896
Views
55
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Sexual Strategies Across Sexual Orientations

How Personality Traits and Culture Relate to Sociosexuality Among Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and Heterosexuals

Pages 183-214 | Published online: 22 Oct 2008

References

  • Bailey , J. M. , Gaulin , S. , Agyei , Y. and Galdue , B. A. 1994 . Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 1081 – 1093 .
  • Kenrick , D. T. , Keefe , R. C. , Bryan , A. , Barr , A. and Brown , S. 1995 . Age preferences and mate choice among homosexuals and heterosexuals: A case for modular psychological mechanisms . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 1166 – 1172 .
  • Schmitt , D. P. 2005 . Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 28 : 247 – 275 .
  • Alcock , J. 1993 . Animal behavior () , 5th ed. , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates, Inc .
  • Alexander , J. E. 2000 . Biological influences on homosexuality . Psychology, Evolution & Gender , 2 : 241 – 252 .
  • Alexander , M. G. and Fisher , T. D. 2003 . Truth and consequences: Using the bogus pipeline to examine sex differences in self-reported sexuality . The Journal of Sex Research , 40 : 27 – 35 .
  • Andersen , B. L. and Broffit , B. 1998 . Is there a reliable and valid self-report measure of sexual behavior? . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 17 : 509 – 525 .
  • Bailey , J. M. 1995 . “ Biological perspectives on sexual orientation ” . In Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives , Edited by: D'Augelli , A. R. and Patterson , C. J. 102 – 135 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Bailey , J. M. 2000 . How can psychological adaptations be heritable? . Novartis Foundation Symposium , 233 : 171 – 180 .
  • Bailey , J. M. , Gaulin , S. , Agyei , Y. and Galdue , B. A. 1994 . Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 1081 – 1093 .
  • Bailey , J. M. , Kim , P. Y. , Hills , A. and Linsenmeier , J. A. W. 1997 . Butch, femme, or straight acting? Partner preferences of gay men and lesbians . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 960 – 973 .
  • Bailey , J. M. and Zucker , K. J. 1995 . Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review . Developmental Psychology , 31 : 43 – 55 .
  • Balsam , K. F. , Beauchaine , T. P. , Mickey , R. M. and Rothblum , E. D. 2005 . Mental health of lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings: Effects of gender, sexual orientation, and family . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 114 : 471 – 476 .
  • Baumeister , R. F. 2000 . Gender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive . Psychological Bulletin , 126 : 347 – 374 .
  • Baumeister , R. F. and Vohs , K. D. 2004 . Sexual economics: Sex as a female resource for social exchange in heterosexual interactions . Personality & Social Psychology Review , 8 : 339 – 363 .
  • Bell , A. P. and Weinberg , M. S. 1978 . Homosexualities: A study of diversity among men and women , New York : Simon & Schuster .
  • Bem , D. J. 1996 . Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation . Psychological Review , 103 : 320 – 335 .
  • Benet-Martinez , V. and John , O. P. 1998 . Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 729 – 750 .
  • Berenbaum , S. A. 1999 . Effects of early androgens on sex-typed activities and interests in adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Hormones and Behavior , 35 : 102 – 110 .
  • Berenbaum , S. A. and Snyder , E. 1995 . Early hormonal influences on childhood sex-typed activity and playmate preferences: Implications for the development of sexual orientation . Developmental Psychology , 31 : 31 – 42 .
  • Berman , L. A. 2003 . The puzzle: Exploring the evolutionary puzzle of male homosexuality , Wilmette, IL : Godot Press .
  • Blanchard , R. , Cantor , J. M. , Bogaert , A. F. , Breedlove , S. M. and Ellis , L. 2006 . Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality . Hormones and Behavior , 49 : 405 – 414 .
  • Blumstein , P. and Schwartz , P. 1983 . American couples , New York : William Morrow .
  • Bobrow , D. and Bailey , J. M. 2001 . Is male homosexuality maintained via kin selection? . Evolution and Human Behavior , 22 : 361 – 368 .
  • Bogaert , A. F. and Fisher , W. A. 1995 . Predictors of university men's number of sexual partners . The Journal of Sex Research , 32 : 119 – 130 .
  • Bronn , C. D. 2001 . Attitudes and self-images of male and female bisexuals . Journal of Bisexuality , 1 : 5 – 29 .
  • Buss , D. M. and Schmitt , D. P. 1993 . Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating . Psychological Review , 100 : 204 – 232 .
  • Buunk , B. P. and Dijkstra , P. 2001 . Evidence from a homosexual sample for a sex-specific rival-oriented mechanism: Jealousy as a function of a rival's attractiveness and dominance . Personal Relationships , 8 : 391 – 406 .
  • Carpenter , L. M. 2001 . The ambiguity of “having sex”: The subjective experience of virginity loss in the United States . The Journal of Sex Research , 38 : 127 – 140 .
  • Chivers , M. L. 2005 . A brief review and discussion of sex differences in the specificity of sexual arousal . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 20 : 377 – 390 .
  • Chung , Y. B. and Katayama , M. 1996 . Assessment of sexual orientation in lesbian/bisexual studies . Journal of Homosexuality , 30 : 49 – 62 .
  • Church , A. T. 2001 . Personality measurement in cross-cultural perspective . Journal of Personality , 69 : 979 – 1006 .
  • Clark , A. P. 2004 . Self-perceived attractiveness and masculinization predict women's sociosexuality . Evolution and Human Behavior , 25 : 113 – 124 .
  • Clark , R. D. and Hatfield , E. 1989 . Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers . Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality , 2 : 39 – 55 .
  • Cochran , S. D. 2001 . Emerging issues in research on lesbians' and gay men's mental health: Does sexual orientation really matter? . American Psychologist , 56 : 932 – 947 .
  • Cohen , A. B. 2001 . Lesbian and bisexual women's judgments of the attractiveness of different body types . Journal of Sex Research , 38 : 226 – 232 .
  • Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences () , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Collaer , M. L. and Hines , M. 1995 . Human behavioral sex differences: A role for gonadal hormones during early development? . Psychological Bulletin , 118 : 55 – 107 .
  • Dabbs , J. M. and Morris , R. 1990 . Testosterone, social class, and antisocial behavior in a sample of 4,462 men . Psychological Science , 1 : 201 – 211 .
  • Dancey , C. P. 1990 . Sexual orientation in women: An investigation of hormonal and personality variables . Biological Psychology , 30 : 251 – 264 .
  • Diamond , L. M. 2000 . Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual-minority women over a two-year period . Developmental Psychology , 36 : 241 – 250 .
  • Eals , M. and Silverman , I. 1994 . The hunter-gatherer theory of spatial sex differences: Proximate factors mediating the female advantage in recall of object arrays . Ethology & Sociobiology , 15 : 95 – 105 .
  • Ellis , L. 1996 . “ Theories of homosexuality ” . In The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults , Edited by: Savin-Williams , R. C. and Cohen , K. M. 11 – 34 . Fort Worth, TX : Harcourt Brace .
  • Fisher , T. D. and Walters , A. S. 2003 . Variables in addition to gender that help explain differences in perceived sexual interest . Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 4 : 154 – 162 .
  • Futuyma , D. J. and Risch , S. J. 1983 . Sexual orientation, sociobiology, and evolution . Journal of Homosexuality , 9 : 157 – 168 .
  • Gladue , B. A. and Bailey , J. M. 1995 . Aggressiveness, competitiveness, and human sexual orientation . Psychoneuroendrocrinology , 20 : 475 – 485 .
  • Gladue , B. A. , Beatty , W. W. , Larson , J. and Staton , R. D. 1990 . Sexual orientation and spatial ability in men and women . Psychobiology , 18 : 101 – 108 .
  • Gomes , C. A. 2000 . True nature: A theory of human sexual evolution, Part 1 . Journal of the Gay & Lesbian Medical Association , 4 : 19 – 29 .
  • Gonsiorek , J. C. and Weinrich , J. D. 1995 . Definition and measurement of sexual orientation . Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior , 25 : 40 – 51 .
  • Gwynne , D. T. 1984 . Sexual selection and sexual differences in Mormon crickets . Evolution , 38 : 1011 – 1022 .
  • Hamer , D. H. , Hu , S. , Magnuson , V. L. , Hu , N. and Pattatucci , A. M. 1993 . A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation . Science , 261 : 321 – 327 .
  • Harris , C. M. 2004 . Personality and sexual orientation . College Student Journal , 38 : 207 – 211 .
  • Haslam , N. 1997 . Evidence that male sexual orientation is a matter of degree . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 862 – 870 .
  • Jorm , A. F. , Korten , A. E. , Rodgers , B. , Jacomb , P. A. and Christensen , H. 2002 . Sexual orientation and mental health: Results from a community survey of young and middle-aged adults . British Journal of Psychiatry , 180 : 423 – 427 .
  • Kauth , M. R. 2000 . True nature: A theory of sexual attraction , New York : Kluwer Academics/Plenum .
  • Kenrick , D. T. , Keefe , R. C. , Bryan , A. , Barr , A. and Brown , S. 1995 . Age preferences and mate choice among homosexuals and heterosexuals: A case for modular psychological mechanisms . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 1166 – 1172 .
  • Kirk , K. M. , Bailey , J. M. and Martin , N. G. 2000 . Etiology of male sexual orientation in an Australian twin sample . Psychology, Evolution & Gender , 2 : 301 – 311 .
  • Kirkpatrick , R. C. 2000 . The evolution of human homosexual behavior . Current Anthropology , 41 : 385 – 398 .
  • Klein , F. , Sepekoff , B. and Wolf , T. J. 1985 . Sexual orientation: A multi-variate dynamic process . Journal of Homosexuality , 11 : 35 – 49 .
  • Kurdek , L. A. 1997 . Relation between neuroticism and dimensions of relationship commitment: Evidence from gay, lesbian, and heterosexual couples . Journal of Family Psychology , 11 : 109 – 124 .
  • Lakkis , J. , Ricciardelli , L. A. and Williams , R. J. 1999 . Role of sexual orientation and gender-related traits in disordered eating . Sex Roles , 41 : 1 – 16 .
  • Lameiras Fernández , M. and Rodríguez Castro , Y. 2003 . The Big Five and sexual attitudes in Spanish students . Social Behavior and Personality , 31 : 357 – 362 .
  • Landolt , M. A. , Bartholomew , K. , Saffrey , C. , Oram , D. O. and Perlman , D. 2004 . Gender nonconformity, childhood rejection, and adult attachment: A study of gay men . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 33 : 117 – 128 .
  • LaTorre , R. A. and Wendenburg , K. 1983 . Psychological characteristics of bisexual, heterosexual, and homosexual women . Journal of Homosexuality , 9 : 87 – 97 .
  • Lippa , R. A. 2000 . Gender-related traits in gay men, lesbian women, and heterosexual men and women: The virtual identity of homosexual-heterosexual diagnosticity and gender diagnosticity . Journal of Personality , 68 : 899 – 926 .
  • Lippa , R. A. 2002 . Gender-related traits of heterosexual and homosexual men and women . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 31 : 83 – 98 .
  • Lippa , R. A. 2005 . Gender, nature, and nurture () , 2nd ed. , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Lippa , R. A. 2006 . Is high sex drive associated with increased sexual attraction to both sexes? It depends on whether you are male or female . Psychological Science , 17 : 46 – 52 .
  • Lippa , R. A. and Tan , F. D. 2001 . Does culture moderate the relationship between sexual orientation and gender-related traits? . Cross-Cultural Research , 35 : 65 – 87 .
  • Low , B. S. 1989 . Cross-cultural patterns in the training of children: An evolutionary perspective . Journal of Comparative Psychology , 103 : 313 – 319 .
  • Malamuth , N. M. 1998 . “ An evolutionary-based model integrating research on the characteristics of sexually coercive men ” . In Advances in psychological science, I: Social, personal and cultural aspects , Edited by: Adair , J. G. , Bélanger , D. and Dion , K. L. 151 – 184 . Hove, , UK : Psychology Press, Ltd .
  • Malcolm , J. P. 2000 . Sexual identity development in behaviourally bisexual married men . Psychology, Evolution & Gender , 2 : 263 – 299 .
  • McFadden , D. 2002 . Masculinization effects in the auditory system . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 31 : 99 – 111 .
  • Muscarella , F. 1999 . The homoerotic behavior that never evolved . Journal of Homosexuality , 37 : 1 – 18 .
  • Muscarella , F. 2000 . The evolution of homoerotic behavior in humans . Journal of Homosexuality , 40 : 51 – 77 .
  • Mustanski , B. S. , Chivers , M. L. and Bailey , J. M. 2002 . A critical review of recent biological research on human sexual orientation . Annual Review of Sex Research , 13 : 89 – 140 .
  • Nash , R. , Fieldman , G. and Hussey , T. 2005 . The influence of sexual orientation on participants' judgments of facial attractiveness in older women . Sexualities, Evolution & Gender , 7 : 135 – 152 .
  • Neave , N. , Menaged , M. and Weightman , D. R. 1999 . Sex differences in cognition: The role of testosterone and sexual orientation . Brain and Cognition , 41 : 245 – 262 .
  • Ostovich , J. M. and Sabini , J. 2004 . How are sociosexuality, sex drive, and lifetime number of sexual partners related? . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 1255 – 1266 .
  • Patterson , C. A. 1997 . Personality correlates of male sexual orientation and recalled childhood sex-typed behaviors . Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering , 57 ( 9-B )
  • Peplau , L. A. , Spalding , L. R. , Conley , T. D. and Veniegas , R. C. 1999 . The development of sexual orientation in women . Annual Review of Sex Research , 10 : 70 – 99 .
  • Pillard , R. C. 1991 . “ Masculinity and femininity in homosexuality: ‘Inversion’ revisited ” . In Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy , Edited by: Gonsiorek , J. C. and Weinrich , J. D. 32 – 43 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
  • Pillard , R. C. and Bailey , J. M. 1998 . Human sexual orientation has a heritable component . Human Biology , 70 : 347 – 365 .
  • Rahman , Q. and Wilson , G. D. 2003 . Large sexual-orientation-related differences in performance on mental rotation and judgment of line orientation tasks . Neuropsychology , 17 : 25 – 31 .
  • Regan , P. C. and Atkins , L. 2006 . Sex differences and similarities in frequency and intensity of sexual desire . Social Behavior and Personality , 34 : 95 – 102 .
  • Regan , P. C. and Dreyer , C. S. 1999 . Lust? Love? Status? Young adults' motives for engaging in casual sex . Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality , 11 : 1 – 24 .
  • Ross , M. W. 1983 . Femininity, masculinity, and sexual orientation: Some cross-cultural comparisons . Journal of Homosexuality , 9 : 27 – 36 .
  • Ross , M. W. and Wells , A. L. 2000 . The modernist fallacy in homosexual selection theories . Psychology, Evolution & Gender , 2 : 253 – 262 .
  • Rothblum , E. D. and Factor , R. 2001 . Lesbians and their sisters as a control group: Demographic and mental health factors . Psychological Science , 12 : 63 – 69 .
  • Savin-Williams , R. C. 2006 . Who's gay? Does it matter? . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 15 : 40 – 44 .
  • Schmitt , D. P. 2004 . The Big Five related to risky sexual behavior across 10 world regions: Differential personality associations of sexual promiscuity and relationship infidelity . European Journal of Personality , 18 : 301 – 319 .
  • Schmitt , D. P. 2005a . Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 28 : 247 – 275 .
  • Schmitt , D. P. 2005b . Is short-term mating the maladaptive result of insecure attachment? A test of competing evolutionary perspectives . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 31 : 747 – 768 .
  • Schmitt , D. P. , Alcalay , L. , Allik , J. , Ault , L. , Austers , I. Bennett , K. L. 2003 . Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: Tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 85 – 104 .
  • Schmitt , D. P. and Buss , D. M. 2000 . Sexual dimensions of person description: Beyond or subsumed by the Big Five? . Journal of Research in Personality , 34 : 141 – 177 .
  • Shearer , C. L. , Hosterman , S. J. , Gillen , M. M. and Lefkowitz , E. S. 2005 . Are traditional gender role attitudes associated with risky sexual behavior and condom-related beliefs? . Sex Roles , 52 : 311 – 324 .
  • Simpson , J. A. 1998 . “ Sociosexual orientation inventory ” . In Handbook of sexuality-related measures , Edited by: Davis , C. M. , Yarber , W. L. , Bauserman , R. , Schreer , G. and Davis , S. L. 565 – 567 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Simpson , J. A. and Gangestad , S. W. 1991 . Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 870 – 883 .
  • Singh , D. , Vidaurri , M. , Zambarano , R. J. and Dabbs , J. M. Jr. 1999 . Lesbian erotic role identification: Behavioral, morphological, and hormonal correlates . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 1035 – 1049 .
  • Snyder , P. J. , Weinrich , J. D. and Pillard , R. C. 1994 . Personality and lipid level differences associated with homosexual and bisexual identity in men . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 23 : 433 – 451 .
  • Symons , D. 1979 . The evolution of human sexuality , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Trivers , R. 1972 . “ Parental investment and sexual selection ” . In Sexual selection and the descent of man: 1871–1971 , Edited by: Campbell , B. 136 – 179 . Chicago : Aldine .
  • Trivers , R. 1985 . Social evolution , Menlo Park, CA : Benjamin/Cummings .
  • Tuttle , G. E. and Pillard , R. C. 1991 . Sexual orientation and cognitive abilities . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 20 : 307 – 318 .
  • Vohs , K. D. , Catanese , K. R. and Baumeister , R. F. 2004 . “ Sex in ‘his’ and her' relationships ” . In The handbook of sexuality in close relationships , Edited by: Harvey , J. H. and Wenzel , A. 455 – 474 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Wayson , P. D. 1985 . Personality variables in males as they relate to differences in sexual orientation . Journal of Homosexuality , 11 : 63 – 73 .
  • Wiggins , J. S. and Trapnell , P. D. 1997 . “ Personality structure: The return of the Big Five ” . In Handbook of personality psychology , Edited by: Hogan , R. , Johnson , J. and Briggs , S. 737 – 765 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Zucker , K. J. 2005 . Forum: Commentary on Gottschalk's (2003) ‘Same-sex sexuality and childhood non-conformity: A spurious connection.’ . Journal of Gender Studies , 14 : 55 – 60 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.