Sustainable Game Farming: Considerations for Canadian Policy Makers and Legislators

REFERENCES

• Anon . 1992a . Game farming in Canada: A threat to native wildlife and its habitat. Ottawa, Ontario : Canadian Wildlife Federation .
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 1992b . Game farm industry report. Unpubl. report, Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 1993 . “Disadvantages of game farming: Position paper of the Alberta Chapter of the Wildlife Society.” . In Hoofed mammals of Alberta. Edited by: Stelfox , J. B. 135 – 139 . Edmonton, Alberta : Lone Pine Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Bothma , J. du P. and Teer , J. G. 1995 . “The semantics and conservation value of some game production systems.” . In Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future. Proceedings of the first International Wildlife Management Congress Edited by: Bissonette , J. A. and Krausman , P. R. 313 – 317 . Bethesda, Maryland : The Wildlife Society .
   Google Scholar
• Broad , S. R. and Luxmoore , R. A. 1989 . “Crocodile ranching and the potential impacts of commercial wildlife production on conservation.” . In Proceedings of the First International Wildlife Ranching Symposium, 1988 Edited by: Valdez , R. 243 – 255 . New Mexico : Las Cruces . ed
   Google Scholar
• Bryden , J. M. 1978 . Deer versus sheep: A model for analyzing the comparative value of deer and sheep farming in private and social terms . Journal of Agricultural Economics , 29 ( 1 ) : 23 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Child , G. and Child , B. 1990 . “ An historical perspective of sustainable wildlife utilization. ” . In Paper prepared for Workshop No. 7 on the “Sustainable Utilization of Wildlife.” 18th General Assembly of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Perth, Australia, 28th November-5 December, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Cripps , M. 1994 . Wild boars rampage through countryside . Goderich Signal-Star , February 9 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , W. R. , Blue , J. L. , Flynn , L. B. , Shea , S. M. , Marchinton , R. L. and Lewis , J. A. 1987 . Parasites, diseases and health status of sympatric populations of sambar deer and white-tailed deer in Florida . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 23 ( 2 ) : 267 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• de Vos , A. 1991 . “Wildlife utilization on marginal lands in developing countries.” . In Wildlife Production: Conservation and sustainable development. , AFES misc. pub. 91–6 Edited by: Renecker , L. A. and Hudson , R. J. 8 – 10 . Fairbanks, Alaska : University of Alaska Fairbanks .
   Google Scholar
• de Vos , A. 1995 . “The economics of wildlife utilization.” . In Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future. Proceedings of the first International Wildlife Management Congress Edited by: Bissonette , J. A. and Krausman , P. R. 308 – 312 . Bethesda, Maryland : The Wildlife Society .
   Google Scholar
• Dratch , P. A. 1993 . Genetic tests and game ranching: No simple solutions . Transactions of the Fifty-eighth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference , 58 : 479 – 486 .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenfeld , D. W. 1974 . Conserving the edible sea turtle: Can mariculture help? . American Scientist , 62 : 23 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanning , A. and Edwards , S. 1991 . “Mycobacterium bovis infection in human beings in contact with elk (Cervus elaphus) in Alberta, Canada . The Lancet , 338 : 1253 – 1255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldhamer , G. A. and Armstrong , W. E. 1993 . Interspecific competition between four exotic species and native artiodactyls in the United States . Transactions of the Fifty-eighth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference , 58 : 468 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Fritz , D. L. , Mostrom , M. S. , Lillie , L. E. and Coppock , R. W. 1992 . Probable malignant catarrhal fever in a sika deer from an Alberta game farm . Canadian Veterinary Journal , 33 : 267 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Galindo-Leal , C. and Weber , M. 1994 . Translocation of deer subspecies: Reproductive implications . Wildlife Society Bulletin , 22 ( 1 ) : 117 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Gavitt , J. D. 1989 . Unlawful commercialization of wildlife parts . Transactions of the Fifty-fourth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference , 54 : 314 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Geist , V. 1988 . How markets in wildlife meat and parts, and the sale of hunting privileges, jeopardize wildlife conservation . Conservation Biology , 2 ( 1 ) : 15 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Geist , V. 1989 . Legal trafficking and paid hunting threaten conservation . Transactions of the Fifty-fourth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference , 54 : 171 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Geist , V. 1994 . Wildlife conservation as wealth . Nature , 368 : 491 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghostkeeper , E. 1985 . “Mixed species game ranching on Metis settlements.” . In Proceedings of the 1984 Western States and Provinces Elk Workshop Edited by: Nelson , R. W. 13 – 17 . Alberta : Edmonton .
   Google Scholar
• Gregorich , L. J. 1992 . Poaching and the illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife parts in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario : Canadian Wildlife Federation .
   Google Scholar
• Hakala , A. 1993 . Roaming buffalo back home on the range . The North Bay Nugget , March 5, pp. A1, A3
   Google Scholar
• Hopcraft , D. 1988 . “An ecological approach to natural ranching.” . In Proceedings of the First International Wildlife Ranching Symposium, 1988 Edited by: Valdez , R. 73 – 81 . New Mexico : Las Cruces .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , R. J. 1989 . “History and technology.” . In Wildlife production systems: Economic utilization of wild ungulates. Edited by: Hudson , R. J. , Drew , K. R. and Baskin , L. M. 11 – 27 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hussey , G. and Carlson , M. 1991 . Canadian game ranching market and feasibility study. Calgary, Alberta : AgriTrends Research Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Ireland , D. 1991 . British Columbia game farm procedures manual. B.C. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food .
   Google Scholar
• Jolicoeur , H. 1994 . Correspondence between H. Jolicoeur, Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pěche, Québec, and J. Thomson-Delaney 1994 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources dated March 18th .
   Google Scholar
• Lanka , B. , Guenzel , R. , Fralick , G. and Thiele , D. 1990 . Analysis and recommendations on the Applications by Mr. John T. Dorrance III to import and possess native and exotic species. Game Division, Wyoming Game and Fish Department .
   Google Scholar
• Lanka , R. P. , Thorne , E. T. and Guenzel , R. J. 1992 . Game farms, wild ungulates and disease in western North America . Western Wildlands , : 2 – 7 . Spring 1992
   Google Scholar
• Lantz , D. E. 1910 . Raising deer and other large game animals in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Biological Survey . Bulletin No. 36
   Google Scholar
• Lavigne , D. 1991 . Planet as a barnyard. . BBC Wildlife June , 1991 : 402 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Lavigne , D. and Geist , V. 1993 . “Game ranching: A case study in sustainable utilization.” . In Proceedings of the 21st International Union of Game Biologists Congress, 2. Edited by: Thompson , I. D. 194 – 200 . Chalk River, Ontario : Canadian Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Lyster , S. 1985 . International Wildlife Law. Cambridge, , U.K. : Grotius Publications Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• MacKintosh , C. G. 1990 . “Diseases of farmed deer in New Zealand.” . In The Veterinary Annual Edited by: Grunsell , C. S.G. and Raw , M. E. (30) Wright
   Google Scholar
• Marty , S. 1993 . Where the deer and antelope play . Canadian Geographic , March/April
   Google Scholar
• Mengel , R. M. 1971 . A study of dog-coyote hybrids and implications concerning hybridization in Canis . Journal of Mammalogy , 52 ( 2 ) : 316 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , M. W. and Thorne , E. T. 1993 . Captive cervids as potential sources of disease for North America's wild cervid populations: Avenues, implications and preventive management . Transactions of the Fifty-eighth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference , 58 : 460 – 467 .
   Google Scholar
• Moodie , D. W. and Kaye , B. 1976 . Taming and domesticating the native animals of Rupert's Land . The Beaver , 307 ( winter ) : 10 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Morrison , B. L. 1988 . “The introduction of exotics: Pro and con.” . In Proceedings of the First International Wildlife Ranching Symposium, 1988 Edited by: Valdez , R. 284 – 290 . New Mexico : Las Cruces .
   Google Scholar
• Mossman , A. S. 1975 . International game ranching programs . Journal of Animal Science , 40 ( 5 ) : 993 – 999 .
   Google Scholar
• Mossman , S. L. and Mossman , A. S. 1976 . Wildlife utilization and game ranching-Report on a study of recent progress in this field in southern Africa. , IUCN Occasional Paper No. 17.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1993 . Managing global genetic resources: Livestock. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pagel , M. and Mace , R. 1991 . Keeping the ivory trade banned . Nature , 351 : 265 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Paradiso , J. L. and Nowak , R. W. 1982 . “Wolves-Cams lupus and allies.” . In Wild mammals of North America: Biology, Management and Economics. Edited by: Chapman , J. A. and Feldhamer , G. A. Baltimore, , U.S.A. : TheJohns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Press , S. H. 1991 . Markets for and marketing of Ontario venison. Peat Marwick Stevenson and Kellog : Food and Packaged Goods Group .
   Google Scholar
• Pybus , M. J. 1994 . “ Personal communication-February 24 ” . In Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife, 6909–116th St., Edmonton, Alberta T6H 4P2
   Google Scholar
• Pybus , M. J. , Samuel , W. M. and Crichton , V. 1989 . Identification of dorsal-spined larvae from free-ranging wapiti (Cervus elaphus) in southwestern Manitoba, Canada . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 25 ( 2 ) : 291 – 293 .
   Google Scholar
• Pybus , M. J. , Samuel , W. M. , Welch , D. A. , Smits , J. and Haigh , J. C. 1992 . Mortality of fallow deer (Dama dama) experimentally-infected with meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 28 ( 1 ) : 95 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Renecker , L. A. and Hudson , R. J. 1993 . “Advantages of Game Farming.” . In Hoofed mammals of Alberta. Edited by: Stelfox , J. B. 132 – 134 . Edmonton, Alberta : Lone Pine Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Samuel , W. M. 1987 . “Moving the zoo or the potential introduction of a dangerous parasite into Alberta with its translocated host.” . In Focus on a new industry. Proceedings of the Alberta Game Growers' Association Conference 1. Edited by: Renecker , L. A. 85 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Samuel , W. M. , Pybus , M. J. , Welch , D. A. and Wilke , C. J. 1992 . Elk as a potential host for meningeal worm: Implications for translocation . Journal of Wildlife Management , 56 ( 4 ) : 629 – 639 .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , R. 1990 . Concerns about game ranching . Canadian Veterinary Journal , 31 : 479 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Scotter , G. W. 1989 . “Reindeer husbandry in North America.” . In Wildlife production systems: Economic utilization of wild ungulates. Edited by: Hudson , R. J. , Drew , K. R. and Baskin , L. M. 223 – 241 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Senanayake , R. 1991 . Sustainable agriculture: Definitions and parameters for measurement . Journal ofSustainable Agriculture , 1 ( 4 ) : 7 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , F. J. , Swank , W. T. and Clebsch , E. E.C. 1984 . Effects of wild pig rooting in a deciduous forest . Journal of Wildlife Management , 48 ( 2 ) : 464 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , H. 1994 . “ Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 90 Sheppard Avenue E. ” . In Personal communication-February 25 North York, Ontario M2N 3A1
   Google Scholar
• Stallcup , R. 1992 . A reversible catastrophe-Cats: A heavy toll on songbirds . Winging It , : 10 – 11 . June 1992
   Google Scholar
• Stelfox , J. B. 1993 . Hoofed mammals of Alberta. Edmonton, Alberta : Lone Pine Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Struzik , E. 1991 . Wild Harvest . Equinox , 56 : 33 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Szpakowski , N. 1994 . “ Food Production and Inspection Branch, Agriculture Canada, 174 Stone Rd. ” . In Personal communication-February 1 Ontario : Guelph . NIG 4S9
   Google Scholar
• Teer , J. G. 1975 . Commercial uses of game animals on rangelands of Texas . Journal of Animal Science , 40 ( 5 ) : 1000 – 1008 .
   Google Scholar
• Teer , J. G. 1991 . “Non-native large ungulates in North America.” . In Wildlife Production: Conservation and sustainable development. , AFES misc. pub. 91–6 Edited by: Renecker , L. A. and Hudson , R. J. 55 – 66 . Fairbanks, Alaska : University of Alaska Fairbanks .
   Google Scholar
• Telfer , E. S. and Scotter , G. W. 1975 . Potential for game ranching in boreal aspen forests of western Canada . Journal of Range Management , 28 ( 3 ) : 172 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , V. G. and Kevan , P. G. 1993 . Basic Principles of Agroecology and sustainable agriculture . Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics , 6 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch , D. A. , Pybus , M. J. , Samuel , W. M. and Wilke , C. J. 1991 . Reliability of fecal examination for detecting infections of meningeal worm in elk . Wildlife Society Bulletin , 19 : 326 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton , C. , Pybus , M. and Blakely , K. 1993 . Agency perspectives on private ownership of wildlife in the United States and Canada . Transactions of the Fifty-eighth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference , 58 : 487 – 494 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , R. G. 1994 . “ Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph Agriculture Centre, P.O. Box 1030, Guelph, Ontario. N1H 6NI. ” . In Personal communication-February 14
   Google Scholar
• Wright , R. G. Review of the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters report and recommendations on game farming and ranching. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food unpubl. . Undated. report
   Google Scholar
• Wylynko , D. 1994 . RENEW (Recovery of Nationally Endangered Wildlife) Report #4. Canada : Minister of Supply and Services.) .
   Google Scholar