidity in measles . Pedtr Infect Dis J , 11 : 203 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos , F ACS , Flores , H and Underwood , B A . 1987 . Effect of infection on vitamin A status of children as measured by the relative dose response . Am J Clin Nutr , 46 : 91 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tengerdy , R P . 1990 . The role of vitamin E in immune response and disease resistance . Ann NY Acad Sci , 587 : 24 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lack , P , Livrozet , J M , Bourgeay-Causse , M , Fayol , V , Saint-Marc , T and Touraine , J L . . Vitamin status at the first blood test analysis in 120 HIV seropositive patients . 9th Int Conf AIDS . Berlin. pp. POB36 – 2357 .
   Google Scholar
• Beach , R , Mantero-Atienza , E , Van Rie , I. F. , Morgan , R and Fordyce-Baum , M W . . Nutritional abnormalities in early HIV-1 infection -plasma vitamin levels . 5th Int Conf AIDS . Montreal. Abstract Th. S. O. 40
   Google Scholar
• Karter , D , Karter , A J Yarrish , R . . Vitamin A Deficiency in Patients with AIDS: A Gross Sectional Study . 8th Int Conf AIDS . Amsterdam. Abstract POB 3698
   Google Scholar
• Semba , R D , Graham , M NH , Caiaffa , W T , Margolick , J B , Clement , L and Vlahov , D . 1993 . Increased mortality associated with vitamin A deficiency during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection . Arch Intern Med , 153 : 2149 – 2154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javier , J J , Fordyce-Baum , M K , Beach , R S , Gavancho , M , Cabrejos , G and Man-tero-Atienza . 1990 . Antioxidant micronutrients and immune function in HIV-1 infection . FASEB , 4 ( 4 ) : A940 (Abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Watson , R R , Yahya , M D , Darban , H R and Prabhala , R H . 1988 . Enhanced survival by vitamin A supplementation during a retrovirus infection causing murine AIDS . Life Sciences , Vol 43 ( 6 ) : 13 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakashima , H. , Harada , S and Yamamota , N . 1987 . Effect of retinoic acid on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus in HTLV-1-positive MT-4 cells . Med Microbiol Immunol , 176 : 189 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Turpin , J A , Vargo , M and Mellzer , M J . 1992 . Enhanced HIV-1 replication in retinoid treated monocytes; retinoid effects mediated through mechanisms related to cell differentiation and to a direct transcriptional action on viral gene expression . J Immunol , 148 : 2539 – 2546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli , G , Kinter , A L , Justemenr , J S , Bresslo , P , Kiehri , J H and Favo , A S . 1992 . Retinoic acid mimics transforming growth peaks B in the regulation of human immunodeficiency virus expression in monocytic cells . Proc Net Acad Sci USA , 89 : 2689 – 2693 .
   Google Scholar
• Rohan , T E , McMichael , A J and Baghurst , P A . 1988 . A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Diet and Breast Cancer in Australia . American Journal of Epidemiology , 128 ( 3 ) : 478 – 489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abril , R E , Rybski , J A , Scuderi , R and Watson , R R . 1989 . Beta-carotene stimulates human menocyte secretion of a novel tumoroidal cytokine . J Leukocyte Biol , 95 : 255 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Stampfer , M J , Hennekens , C H , Manson , J E , Colditz , G A , Rosner , B and Willett , W C . 1993 . Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women . NEJM , 328 ( 20 ) : 1444 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riemersma , R A , Wood , D A , Macintyre , C CA , Elton , R A , Gey , K F and Oliver , M F . 1991 . Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C and E and carotene . Lancet , 337 ( 8732 ) : 1 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blot , W J , Li , J Y Taylor , P R . 1993 . Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 85 ( 18 ) : 1483 – 1491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meydani , S N , Barklund , M P Liu , S . 1990 . Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects . Am J Gin Nutr , 52 : 557 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguez-Burbano , M J , Mantero-Atienza , E , Fletcher , M A and Baum , M K . . Elevated IgE in relationship to plasma vitamin E levels in early HIV-1 disease . 9th Int Conf AIDS . Berlin. PO-A23–0511
   Google Scholar
• Hollins , T D . 1988 . T4 cell receptor distortion in acquired immune deficiency syndrome . Medical Hypotheses , 26 : 107 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Kline , K , Rao , A , Romach , E , Kidao , S , Morgan , T J and Sanders , B G . 1990 . Vitamin E effects on retrovirus-induced immune dysfunctions . Ann NY Acad Sci , 587 : 294 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odeleye , O E and Watson , R R . 1991 . The potential role of vitamin E in the treatment of immunologic abnormalities during acquired immune deficiency syndrome . Prog Food Nutr Sci , 15 ( 1–2 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Gogu , S R , Beckman , B S , Rangan , S RS and Agraral , K C . 1989 . Increased therapeutic efficacy of Zidovudine in combination with vitamin E . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 165 ( 1 ) : 401 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendich , A and Olson , J A . 1989 . Biological actions of carotenoids . FASEB , 3 : 1927 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendich , A . 1993 . Biological Functions of Dietary Carotenoids . Annals New York Academy of Sciences , : 61 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Nierenberg , D W , Stukel , T A , Baron , J A , Dain , B J , Greenberg , E R and The Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group . 1989 . Determinants of plasma levels of beta-carotene and retinol . Am J of Epidemiology , 130 ( 3 ) : 511 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdman , J W Jr , Bierer , T and Gugger , E T . 1993 . Absorption and transport of carote-noids . NY Acad Sci Feb 6–9 , : 9 (abstract 9)
   Google Scholar
• Bendich , A . 1988 . The safety of beta-carotene . Nutr Cancer , 11 : 207 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrov , N V , Meyer , C Ullrey , D E . 1988 . Bioavailability of B-carotene in humans . Am J Clin Nutr , 48 : 298 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendich , A . 1991 . B-Carotene and the immune response . Proc Nutri Soc , 50 ( 2 ) : 263 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , M , Newmark , H and Miller , R G . 1985 . Oral beta-carotene can increase the number of OKT4+ cells in human blood . Immunology Letters , 9 : 221 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppel , G V , Spanhakk , S and Ockhuizen , T . 1993 . Effect of B-carotene on immuno-logical indexes in healthy male smokers . Am J Clin Nutr , 57 : 402 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , R R , Prabhala , R H , Plezia , P M and Alberts , D S . 1991 . Effect of B-carotene on lymphocyte sub-populations in elderly humans: evidence for a dose-response relationship . Am J Clin Nutr , 53 : 904
   Google Scholar
• Prabhala , R H , Garewal , H S , Hick , M J , Sampliner , R E and Watson , R R . 1991 . The effects of 13-cis-Retinoic acid and beta-carotene on cellular immunity in humans . Cancer , 67 : 1556 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock , H E , Berry , G Moch , P A . 1988 . Nutrients in diet and plasma and risk of in situ cervical cancer . JNCI , 80 : 580 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhala , R H , Garewal , H S , Hick , M J , Sampliner , R E and Watson , R R . 1991 . The effects of 13-cis-Retinoic acid and beta-carotene on cellular immunity in humans . Cancer , 67 : 1556 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock , H E , Berry , G Moch , P A . 1988 . Nutrients in diet and plasma and risk of in situ cervical cancer . JNCI , 80 : 580 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaziano , J M , Manosn , J E Branch , L G . 1992 . A prospective study of B-caro-tene in fruits and vegetables and decreased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly . Am J Epidemiology , 136 : 985 abstract
   Google Scholar
• Jinno , K , Okada , Y Tanimizu , M . 1994 . Decreased serum levels of beta-carotene in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma . International Hepatol. Commun , 2 : 43 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Hennekens , G H . 1993 . Beta Carotene and risk of cardiovascular disease . NY Acad Sc , Feb 7–9 abstract 17
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , D T , Manson , J E Golditz , G A . 1993 . A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C, E and A and the risk of breast cancer . NEJM , 329 ( 4 ) : 23440
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , E R , Baron , J A Stukel , T A . 1990 . A clinical trial of beta-carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancer of the skin . NEJM , 323 ( 12 ) : 789 – 794 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , E R , Baron , J A and Tosteson , T D . 1994 . A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma . NEJM , 331 : 141 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garewel , H S , Meyskens , F L Killen , D . 1990 . Response of oral leukoplakia to beta carotene . J Clin Oncol , 8 : 1715 – 1720 .
   Google Scholar
• Coodley , G . 1991 . Beta carotene therapy in human immunodeficiency virus infection . Clinical Research , 39 ( 2 ) : 634A (Abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Garewal , H S , Ampel , N M , Watson , R R , Prabhala , R H and Dols , C L . 1992 . A preliminary trial of beta carotene in subjects infected with the Human Immunodeficiency virus . Journal of Nutrition , 122 ( 35 ) : 728 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fryburg , D A , Mark , R , Askenase , P W and Patterson , T F . . The immunostimulato-ry effects and safety of beta carotene in patients with AIDS . 8th Int Conf AIDS . Amsterdam. Abstract POB 3458
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi-Santamaria , A , Fedeli , S and Santamaria , L . 1992 . Possible activity of beta-carotene in patients with the AIDS related complex . Med Oncol and Tumor Phar-macother , 9 ( 3 ) : 151 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricoire , J , Periquet , B , Jammes , N , Ane , M , Robert , A and Thouvenotf , J P . 1993 . Effect of B-carotene in immune and nutritional status in HIV infected children . Ind & Ag PRDTS , 14 : 42
   Google Scholar
• Loya , S , Kashman , Y and Hizi , A . 1992 . The carotenoid halocynthiaxanthin: A novel inhibitor of the reverse transcryptases of human immunodelivery viruses type 1 and type 2 . Arch Biochem Biophys , 293 : 208 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Morrey , J D , Bourn , J M , Bunch , T D , Sidell , R W and Rosen , C A . 1992 . HIV-1 LTR-ac-tivation model: evaluation of various agents in skin of transgenic mice . JAIDS , 5 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Hersey , P , Haren , G , Hasic , E and Edwards , A . 1983 . Alteration of T cell subsets and induction of suppressor T cell activity in normal subjects with exposure in sunlight . J Immunol , 31 : 171 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , C J , Faulkner , H , Bendich , A , Parker , R S and Roe , D . 1992 . Effect of beta carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed type hypersensitivity in normal young men . Am J Clin Nutr , 56 : 684 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt , R M , Hollander , H , McMaster , J R and Henke , C J . 1991 . Polypharmacy among patients attending an AIDS clinic: utilization of prescribed, unorthodox, and investigational treatments . JAIDS , : 4136 – 143 .
   Google Scholar