Understanding Why People Give: Help for Struggling AIDS-Related Nonprofits

REFERENCES

• Archer , R. L. , Diaz-Loving , R. , Gollwitzer , P. M. , Davis , M. H. and Foushee , H. C. 1981 . The role of dispositional empathy and social evaluation in the empathic mediation of helping . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 786 – 796 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer , R. L. 1984 . The farmer and the cowman should be friends: An attempt at reconciliation with Batson, Coke, and Psych . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 46 : 709 – 711 .
   Google Scholar
• Aronfreed , J. 1970 . “ The socialization of altruistic and sympathetic behavior: Some theoretical and experimental analyses ” . In Altruism and Helping Behavior , Edited by: Macauley , J. Berkowitz , L. 103 – 126 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. , Bolen , M. H. , Cross , J. A. and Neuringer-Benefiel , H. E. 1986 . Where is the altruism in the altruistic personality . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 212 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. 1991 . The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. and Coke , J. S. 1981 . “ Empathy: A source of altruistic motivation for helping ” . In Altruism and Helping Behavior: Social, Personality, and Development Perspectives , Edited by: Rushton , J. P. Sorrention , R. M. 167 – 187 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Begley , S. 2001 . “ AIDS at 20 ” . In Newsweek 34 – 37 . (June 11)
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , L. 1972 . “ Social norms, feelings, and other factors affecting helping and altruism ” . In Advances in Experimental Psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 6 , 63 – 108 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , W. M. and Davis , M. H. 1982 . Perspective-taking, self-confidence, and accuracy in person perception . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 3 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brovsky , C. 2002 . “ AIDS could ruin global economy, delegates told ” . In Knight Ridder Tribune Business News (May 7)
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , D. and Clore , G. L. 1970 . A reinforcement model of evaluative processes . Personality: An International Journal , 1 : 103 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , D. and Nelson , D. 1965 . Attraction as a linear function of positive reinforcement . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1167 – 1170 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlo , G. , Eisenberg , N. , Troyer , D. , Switzer , G. and Speer , A. L. 1991 . The altruistic personality: In what contexts is it apparent . Journal of Personality , 61 ( 3 ) : 450 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 1997 . “ Update: Trends in AIDS incidence—United States, 1996 ” . In Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol. 46 , 861 – 867 . (37), ed.: Pub
   Google Scholar
• Coke , J. , Batson , D. and McDavis , K. 1978 . Empathic mediation of helping: A two-stage model . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 752 – 756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. 1983 . Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 113 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dymond , R. F. 1949 . Personality and empathy . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 13 ( Month ) : 127 – 133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eagly , A. H. and Crowley , M. 1986 . Gender and Helping Behavior: A MetaAnalytic Review of the Social Psychological Literature . Psychological Bulletin , 100 ( 3 ) : 283 – 308 . (March)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. 1986 . Altruistic Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. and Miller , P. A. 1987 . The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors . Psychological Bulletin , 101 ( January ) : 91 – 119 . (1)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. , Miller , P. A. , Schaller , M. , Fabes , R. A. , Fultz , J. , Shell , R. and Shea , C. L. 1989 . The role of sympathy and altruistic personality traits in helping: A reexamination . Journal of Personality , 57 : 41 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. , Fabes , R. A. , Schaller , M. , Miller , P. , Carlo , G. , Poulin , R. , Shea , C. and Shell , R. 1991 . Personality and socialization correlates of vicarious emotional responding . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 ( 3 ) : 459 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feshbach , N. D. 1978 . “ Studies of empathic behavior in children ” . In Progress in Experimental Personality Research , Edited by: Maher , B. A. Vol. 8 , 1 – 47 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fultz , J. , Batson , C. D. , Fortenbach , V. A. , McCarthy , P. M. and Varney , L. L. 1986 . Social evaluation and the empathy-altruism hypothesis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 761 – 769 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. , Schaller , M. and Cialdini , R. B. 1988 . Empathy, sadness, and distress: Three related but distinct vicarious affective responses to another's suffering . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 14 ( February ) : 312 – 315 . (2)
   Google Scholar
• Gerson , V. 1997 . How business is dealing with the AIDS epidemic . Business & Health , 15 ( 1 ) : 17 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Latour , M. S. and Pitts , R. E. 1989 . Using fear appeals in advertising for AIDS prevention in the college population . Journal of Health Care Marketing , 9 ( 3 ) : 5 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall , S. 2002 . HIV's New York comeback . Crain's New York Business , 18 ( 10 ) : 1 (March 11)
   Google Scholar
• Meers , E. 2001 . The bucks stop here . Advocate , 853 ( December ) : 28
   Google Scholar
• Nangle , R. 2002 . May 3), “AIDS survivor decries cuts: APW walk has new urgency . Telegram and Gazette, (May 3) , : A1
   Google Scholar
• O'Connell , B. 1996 . A major transfer of government responsibility to voluntary organizations? Proceed with caution . Public Administration Review , 56 : 222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer , D. , Gruder , C. L. and Lizzadro , T. 1986 . A person-situation approach to altruistic behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 ( 5 ) : 1001 – 1012 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , M. E. 1986 . The repulsion hypothesis: On the nondevelopment of relationships . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1156 – 1166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenhan , D. L. , Salovey , P. and Hargis , K. 1981 . The joys of helping: Focus of attention mediates the impact of positive affect on altruism . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 899 – 905 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder , M. and Ickes , W. 1985 . “ Personality and social behavior ” . In Handbook of Social Psychology Edited by: Lindzey , G. and Aronson , E. Vol. 10 , 232 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Stotland , E. 1969 . “ Exploratory studies in empathy ” . In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 4 , 271 – 414 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , K. S. 1994 . Fighting AIDS at home . Hospitals & Health Networks , 68 ( 2 ) : 52 – 53 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas , R. K. and Bartelli , D. 2001 . HIV services for a new generation . Marketing Health Services , 21 ( 4 ) : 24 – 29 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar