3,301
Views
205
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Organic Agriculture

Pages 59-128 | Received 10 Oct 2001, Accepted 01 Feb 2002, Published online: 22 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • ABC. 2000 . 20/20. American Broadcasting Company. Feb. 4.
  • Albrecht , H. and Mattheis , A. 1998 . The effects of organic and integrated farming on rare arable weeds on the Forschungsverbund Agrarokosysteme Munchen (FAM) research station in southern Bavaria. . Biological Conservation , 86 ( 3 ) : 347 – 356 .
  • Albrecht , W. A. and Walters , C. 1975 . The Albrecht papers. Kansas City, Missouri : Acres USA. .
  • Allen , P. 1996 . “ Social Imperatives in Organic Agriculture. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Allen , P. and Kovach , M. 2000 . The capitalist composition of organic: the potential of markets in fulfilling the promise or organic agriculture. . Agriculture and Human Values , 17 ( 3 ) : 221 – 232 .
  • Altieri , M. A. 1994 . Biodiversity and pest management in agroecosystems. 185 New York : Food Products Press .
  • Altieri , M. A. 1995 . Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture., , 2nd ed. 433 Boulder , CO : Westview Press; IT Publications .
  • Altieri , M. A. 2000 . The ecological impacts of transgenic crops on agro-ecosystem health. . Ecosystem Health , 6 ( 1 ) : 13 – 23 .
  • Anderson , B. H. and Magdoff , F. R. 2000 . Dairy farm characteristics and managed flows of phosphorus. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 15 ( 1 ) : 19 – 26 .
  • Andow , D. A. and Hidaka , K. 1998 . Yield loss in conventional and natural rice farming systems. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 70 ( 2–3 ) : 151 – 158 .
  • Andreoli , M. and Tellarini , V. 2000 . Farm sustainability evaluation: methodology and practice. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 43 – 52 .
  • Anon. 1994 . Nature farming rice crop succeeds despite record cold summer: story is front-page news in Japan. . World Sustainable Agriculture Association Newsletter , 3 ( 12 ) : 1
  • Anon. 1997 . Is organic more nutritious? . Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter , 15 ( 7 ) : 8
  • Anon. 1999a . Contrary to Avery article, CDC has never conducted study on risk of organic food. Press Release, 3 Feb. Arlington , VA : Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture .
  • Anon. 1999b . America gets its first organic restaurant. . Alternative Agriculture News , (July). <www.hawiaa.org>
  • Anon. 2001 . European Union Passes Strict Rules Governing Genetically Modified Products. . Alternative Agriculture News , 19 ( 3 ) Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. <www.hawiaa.org>
  • Anon. 2001b . “ Where is organic going? Symposium on marketing trends in the new millenium. ” . In Ecological farming conference. Monterey , CA Jan. 24–27. <www.ecofarm.org>
  • Antrop , M. 2000 . Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 17 – 28 .
  • Armstrong , S. M. , Cook , H. F. and Lee , H. C. 2000 . Topsoil characteristics from a paired farm survey of organic versus conventional farming in southern England. . Biological Agriculture and Horticulture , 18 : 37 – 54 .
  • Asano , H. , Isobe , K. and Tsuboki , Y. 1998 . Palatability of rice and effect of a placebo using Aigamo duck (crossbreed of wild and domestic ducks) husbandry methods. . Japanese Journal of Crop Science , 67 ( 2 ) : 174 – 177 .
  • ATTRA. 1995 . “ An Overview of Organic Crop Production. ” . In Fundamentals of sustainable agriculture. Online publication of: Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) <www.attra.org>
  • Aubert , C. 1996 . “ Plant health: Francis Chaboussou's research. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Avery , A. 2001 . Deadly chemicals in organic food. . New York Post, Jun 2 2001. ,
  • Avery , D. 1998 . The hidden dangers of organic food. Hudson Institute . <www.hudson.org>
  • Avery , Dennis T. 1995 . Saving the planet with pesticides and plastic: the environmental triumph of high-yield farming. 432 Indianapolis , IN : Hudson Institute .
  • Azcon-Aguilar , C. and Barea , J. M. 1992 . “ Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other rhizosphere microorganisms. ” . In Mycorrhizal functioning: an integrative plant-fungal process Edited by: Allen , M. F. 178 – 188 . New York : Chapman & Hall .
  • Balfour , E. B. 1943 . The living soil; evidence of the importance to human health of soil vitality, with special reference to post-war planning. 246 London : Faber and Faber Ltd. .
  • Bateman , D. I. 1994 . “ Organic farming and society: an economic perspective. ” . In The Economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Belde , M. , Mattheis , A. , Sprenger , B. and Albrecht , H. 2000 . Long-term development of yield affecting weeds after the change from conventional to integrated and organic farming. Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz. . Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection , : 291 – 301 . (S7)
  • Bell , L. 2000 . Food fight: a network news lesson. . Public Relations Tactics , December
  • Benbrook , C. and Baker , B. 2001 . “ Placing pesticide residues and risk in perspective: data-driven approaches for comparative analyses of organic, conventional and IPM-grown food. ” . In Ecological farming conference. Monterey , CA Jan. 24–27. <www.eco-farm.org>
  • Benge , J. R. , Banks , N. H. , Tillman , R. and De Silva , H. N. 2000 . Pairwise comparison of the storage potential of kiwifruit from organic and conventional production systems. . New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science , 28 ( 2 ) : 147 – 152 .
  • Berlau , J. 1999 . The risky nature of organics. . Investor's Business Daily , March 3
  • Bilefsky , D. 2001 . EU women ministers and ‘green’ agriculture. . Financial Times. , UK. 7 March
  • Blowfield , M. 2001 . “ Ethical trade and organic agriculture. ” . In Tropical Agriculture Association Newsletter 22 – 26 . March
  • Bockstaller , C. , Girardin , P. and vanderWerf , H. M. G. 1997 . Use of agro-ecological indicators for the evaluation of farming systems. . European Journal of Agronomy , 7 ( 1–3 ) : 261 – 270 .
  • Borchers , A. T. , Keen , C. L. , Stern , J. S. and Gershwin , M. E. 2000 . Nutraceuticals: Separating the wheat from the chaff. . California Agriculture , 54 ( 5 ) : 26 – 33 .
  • Bosshard , A. 2000 . A methodology and terminology of sustainability assessment and its perspectives for rural planning. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 29 – 41 .
  • Bossio , D. A. and Scow , K. M. 1998 . Impacts of carbon and flooding on soil microbial communities: phospholipid fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns. . Microbial Ecology , 35 ( 3 ) : 265 – 278 .
  • Bowen , D. 2000 . Director, California Certified Organic Farmers Assoc. Personal communication
  • Bowen , D. 2001 . “ USDA Organic Rule Poses Challenges for OCIA. ” . In Communicator: The Organic Crop Improvement Association International Newsletter. January/February. <www.ocia.org>
  • Braun , J. 1994 . “ Impact of widespread conversion in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. ” . In The Economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 329 – 342 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Brett , M. T. , Brouwer , L. and Brett , L. A. 1999 . Research Productivity and Reputational Ratings at U.S. Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Programs. . Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America , 80 ( 4 ) : 250 – 256 .
  • Brickey , C. 2001 . “ Symposium panelist: The national organic update. ” . In Ecological farming conference. Monterey , CA (NOSB chair).Jan. 24–27. <www.eco-farm.org>
  • Brough , D. 2001 . GM presence in seeds inevitable, EU group says. Rome : Reuters News Service . April 6
  • Brown , J. R. 2000 . Privatizing the university-The new tragedy of the commons. . Science , 290 ( 5497 ) : 1701 – 1702 .
  • Brown , M. 1998 . “ California growers and researchers consider tillage options. ” . In The Cultivar Summer/Fall: 4–14. Agroecology Program University of California Santa Cruz .
  • Brown , M. W. 1999 . Applying principles of community ecology to pest management in orchards. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 73 ( 2 ) : 103 – 106 .
  • Browne , A. W. , Harris , P. J. C. , Hofny-Collins , A. H. , Pasiecznik , N. and Wallace , R. R. 2000 . Organic production and ethical trade: definition, practice and links. . Food Policy , 25 ( 1 ) : 69 – 89 .
  • Burros , M. 1999 . Anti-organic, and flawed. . New York Times. , February 17
  • Buttel , F. H. Jr. , Gillespie , G. W. III , Larson , O. W. and Harris , C. K. 1981 . The social bases of agrarian environmentalism: a comparative analysis of New York and Michigan farm operators. . Rural Sociology , 46 : 291 – 410 .
  • Campbell , R. E. 1989 . Biological control of microbial plant pathogens. 218 Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Carpenter , S. R. , Caraco , N. F. , Correll , D. L. , Howarth , R. W. , Sharpley , A. N. and Smith , V. H. 1998 . Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. . Ecological Applications , 8 ( 3 ) : 559 – 568 .
  • CCOF. 2000 . The National organic rule. Press Release, California Certified Organic Farmers. Dec. 20 <www.ccof.org>
  • Christensen , B. T. and Mather , J. G. 1997 . A comparative study of bird faunas in conventionally and organically farmed areas. . Dansk Ornithologisk Forenings Tidsskrift , 90 : 210 – 228 .
  • Clancy , K. 1997 . “ Research and policy issues related to the nutritional quality of alternatively produced foods. ” . In Agricultural production and nutrition: proceedings of a conference Edited by: Lockeretz , W. 53 – 57 . Medford , MA : Tufts University School of Nutrition Science and Policy .
  • Clark , M. S. 1999 . Ground beetle abundance and community composition in conventional and organic tomato systems of California's Central Valley. . Applied Soil Ecology , 11 ( 2–3 ) : 199 – 206 .
  • Clark , M. S. , Ferris , H. , Klonsky , K. , Lanini , W. T. , vanBruggen , A. H. C. and Zalom , F. G. 1998 . Agronomic, economic, and environmental comparison of pest management in conventional and alternative tomato and corn systems in northern California. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 68 ( 1–2 ) : 51 – 71 .
  • Clark , M. S. , Horwath , W. R. , Shennan , C. , Scow , K. M. , Lantni , W. T. and Ferris , H. 1999 . Nitrogen, weeds and water as yield-limiting factors in conventional, low-input, and organic tomato systems. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 73 ( 3 ) : 257 – 270 .
  • Clarke , T. 2001 . Green apples upset cart. . Nature , 410 : 926 – 930 .
  • Conford , P. 1988 . “ Introduction. ” . In The organic tradition: an anthology of writing on organic farming, 1900–1950 Edited by: Conford , P. 1 – 20 . Green Books : Bideford, Devon. .
  • Conklin , N. C. and Thompson , G. 1993 . Product quality in organic conventional produce: is there a difference? . Agribusiness New York , 9 ( 3 ) : 295 – 307 .
  • Consumer-Union. 1999 . “ How safe is our produce? ” . In Consumer Reports (March) 28 – 31 .
  • Conway , G. and Pretty , J. N. 1991 . Unwelcome harvest: agriculture and pollution. 645 London : Earthscan Publications . See chapter: Pesticides and human health
  • Cormack , W. F. 1996 . “ The ADAS Terrington arable organic project. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Cronin , M. J. , Yohalem , D. S. , Harris , R. F. and Andrews , J. H. 1996 . Putative mechanism and dynamics of inhibition of the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis by compost extracts. . Soil Biology & Biochemistry , 28 ( 9 ) : 1241 – 1249 .
  • Cummins , R. 2001 . Bringing together food safety, envionmental, and social justice issues. . Biodemocracy News. , 32 <www.organicconsumers.org>
  • Dabbert , S. 1994 . “ Economics of conversion to organic farming: cross-sectional analysis of survey data in Germany. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 285 – 293 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Dahlberg , K. A. 2000 . Agriculture, food systems, energy, and global change. . Science , 290 ( 5495 ) : 1300
  • Dalgaard , T. , Halberg , N. and Kristensen , I. S. 1998 . Can organic farming help to reduce N-losses? Experiences from Denmark. . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 52 ( 2–3 ) : 277 – 287 .
  • Darwin , Charles . 1945 . Darwin on humus and the earthworm; the formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms with observations on their habits Edited by: Howard , A. 153 London : Faber and Faber .
  • Datamonitor. 1999 . US Organics 1999. <www.datamonitor.com>
  • Deffune , G. , Lee , H. C. , Scofield , A. M. and Simunek , P. 1996 . “ Allelopathic effects of bio-dynamic and organic treatments on wheat and potatoes. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • DeLind , L. B. 2000 . Transforming organic agriculture into industrial organic products: Reconsidering national organic standards. . Human Organization , 59 ( 2 ) : 198
  • Demeritt , L. 1999 . “ Mining the Data Frontier. Conference presentation. ” . In Organic: Growing into the 21st Century. Berkeley , CA : Organic Farming Research Foundation . Aug. 1–3
  • Denison , R. F. 1996 . Organic matters. . The LTRAS Century , 4 ( March ) Long Term Research on Agricultural Systems (LTRAS)-College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis
  • Denison , R. F. 2000 . Is the “organic transition” real? . The LTRAS Century , 7 ( December ) Newsletter of the Long Term Research on Agricultural Systems (LTRAS)-College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis
  • Depuis , E. M. 2000 . Not in my body: rBGH and the rise of organic milk. . Agrculture and Human Values , 17 : 285 – 295 .
  • Descalzo , R. C. , Punja , Z. K. , Levesque , C. A. and Rahe , J. E. 1998 . Glyphosate treatment of bean seedlings causes short-term increases in Pythium populations and damping off potential in soils. . Applied Soil Ecology , 8 ( 1–3 ) : 25 – 33 .
  • Dolinsky , L. 2001 . “ Notes from here and there. ” . In San Francisco Chronicle. Feb. 4
  • Doran , J. and Jones , A. 1996 . Methods for assessing soil quality. SSSA special publication; no. 49. 410 Madison, WI , , USA : Soil Science Society of America .
  • Doran , J. W. and Zeiss , M. R. 2000 . Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component of soil quality. . Applied Soil Ecology , 15 ( 1 ) : 3 – 11 .
  • Dormaar , J. F. , Lindwall , C. W. and Kozub , G. C. 1988 . Effectiveness of manure and commercial fertilizer in restoring productivity of an artificially eroded dark brown chermozemic soil under dryland conditions. . Canadian Journal of Soil Science , 68 : 669 – 679 .
  • Drinkwater , L. E. , Letourneau , D. K. , Workneh , F. , Vanbruggen , A. H. C. and Shennan , C. 1995 . Fundamental differences between conventional and organic tomato agroecosystems in California. . Ecological Applications , 5 ( 4 ) : 1098 – 1112 .
  • Drinkwater , L. E. , Wagoner , P. and Sarrantonio , M. 1999 . Legume based cropping systems store nitrogen and carbon. Rodale Institute Internet publication . <www.rodaleinstitute.org/science>
  • Drinkwater , L. E. , Wagoner , P. and Sarrantonio , M. 1998 . Legume-based cropping systems have reduced carbon and nitrogen losses. . Nature , 396 ( 6708 ) : 262 – 265 .
  • Duesing , W. 1995 . Is organic enough? The Natural Farmer. 27 CT : Northeast Organic Farming Assoc. Interstate .
  • Dupin , I. , Fischer , U. and Schlich , P. 2000 . Differentiation of wines produced by organic or conventional viticulture according to their sensory profiles and aroma composition. . American Journal of Enology and Viticulture , 51 ( 3 ) : 299
  • Duram , L. A. 1997 . “ Great Plains agroecologies: the continuum from conventional to alternative agriculture in Colorado. ” . In Agricultural restructuring and sustainability: a geographical perspective Edited by: Ilbery , B. W. 153 – 166 . Wallingford, New York , , UK : CAB International .
  • Eason , W. R. , Scullion , J. and Scott , E. P. 1999 . Soil parameters and plant responses associated with arbuscular mycorrhizas from contrasting grassland management regimes. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 73 ( 3 ) : 245 – 255 .
  • Edwards-Jones , G. and Howells , O. 2001 . The origin and hazard of inputs to crop protection in organic farming systems: are they sustainable? . Agricultural Systems , 67 ( 1 ) : 31 – 47 .
  • EEC. 1999 . Directions towards sustainable agriculture. 30 Commission of the European Communities. Brussels. COM (99) 22 final, IP/99/48, CB-CO-99–047-EN-C. 17.01.1999. p. <www.europa.eu.int>
  • Ellen , G. 1998 . Organic growers in regulated pest management districts. . Organic Farming Research Foundation Information Bulletin , 5 : 12 – 14 . <www.ofrf.org>
  • Ellis , E. C. and Wang , S. M. 1997 . Sustainable traditional agriculture in the Tai Lake Region of China. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 61 ( 2–3 ) : 177 – 193 .
  • El-Saidy , S. 1982 . Das Nachernteverhalten von Gemuse, insbesondere Spinat, unter besondere Beruckschtigung der Nitratanreicherung in Abhangigkeit von den Lagerbedingungen und von der Dungung Germany : University of Giessen . Ph.D. Thesis
  • EMS. 1998 . National poll finds widespread support for organic food standards and labeling Environmental Media Services . <www.ems.org>
  • EPA. 1995 . National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress. , EPA841-R-95–005. Washington , DC : U.S. EPA, Office of Water .
  • Eppendorfer , W. H. , Eggum , B. O. and Bille , S. W. 1979 . Nutritive value of potato crude protein as influenced by manuring and amino acid composition. . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 30 : 361 – 368 .
  • Falkow , S. and Kennedy , D. 2001 . Antibiotics, Animals, and People-Again . Science , 291 ( 5503 ) : 39
  • FAO. 1998 . Evaluating the potential contribution of organic agriculture to sustainability goals. 24 Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . <www.fao.org/organicag>
  • FAO. 1999 . Guidelines for the production, processing, labelling and marketing of organically produced foods. , CAC/GL 32–1999 49 Rome : Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program Codex Alimentarius Commission .
  • FAO. 2000 . “ Food Safety and Quality as Affected by Organic Farming. Agenda Item 10.1. ” . In Twenty-second FAO Regional Conference for Europe. Porto, Portugal. 24–28 July Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations .
  • Fauci , Mary F. and Dick , R. P. 1994 . Soil microbial dynamics: short- and long-term effects of inorganic and organic nitrogen. . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 58 ( 3 ) : 801 – 806 .
  • Feber , R. E. , Firbank , L. G. , Johnson , P. J. and Macdonald , D. W. 1997 . The effects of organic farming on pest and non-pest butterfly abundance. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 64 ( 2 ) : 133 – 139 .
  • Fernandez-Cornejo , J. , Greene , C. , Penn , R. and Newton , D. 1998 . Organic vegetable production in the U.S.: certified growers and their practices. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 13 ( 2 ) : 69 – 78 .
  • Finesilver , T. , Johns , T. and Hill , S. B. 1989 . Comparison of food quality of organically grown versus conventionally grown plant foods. Ecological Agriculture Projects Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue , , Canada : McGill University .
  • Fleming , K. L. , Powers , W. L. , Jones , A. L. and Helmers , G. A. 1997 . Alternative production systems' effects on the K-factor of the revised universal soil loss equation. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 12 ( 2 ) : 55
  • Fölsch , D. W. and Hörning , B. 1996 . “ Ethology: Importance in ecological agriculture. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Foltz , John C. , Lee , John G. , Martin , Marshall A. and Paul , V Preckel . 1995 . Multiattribute assessment of alternative cropping systems. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 77 ( 2 ) : 408
  • Fost , D. 1992 . Demographics , : 17 (June)
  • Fouche , C. , Gaskell , M. , Koike , S. T. , Mitchell , J. and Smith , C. 2000 . Insect pest management for organic crops. Vegetable Research and Information Center-Small Farm Program-Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources-University of California , Publication 7251 5 Davis , CA <www.sfc.ucdavis.edu>
  • Freyenberger , S. , Levins , R. , Norman , D. and Rumsey , D. 2001 . Beyond profitability: using economic indicators to measure farm sustainability. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. , 16 ( 1 ) : 31
  • Frink , C. R. , Waggoner , P. E. and Ausubel , J. H. 1999 . Nitrogen fertilizer: retrospect and prospect. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 96 ( 4 ) : 1175 – 1180 .
  • Fuchshofen , W. H. 2000 . Export study for US organic products to Asia and Europe. Report by Organic Insights, Inc. to Organic Trade Association. <www.ota.com>
  • Gallagher , R. S. and Cardina , J. 1998 . The effect of light environment during tillage on the recruitment of various summer annuals. . Weed Science , 46 ( 2 ) : 214 – 216 .
  • Gaskell , M. , Fouche , B. , Koike , S. , Lanini , T. , Mitchell , J. and Smith , R. 2000 . Organic vegetable production in California-science and practice. . HortTechnology , 10 ( 4 ) : 609 – 713 .
  • Gerhardt , R. A. 1997 . A comparative analysis of the effects of organic and conventional farming systems on soil structure. . Biological Agriculture & Horticulture , 14 ( 2 ) : 139 – 157 .
  • Gilliom , R. J. , Barbash , J. E. , Kolpin , D. W. and Larson , S. J. 1999 . Testing water quality for pesticide pollution. . Environmental Science & Technology , 33 ( 7 ) 164A-169A
  • Glaser , L. , Krissoff , B. , Lengyel , A. and Sheeran , K. 1998 . Demand for Frozen Vegetables: A Comparison of Organic and Conventional Products. , USDA Economic Research Service. VGS-276. November ERS Briefing .
  • Glover , J. D. , Reganold , J. P. and Andrews , P. K. 2000 . Systematic method for rating soil quality of conventional, organic, and integrated apple orchards in Washington State. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 80 ( 1–2 ) : 29 – 45 .
  • Godfrey , L. D. , Cisneros , J. J. , Keillor , K. E. and Hutmacher , R. B. 2000 . “ Influence of cotton nitrogen fertility on cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii population dynamics in California. ” . In 2000 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, 4–8 January, 2000 Edited by: Richter , D. 1162 – 1165 . San Antonio , , U.S. : National Cotton Council .
  • Goldman , B. and Clancy , K. L. 1991 . A survey of organic produce purchases and related attitudes of food coorperative shoppers. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 6 : 89 – 96 .
  • Goldstein , W. A. , Scully , M. J. , Kohl , D. H. and Shearer , G. 1998 . Impact of agricultural management on nitrate concentrations in drainage waters. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 13 ( 3 ) : 105 – 110 .
  • Goodman , D. 2000 . Organic and conventional agriculture: materializing discourse and agro-ecological managerialism. . Agriculture and Human Values , 17 ( 3 ) : 215 – 219 .
  • Granstedt , A. and Kjellenberg , L. 1997 . “ Long-term field experiment in Sweden: effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil fertility and crop quality. ” . In Agricultural production and nutrition: proceedings of a conference Edited by: Lockeretz , W. 79 – 90 . Medford , MA : Tufts University School of Nutrition Science and Policy .
  • Granstedt , A. and Baeckstrom , G. 2000 . Studies of the preceding crop effect of ley in ecological agriculture. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 15 ( 2 ) : 68
  • Greene , K. 2000 . U.S. agriculture gaining ground. . Agricultural Outlook , Vol. 2 ( April ) <www.ers.usda.gov>
  • Greene , K. 2001 . U.S. organic farming emerges in 1990s: adoption of certified systems. , Bulletin No. 770 24 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service .
  • Gunapala , N. , Venette , R. C. , Ferris , H. and Scow , K. M. 1998 . Effects of soil management history on the rate of organic matter decomposition. . Soil Biology & Biochemistry , 30 ( 14 ) : 1917 – 1927 .
  • Gussow , J. D. 1997 . “ Can an Organic Twinkie Be Certified? ” . In For all generations: Making world agriculture more sustainable Edited by: Madden , J. P. and Chaplowe , S. G. 143 – 153 . Glendale , CA : OM Pub. .
  • Guthman , J. 2001 . Organic production in California: Ideal and real. 37 Davis , CA : California Institute for Rural Studies, Report .
  • Haapala , J. 2001 . “ USDA releases final National Organic Plan: received with criticism and acclaim. ” . In Good Tilth: Newsletter of Oregon Tilth. 1 – 21 . OR : Salem . February
  • Haas , G. , Wetterich , F. and Kopke , U. 2001 . Comparing intensive, extensified and organic grassland farming in southern Germany by process life cycle assessment. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 83 : 43 – 53 .
  • Haddad , N. M. , Haarstad , J. and Tilman , D. 2000 . The effects of long-term nitrogen loading on grassland insect communities. . Oecologia , 124 ( 1 ) : 73 – 84 .
  • Haglund , A. , Johansson , L. , Garedal , L. and Dlouthy , J. 1997 . Sensory quality of tomatoes cultivated with ecological fertilizing systems. . Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research , 27 ( 3 ) : 135 – 145 .
  • Halberg , N. 1996 . “ Ethical account to stimulate value reflections on livestock farms. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Hald , A. B. 1999 . Weed vegetation (wild flora) of long established organic versus conventional cereal fields in Denmark. . Annals of Applied Biology , 134 ( 3 ) : 307 – 314 .
  • Hamilton , C. 2000 . Animal health in organic dairy products. . Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation , 347 : 31 – 32 .
  • Hamm , U. 1996 . “ Organic agriculture in a market economy. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Hamm , U. 1997 . “ Organic trade: the potential for growth. ” . In The Future for Organic Trade: the 5th IFOAM International Conference on Trade in Organic Products. Oxford, England. 24–27 September 18 – 21 . Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Hamm , U. 1998 . “ Organic perspectives in international markets. ” . In Organic agriculture the credible solution for the XXIst Century: proceedings of the 12th international IFOAM scientific conference. Mar del Plata, Argentina 266 Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Hansen , B. , Fjelsted , H. and Kristensen , E. S. 2001 . Approaches to assess the environmental impact of organic farming with particular regard to Denmark. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 83 : 11 – 26 .
  • Hanson , J. C. , Lichtenberg , E. and Peters , S. E. 1997 . Organic versus conventional grain production in the mid-Atlantic: an economic and farming system overview. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 12 ( 1 ) : 2
  • Hansson , I. , Hamilton , C. , Ekman , T. and Forslund , K. 2000 . Carcass quality in certified organic production compared with conventional livestock production. . Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health , 47 ( 2 ) : 111 – 120 .
  • Harp , A. and Sachs , C. 1992 . Public agricultural resiearchers: reactions to organic, low input and sustainable agriculture. . Agrculture and Human Values , 9 ( Fall ) : 58 – 63 .
  • Harris , L. 1990 . Organic index. Louis Harris and Associates .
  • Hartman-Group. 1997 . The Evolving Organic Marketplace: A Hartman & New Hope Industry Series Report. Bellevue , WA : New Hope Communications . <www.hartman-group.com>
  • Havens , K. E. and Steinman , A. D. 1995 . “ Aquatic systems. ” . In Soil amendments: impacts on biotic systems Edited by: Rechcigl , J. E. 121 – 147 . Boca Raton : Lewis Publishers. .
  • Hayo , M. G. and Petit , J. 2002 . Evaluation of the environmental impact of agriculture at the farm level: a comparison and analysis of 12 indicator-based methods. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 1922 : 1 – 15 .
  • HealthFocus. 1997 . 1997 HealthFocus Trend Report. HealthFocus . <www.healthfocus.net>
  • Hederson , E. 1998 . “ Getting farmers and consumers together: community supported agriculture in North America. ” . In Organic agriculture the credible solution for the XXIst Century: proceedings of the 12th international IFOAM scientific conference Edited by: Foguelman , D. and Lockeretz , W. 96 – 103 . Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements . Mar del Plata, Argentina
  • Hedin , P. A. , Williams , W. P. , Buckley , P. M. and Davis , F. M. 1993 . Arrestant responses of southwestern corn borer larvae to free amino acids: structure-activity relationships. . Journal of Chemical Ecology , 19 ( 2 ) : 301 – 311 .
  • Helmuth , L. 1998 . Study compares energy use in organic and conventional cotton production. . The Cultivar , Summer/Fall. Agroecology Program, University of California Santa Cruz
  • Hendriks , K. , Stobbelaar , D. J. and van Mansvelt , J. D. 2000 . The appearance of agriculture-An assessment of the quality of landscape of both organic and conventional horticultural farms in West Friesland. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 157 – 175 .
  • Henning , J. 1994 . “ Economics of organic farming in Canada. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 3 – 8 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Hermann , G. 1997 . “ Integrating the social agenda. ” . In The future for organic trade: the 5th IFOAM International Conference on Trade in Organic Products. Oxford, England. 24–27 September. 35 Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Hinrichs , C. C. 2000 . Embeddedness and local food systems: notes on two types of direct agricultural market. . Journal of Rural Studies , 16 ( 3 ) : 295
  • Hirai , T. and Kimura , K. 1979 . Resistance to blast disease of rice plants grown in the non-manured and chemicals non-applied paddy field for long period. . Mem. Fac. Agric. Kinki University , 12 : 189 – 194 .
  • Hoitink , H. A. J. and Boehm , M. J. 1999 . Biocontrol within the context of soil microbial communities: a substrate-dependent phenomenon. . Annual Review of Phytopathology , 37 : 427 – 446 .
  • Holland , J. M. , Frampton , G. K. , Cilgi , T. and Wratten , S. D. 1994 . Arable acronyms analysed: a review of integrated arable farming systems research in western Europe. . Annals of Applied Biology , 125 ( 2 ) : 399 – 438 .
  • Holt-Gimenez , E. 2000 . Hurricane Mitch reveals benefits of sustainable farming techniques. . Global Pesticide Campaigner , 10 ( No. 3 ) : 1 – 13 . Pesticide Action Network
  • Hovi , M. and Garcia Trujillo , R. 2000 . “ Diversity of livestock systems and definition of animal welfare. ” . In Proceedings of the Second NAHWOA Workshop. Cordoba, 8–11 January 2000 165 Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture (NAHWOA) .
  • Howard , Albert . 1940 . An agricultural testament. 253 London, New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Howell-Martens , M. 2001 . Strategies to reduce GM contamination on organic farms. . Acres USA. , March. <www.acresusa.org>
  • Hu , S. , Van Bruggen , A. H. C. , Wakeman , R. J. and Grunwald , N. J. 1997 . Microbial suppression of in vitro growth of Pythium ultimum and disease incidence in relation to soil C and N availability. . Plant and Soil , 195 ( 1 ) : 43 – 52 .
  • IFOAM. 1997 . “ Organic trade: workshop reports. ” . In The future for organic trade: the 5th IFOAM International Conference on Trade in Organic Products. Oxford, England. 24–27 September 33 Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • IFOAM. 1998 . “ The Mar del Plata Declaration: no to genetic engineering. ” . In Organic agriculture the credible solution for the XXIst century: proceedings of the 12th international IFOAM scientific conference. Mar del Plata, Argentina 267 Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • IFOAM. 2000a . Organic agriculture and fair trade: two concepts based on the same holistic principal. Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements . Online report… <www.ifoam.org>
  • IFOAM. 2001a . First draft of 2002 IFOAM basic standards for organic production and processing. Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements . Online report…<www.ifoam.org>
  • IFOAM. 2001b . IFOAM reaction to the USDA regulation: Long-awaited US standards severely restrict the organic movement. Press release, Jan. 15 Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • IFOAM, General Assembly. 2000b . Basic Standards for Organic Production and Processing. Online report. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements. Tholey-Theley, Germany. September. <www.ifoam.org>
  • IOAS. 1999 . Annual report of the IOAS: Implementing the IFOAM Accreditation Programme. 15 International Organic Accreditation Service. Jamestown, ND. p. <www.ifoam.org/accredit>
  • ISI. 1998 . Exclusive citation rankings reveal America's top research universities. . Science Watch , 9 ( 5 ) : 1 – 3 .
  • Jaenicke , E. C. 1998 . From the Ground Up: Exploring Soil Quality's Contribution to Environmental Health. 42 Henry A. Wallace Center for Agricultural & Environmental Policy. Policy Studies Report no. 10. p. <www.hawiaa.org>
  • Jaffee , B. A. , Ferris , H. and Scow , K. M. 1998 . Nematode-trapping fungi in organic and conventional cropping systems. . Phytopathology , 88 ( 4 ) : 344 – 350 .
  • Jeyaratnam , J. 1990 . Acute pesticide poisoning: a major problem. . World Health Statistics Quarterly , 43 : 139 – 144 .
  • Johnson , R. R. , Ziebell , C. D. , Patton , D. R. , Folliot , P. F. and Hamre , R. H. 1985 . Riparian ecosystems and their management: Reconciling conflicting uses. Forest Service , General Technical Report RM-120. Fort Collins , CO : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture .
  • Jolly , D. A. and Norris , K. 1991 . Marketing prospects for organic and pesticide-free produce. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 6 ( 4 ) : 174 – 179 .
  • Jones , D. L. 1999 . Potential health risks associated with the persistence of Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural environments. . Soil Use and Management , 15 ( 2 ) : 76 – 83 .
  • Kaiser , J. 2000 . Agricultural research-Windfall breeds fresh but vulnerable crop of grants. . Science , 287 ( 5452 ) : 402
  • Kajimura , T. , Fujisaki , K. and Nakasuji , F. 1995 . Effect of organic rice farming on leafhoppers and planthoppers 2. Amino acid content in the rice phloem sap and survival rate of planthoppers. . Applied Entomology and Zoology , 30 ( 1 ) : 17 – 22 .
  • Kaufman , M. 2001 . Engineered corn turns up in seed; Companies detect ‘StarLink’ Protein. . Washington Post. , Sec. A, March 1. p. 1
  • Keeler , B. and Sterling , R. 2000 . “ Connecting the dots: John Stossel, ABC and agribusiness. ” . In Natural Foods Merchandiser November Agrichemical giants Dow, Monsanto, ConAgra, and Novartis are leading funders of the Hudson Institute .
  • Kennedy , A. C. and Kremer , R. J. 1996 . Microorganisms in weed control strategies. . Journal of Production Agriculture , 9 ( 4 ) : 480 – 485 .
  • Kienzl-Plochberger , K. and Velimirov , A. 1996 . “ Product quality and interdisciplinary research. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Kiley-Worthington , M. 1996 . “ The importance of Ethology. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Kindberg , E. 2001 . “ Synopsis of USDA violations of OFPA in Final Rule. ” . In Genetically manipulated food news. 4 January. European NGO Network on Genetic Engineering. <http://home.intekom.com/tm_info>
  • Klonsky , K. 2000a . Forces impacting the production of organic foods. . Agriculture and Human Values , 17 : 233 – 243 .
  • Klonsky , K. 2000b . Organics profit from premiums. . California Agriculture , 54 ( 4 ) : 3
  • Klonsky , K. and Tourte , L. 1998 . Organic agricultural production in the United States: debates and directions. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 80 ( 5 ) : 1119 – 1124 .
  • Knorr , D. 1983 . Feasibility of analytical procedures and unit operations for the distinction between organic, natural, or conventional foods. . Biological Agriculture and Horticulture , 2 ( 2 ) : 183 – 194 .
  • Korsaeth , A. and Ragnar , E. 2000 . Nitrogen mass balances in conventional, integrated and ecological cropping systems and the relationship between balance calculations and nitrogen runoff in an 8-year field experiment in Norway. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 79 : 199 – 214 .
  • Kortbech-Olesen , R. 2000 . “ Export opportunities of organic food from developing countries. ” . In WorldOrganics 2000. Conference held in London, UK. 9–10 May Agra Europe (London) Ltd. .
  • Kovach , J. , Petzoldt , C. , Degni , J. and Tette , J. 1992 . A method to measure the environmental impact of pesticides. New York's Food and Life Sciences Bulletin No. 139 IPM Program, Cornell University, New York Agricultural Experiment Station
  • Kremer , R. 1999 . Growth Suppression of Annual Weeds by Deleterious Rhizobacteria Integrated with Cover Crops. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Beltsville, MA. <www.ars.usda.gov>
  • Kristensen , L. 1995 . “ Nitrogen leaching in ecological agriculture: summary and recommendations. ” . In Nitrogen leaching in ecological agriculture: proceedings of an international workshop, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark Edited by: Kristensen , L. 343 Oxon , , UK : A B Academic Publishers .
  • Kuepper , G. 2000 . An overview of organic crop production. 28 Online report. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas Project-Fundamentals of Sustainable Agriculture Series. p. <www.attra.org>
  • Kuiper , J. 2000 . A checklist approach to evaluate the contribution of organic farms to landscape quality. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 143 – 156 .
  • Lacy , W. B. 1993 . Can agricultural colleges meet the needs of sustainable agriculture? . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 8 ( 1 ) : 40
  • Lacy , W. B. 2000 . Commercialization of university research brings benefits, raises issues and concerns. . Calif. Agric. , 54 ( 4 ) : 72 – 79 .
  • Lampkin , N. 1990 . Organic farming. 557 – 579 . Ipswich, New York : Farming Press. .
  • Lampkin , N. H. 1994 . “ Estimating the impact of widespread conversion to organic farming on land use and physical output in the United Kindom. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 343 – 359 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 1994a . “ Organic farming: sustainable agriculture in practice. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 3 – 8 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 1994b . “ Organic farming and agricultural policy in Western Europe: an overview. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 437 – 456 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Larson , K. L. and Duram , L. A. 2000 . Information dissemination in alternative agriculture research: an analysis of researchers in the North Central region. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 15 : 171 – 180 .
  • Lazarus , S. A. and Schmitz , H. H. 2000 . Dietary flavonoids may promote health, prevent heart disease. . California Agriculture , 54 ( 5 ) : 33 – 39 .
  • Le Noallec , C. 1999 . “ Organic food: lies and profits-bio business is big business. ” . In Le Monde Diplomatique March. <www.monde-diplomatique.fr/en>
  • Lefol , E. , Fleury , A. and Darmency , H. 1996 . Gene dispersal from transgenic crops. 2. Hybridization between oilseed rape and the wild heavy mustard. . Sexual Plant Reproduction , 9 ( 4 ) : 189 – 196 .
  • Letourneau , D. K. and Goldstein , B. 2001 . Pest damage and arthropod community structure in organic vs. conventional tomato production in California. . J. Appl. Ecol. , 38 : 557 – 570 .
  • Levitan , L. , Merwin , I. and Kovach , J. 1995 . Assessing the relative environmental impacts of agricultural pesticides-the quest for a holistic method. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 55 ( 3 ) : 153 – 168 .
  • Lewis , W. J. , vanLenteren , J. C. , Phatak , S. C. and Tumlinson , J. H. 1997 . A total system approach to sustainable pest management. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 94 ( 23 ) : 12243 – 12248 .
  • Liebhardt , W. C. 2001 . “ Get the facts straight: organic agriculture yields are good. ” . In Organic Farming Research Foundation Information Bulletin , Summer (No. 10) 1 – 7 .
  • Liebhardt , W. C. , Andrews , R. W. , Culik , M. N. , Harwood , R. R. , Janke , R. R. , Radke , J. K. and Rieger-Schwartz , S. L. 1989 . Crop production during conversion from conventional to low-input methods. . Agronomy Journal , 81 ( 2 ) : 150 – 159 .
  • Linder , M. C. 1985 . “ Food quality and its determinants from field to table: Growing food, its storage, and preparations. ” . In Nutritional biochemistry and metabolism Edited by: Linder , M. C. New York , NY : Elsevier .
  • Lipson , M. 1997 . Searching for the O-Word: analyzing the USDA current information system for pertinence to organic farming. 82 Santa Cruz, CA: Organic Farming Research Foundation. p. <www.ofrf.org>
  • Liu , L. , Punja , Z. K. and Rahe , J. E. 1997 . Altered root exudation and suppression of induced lignification as mechanisms of predisposition by glyphosate of bean roots (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to colonization by Pythium spp. . Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology , 51 ( 2 ) : 111 – 127 .
  • Lockeretz , W. , Shearer , G. and Kohl , D. H. 1981 . Organic farming in the corn belt. . Science , 211 : 540 – 546 .
  • Lohr , L. 1998 . Implications of organic certification for market structure and trade. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 80 ( 5 ) : 1125 – 1129 .
  • Lohr , L. and Salomonsson , L. 2000 . Conversion subsidies for organic production: results from Sweden and lessons for the United States. . Agricultural Economics , 22 ( 2 ) : 133 – 146 .
  • Lord , E. I. , Russell , K. and Shepherd , M. A. 1995 . Measuring the effects of husbandry on nitrate leaching using porous ceramic cups and soil sampling. . Biological Agriculture & Horticulture , 11 ( 1–4 ) : 257 – 264 .
  • Lotter , D. W. , Granett , J. and Omer , A. D. 1999 . Differences in grape phylloxera-related grapevine root damage in organically and conventionally managed vineyards in California. . Hortscience , 34 ( 3 ) : 472 – 473 .
  • Luna , J. , Colley , M. and Staben , M. 1999 . Enhancing biological control with beneficial insectary plants. . Organic Farming Research Foundation Information Bulletin , 6 : 7 – 11 . <www.ofrf.org>
  • MacNaeidhe , F. S. and Culleton , N. 2000 . The application of parameters designed to measure nature conservation and landscape development on Irish farms. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 65 – 78 .
  • Mader , P. , Edenhofer , S. , Boller , T. , Wiemken , A. and Niggli , U. 2000 . Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic, biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation. . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 31 ( 2 ) : 150 – 156 .
  • Mandelbaum , R. and Hadar , Y. 1990 . Effects of available carbon source on microbial activity and suppression of Pythium aphanidermatum in compost and peat container media. . Phytopathology , 80 ( 9 ) : 794 – 804 .
  • Marquardt , S. 2000 . “ Organic cotton: production trends in the U.S. and globally. ” . In 2000 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, 4–8 January Edited by: Richter Dugger , P. and Richter Dugger , D. 360 – 361 . US : San Antonio .
  • Matson , P. A. , Parton , W. J. , Power , A. G. and Swift , M. J. 1997 . Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. . Science , 277 ( 5325 ) : 504 – 509 .
  • McCann , E. , Sullivan , S. , Erickson , D. and De Young , R. 1997 . Environmental awareness, economic orientation, and farming practices: a comparison of organic and conventional farmers. . Environmental Management , 21 ( 5 ) : 747 – 758 .
  • McCarrison , R. 1926 . The effect of manurial conditions on the nutritive and vitamin values of millet and wheat. . Indian Journal of Medical Research , 14 : 351 – 378 .
  • McDade , M. C. and Christians , N. E. 2000 . Corn gluten meal-A natural preemergence herbicide: effect on vegetable seedling survival and weed cover. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 15 ( 4 ) : 189 – 191 .
  • McLaughlin , A. and Mineau , P. 1995 . The impact of agricultural practices on biodiversity. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 55 ( 3 ) : 201 – 212 .
  • Mendenhall , A. 2001 . Executive Director Demeter Association: Aurora, NY.personal communication. <www.biodynamics.com>
  • Merton , I. 1998 . “ The company perspective: entering the marketplace. ” . In Organic agriculture the credible solution for the XXIst century: Proceedings of the 12th international IFOAM scientific conference. Mar del Plata, Argentina 21 – 23 . Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Midmore , P. and Lampkin , N. H. 1994 . “ Modelling the impact of widespread conversion to organic farming: an overview. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 371 – 379 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Mitchell , J. P. , Lanini , W. T. , Temple , S. R. , Herrero , E. V. , Miyao , E. M. , Brostrom , P. , Morse , R. and Thomas , F. 1999 . Conservation tillage row crop production in California (abstract). . Hortscience , 34 ( 3 ) : 522
  • Moffat , A. S. 1998 . Ecology-Global nitrogen overload problem grows critical. . Science , 279 ( 5353 ) : 988 – 989 .
  • Morabia , A. , Bernstein , M. S. , Heritier , S. and Beer-Borst , S. 1999 . A Swiss population-based assessment of dietary habits before and after the March 1996 ‘mad cow disease’ crisis. . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 53 ( 2 ) : 158
  • Moreby , S. J. , Aebisher , J. J. and Sotherton , N. W. 1994 . A comparison of the flora and arthropod fauna of organically and conventionally grown winter wheat in southern England. . Annals of Applied Biology , 125 : 13 – 27 .
  • Morrison , A. C. 1937 . Man in a chemical world; the service of chemical industry. 292 New York, London : C. Scribner's Sons Ltd. .
  • Muramoto , J. 2000 . Comparison of nitrate content in leafy vegetables from organic and conventional farms in California. . Organic Farming Research Foundation Newsletter , Vol. 8 Summer. <www.ofrf.org>
  • Committee on Long-Range Soil and Water Conservation and National-Research-Council. 1993 . “ Opportunities to improve soil and water quality. ” . In Soil and water quality: an agenda for agriculture. 35 – 106 . Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • NBJ. 1999 . “ Organic and functional foods pump natural foods sales. ” . In Nutrition Business Journal 1 – 2 . IV(3) (March). <www.nutritionbusiness.com>
  • Neera , P. , Katano , M. and Hasegawa , T. 1999 . Comparison of rice yield after various years of cultivation by natural farming. . Plant Production Science , 2 ( 1 ) : 58 – 64 .
  • Neven , Lisa G. and Elizabeth , J Mitcham . 1996 . CATTS (controlled atmosphere/temperature treatment system): A novel tool for the development of quarantine treatments. . American Entomologist , 42 ( 1 ) : 56 – 63 .
  • NFM. 1998a . “ Ich bin ein organic. ” . In Natural Foods Merchandiser (December). <www.nfm-online.com>
  • NFM. 1998b . “ New OTA study finds meteoric growth for organic foods products. ” . In Natural Foods Merchandiser (December). <www.nfm-online.com>
  • Norberg-Hodge , H. 2000 . Is organic enough? . Ecologist , 30 ( 7 ) : 45
  • NRS. 1993 . “ Fate and transport of pesticides: An agenda for agriculture, by the National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Long-Range Soil Water Conservation. ” . In Soil and water quality: an agenda for agriculture. 313 – 335 . Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • O.U. 2000 . “ Organic sports fields. ” . In Organic Update. December. <www.organic-research.com>
  • OFRF. 2001 . National Organic Certifiers Directory. Organic Farming Research Foundation. Santa Cruz, CA. <www.ofrf.org>
  • Ogini , Y. , Stonehouse , D. P. and Clark , E. A. 1999 . Comparison of organic and conventional dairy farms in Ontario. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 14 ( 3 ) : 122
  • Olkowski , W. 2000 . Mass trapping western spotted cucumber beetles. . Organic Farming Research Foundation Newsletter , 8 : 17 – 22 . <www.ofrf.org>
  • OTA. 2001 . North American Draft Organic Fiber Standards: Post Harvest Handling, Processing, Labeling, Auditing. Organic Trade Association. March 29, 2001. <www.ota.com>
  • Ott , S. , Misra , S. and Huang , C. 1991 . Improving supermarket sales of organic produce. . Food Review , 14 ( Jan-March ) : 6 – 8 .
  • Packer . 1998 . “ A profile of fresh produce consumers. ” . In The Packer Fresh Trends Vol. XCIX, No. 54. Vance Publishing Corporation. Overland Park, KS. <www.pma.com>
  • Padel , S. and Lampkin , N. H. 1994a . “ Conversion to organic farming: an overview. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 295 – 313 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Padel , S. and Lampkin , N. H. 1994b . “ Farm-level performance of organic farming systems: an overview. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 201 – 219 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Padgitt , S. , Petrzelka , P. , Wintersteen , W. and Imerman , E. 2001 . Integrated crop management: the other precision agriculture. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. , 16 ( 1 ) : 16 – 25 .
  • Pang , X. P. and Letey , J. 2000 . Organic farming: challenge of timing nitrogen availability to crop nitrogen requirements. . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 64 ( 1 ) : 247 – 253 .
  • Paoletti , M. 1999a . The role of earthworms for assesment of sustainability and as bioindicators. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 74 : 137 – 155 .
  • Paoletti , M. 1999b . Using bioindicators based on biodiversity to assess landscape sustainability. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 74 : 1 – 18 .
  • Papavizas , G. C. and Adams , P. B. 1969 . Survival of root-infecting fungi in soil. . Phytopathology , 59 : 371 – 378 .
  • Payson , S. , Lin , B. and Wertz , J. 1994 . Some barriers to organic produce at the wholesale level. . Food Review , 17 ( 2 ) : 23
  • Pell , A. N. 1997 . Manure and microbes: public and animal health problem? . Journal of Dairy Science , 80 ( 10 ) : 2673 – 2681 .
  • Peters , S. E. 1994 . “ Conversion to low-input farming systems in Pennsylvania, USA: an evaluation of the Rodale Farming Systems Trial and related economic studies. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 265 – 284 . CAB : Wallingford, UK. .
  • Petersen , C. , Drinkwater , L. and Wagoner , P. 1999 . The Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial: the first 15 years. 40 The Rodale Institute. Kutztown, PA. p. <www.rodaleinstitute.org>
  • Pettersson , B. D. 1977 . A comparison between conventional and bio-dynamic farming systems as indicated by yields and quality. . Biodynamics , 124 : 19 – 27 .
  • Phelan , P. L. 1999 . “ Soil-management history and the role of plant mineral balance as a determinant of maize susceptibility to the European corn borer. ” . In Entomological research in organic agriculture: selected papers from a European Workshop Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research, Vienna, Austria Edited by: Kromp , B. 25 – 34 . Bicester : A. B. Academic. .
  • Phelan , P. L. , Norris , K. H. and Mason , J. F. 1996 . Soil-management history and host preference by Ostrinia nubilalis: evidence for plant mineral balance mediating insect-plant interactions. . Environmental Entomology , 25 ( 6 ) : 1329 – 1336 .
  • Piamonte-Peqa , R. 1996 . “ Yield, quality and post-harvest conservation of carrots. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Session S23. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Piorr , H. 1996 . “ Implications of Spreading Org. Farming in North Germany. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Session W3/P2. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Pollan , M. 2001 . The organic-industrial complex. . New York Times. , May 13
  • Porceddu , E. and Rabbinge , R. 1997 . Role of research and education in the development of agriculture in Europe. . European Journal of Agronomy , 7 ( 1–3 ) : 1 – 13 .
  • Power , J. F. and Doran , J. W. 1984 . “ N use in organic farming. ” . In Nitrogen in crop production: proceedings of a symposium Edited by: Hauck , R. D. Madison , WI : American Society of Agronomy .
  • Pretty , J. and Hine , R. 2001 . Reducing food poverty with sustainable agriculture: a summary of new evidence. SAFE Research Project 136 Wivenhoe Park , , UK : University of Essex .
  • Pretty , J. N. 1995 . Regenerating agriculture: policies and practice for sustainability and self-reliance. 320 London : Earthscan .
  • QAI. 2001 . “The Basics” for Shipment to the EU. Quality Assurance International. San Diego, CA. <www.qai-inc.com>
  • Raunolds , L. T. 2000 . Re-embedding global agriculture: the international organic and fair trade movements. . Agriculture and Human Values , 17 ( 3 ) : 297 – 309 .
  • Raupp , J. 1997 . “ Yield, product quality and soil life after long-term organic or mineral fertilization. ” . In Agricultural production and nutrition: proceedings of a conference Edited by: Lockeretz , W. 91 – 101 . Medford , MA : Tufts University School of Nutrition Science and Policy .
  • Refsgaard , K. , Halberg , N. and Kristensen , E. S. 1998 . Energy utilization in crop and dairy production in organic and conventional livestock production systems. . Agricultural Systems , 57 ( 4 ) : 599 – 630 .
  • Reganold , J. P. 1995 . Soil quality and profitability of biodynamic and conventional farming systems: a review. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 10 ( 1 ) : 36 – 46 .
  • Reganold , J. P. , Glover , J. D. , Andrews , P. K. and Hinman , H. R. 2001 . Sustainability of three apple production systems. . Nature , 410 ( 6831 ) : 926 – 930 .
  • Reganold , J. P. , Palmer , A. S. , Lockhart , J. C. and Macgregor , A. N. 1993 . Soil quality and financial performance of biodynamic and conventional farms in New-Zealand. . Science , 260 ( 5106 ) : 344 – 349 .
  • Reuters . 1999 . “ Survey: Europeans hungry for more natural food. ” . In CNN Interactive. London. Feb. 22, 1999. <www.cnn.com>
  • Rhodes , M. J. C. and Price , K. R. 1997 . Identification and analysis of plant phenolic antioxidants. . European Journal of Cancer Prevention , 6 ( 6 ) : 518 – 521 .
  • Riddle , J. 1998 . “ Research needs from the organic farm inspector's perspectives. ” . In Organic farming and marketing research—New partnerships and priorities: Proceedings of the Workshop. USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service 47 Washington , DC : Organic Farming Research Foundation's Scientific Congress on Organic Agricultural Research .
  • Rigby , D. and Caceres , D. 2001 . Organic farming and the sustainability of agricultural systems. . Agricultural Systems , 68 : 21 – 40 .
  • Robertson , G. P. , Paul , E. A. and Harwood , R. R. 2000 . Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture: contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere. . Science , 289 ( 5486 ) : 1922 – 1925 .
  • Robinson , A. Y. 1991 . Sustainable agriculture: the wildlife connection. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 6 ( 4 ) : 161 – 167 .
  • Rodale , J. I. 1945 . Pay dirt: farming & gardening with composts. 245 Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press .
  • Roinila , P. and Granstedt , A. 1996 . “ Development of Product Quality. ” . In 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Rosset , P. M. and Altieri , M. A. 1997 . Agroecology versus input substitution: a fundamental contradiction of sustainable agriculture. . Society & Natural Resources , 10 ( 3 ) : 283 – 295 .
  • Rossi , R. and Nota , D. 2000 . Nature and landscape production potentials of organic types of agriculture: a check of evaluation criteria and parameters in two Tuscan farm-landscapes. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 53 – 64 .
  • Rutenberg , J. 2000 . Report on organic foods challenged. . New York Times. , July 31. p. C 11
  • Rutenberg , J. and Barringer , F. 2000 . Apology highlights ABC reporter's contrarian image. . New York Times. , Aug. 14. p. C1
  • Ryan , M. H. , Chilvers , G. A. and Dumaresq , D. C. 1994 . Colonisation of wheat by VA-mycorrhizal fungi was found to be higher on a farm managed in an organic manner than on a conventional neighbour. . Plant and Soil , 160 ( 1 ) : 33 – 40 .
  • Rydberg , N. T. and Milberg , P. 2000 . A survey of weeds in organic farming in Sweden. . Biological Agriculture & Horticulture , 18 ( 2 ) : 175 – 185 .
  • Sahs , W. , Helmers , G. , Lesoing , G. and Francis , C. 1998 . “ Economic and biological impacts of long-term rotations in Nebraska, USA. ” . In Organic agriculture the credible solution for the XXIst Century: proceedings of the 12th international IFOAM scientific conference. Mar del Plata, Argentina 116 – 124 . Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Sams , C. 1997 . “ Integrating the social agenda-the benefits to business. ” . In The future for organic trade: the 5th IFOAM international conference on trade in organic products. Oxford, England. 24–27 September 38 – 41 . Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Schifferstein , H. N. J. and Ophuis , Pamo . 1998 . Health-related determinants of organic food consumption in the Netherlands. . Food Quality and Preference , 9 ( 3 ) : 119 – 133 .
  • Schmid , O. and Lovisolo , R. 1998 . “ The development of Codex Alimentarius guidelines of FAO/WHO and possible impacts on the development of organic food production. ” . In Organic agriculture the credible solution for the XXIst Century: proceedings of the 12th international IFOAM scientific conference Edited by: Lockeretz , D. and Lockeretz Foguelman , W. 25 – 33 . Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements . Mar del Plata, Argentina
  • Schuphan , W. 1974 . Nutritional value of crops as influenced byorganic and inorganic fertilizer treatments: results of 12 years' experiments with vegetables. . Qualitas Plantarum, Plant Foods for Human Nutrition , 23 ( 4 ) : 333 – 358 .
  • Scofield , A. M. 1986 . Organic farming-the origin of the name. . Biological Agriculture and Horticulture , 4 : 1 – 5 .
  • Seemueller , M. 2000 . Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Landbewirtschaftungssysteme auf die Ernaehrungssituation in Deutschland in Abhaengigkeit des Konsumverhaltens der Verbraucher. OEko-Institut e.V. Freiburg, DE. 114 p. ISBN 3–934490-08–5
  • Segger , P. 1997 . “ World trade in organic foods: a growing reality. ” . In The future for organic trade: the 5th IFOAM international conference on trade in organic products. Oxford, England. 24–27 September Edited by: Maxted-Frost , T. 14 – 15 . Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Sharpley , A. N. , Daniel , T. , Sims , T. , Lemunyon , J. , Stevens , R. and Parry , R. 1999 . Agricultural phosphorus and eutrophication. , ARS-149. United States Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service .
  • Siegrist , S. , Schaub , D. , Pfiffner , L. and Mader , P. 1998 . Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility? The results of a long-term field study on loess in Switzerland. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 69 ( 3 ) : 253 – 264 .
  • Smith , R. , Lanini , W. T. , Gaskell , M. , Mitchell , J. , Koike , S. T. and Fouche , C. 2000 . Weed management for organic crops. 5 Vegetable Research and Information Center-University of California-Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Davis, CA. Publication 7250. p. <www.sfc.ucdavis.edu>
  • Smolik , J. D. , Dobbs , T. L. and Rickerl , D. H. 1995 . The relative sustainability of alternative, conventional and reduced-till farming system. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 10 ( 1 ) : 25
  • Socolow , R. H. 1999 . Nitrogen management and the future of food: lessons from the management of energy and carbon. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 96 ( 11 ) : 6001 – 6008 .
  • Soil Association. 2000 . The biodiversity benefits of organic farming. The Soil Association. Bristol, UK. <www.soilassociation.org>
  • Soil Association. 2001 . Organic food and farming report 2000. The Soil Association. Bristol, UK. <www.soilassociation.org>
  • Sombrock , W. G. and Gommes , R. 1996 . “ The climate change-agriculture conundrum. ” . In Global climate change and agricultural production Edited by: Bazzaz , F. A. and Sombroek , W. G. 1 – 14 . Chichester; New York : FAO; Wiley .
  • Spence , P. 1999 . “ Natural Products Consumer Reports: Nationwide sample of 52,000 households matched to U.S. Census figures. ” . In Presented at conference: organic: growing into the 21st Century. Berkeley , CA : Organic Farming Research Foundation . Aug. 1–3
  • Staiger , D. 1988 . “ The nutritional value of foods from conventional and biodynamic agriculture-feeding trial to ascertain the effects on the fertility of rabbits ” . In IFOAM Bulletin Vol. 4 , 9 – 12 . Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements . <www.ifoam.org>
  • Stanhill , G. 1990 . The comparative productivity of organic agriculture. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 30 ( 1–2 ) : 1 – 26 .
  • Stobbelaar , D. J. , Kuiper , J. , van Mansvelt , J. D. and Kabourakis , E. 2000 . Landscape quality on organic farms in the Messara valley, Crete Organic farms as components in the landscape. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 79 – 93 .
  • Stobbelaar , D. J. and van Mansvelt , J. D. 2000 . The process of landscape evaluation Introduction to the 2nd special AGEE issue of the concerted action: “The landscape and nature production capacity of organic/sustainable types of agriculture.” . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 1 – 15 .
  • Stolze , M. , Piorr , A. , Häring , A. and Dabbert , S. 2000 . “ The environmental impact of organic farming in Europe. ” . In Organic farming in Europe: economics and policy. Hohenheim , , Germany : University of Hohenheim .
  • Stonehouse , D. P. 1996 . Initial technical and economic comparisons of different farming systems in Ontario, Canada. . Biological Agriculture and Horticulture , 13 : 371 – 386 .
  • Stopes , C. , Measures , M. , Smith , C. and Foster , L. 1995 . “ Hedgerow management in organic farming-impact on biodiversity. ” . In Biodiversity and land use: the role of organic farming. Proc. First ENOF Workshop Edited by: Isart , J. and Llerena Bonn , J. 121 – 125 .
  • Swift , J. J. 1994 . “ Maintaining the biological status of soil: a key to sustainable land management? ” . In Soil resilience and sustainable land use: proceedings of a symposium held in Budapest; 28 September to 2 October 1992, including the Second Workshop on the Ecological Foundations of Sustainable Agriculture (WEFSA II) Edited by: Szabolcs Greenland , D. J. and Szabolcs Greenland , I. 235 – 247 . Wallingford , , UK : CAB International .
  • Syliva , D. M. and Williams , S. E. 1992 . “ Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and environmental stress. ” . In Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture: proceedings of a symposium, 31 Oct. 1991 Edited by: Bethlenfalvay , G. J. and Linderman , R. G. 101 – 124 . Denver , CO : American Society of Agronomy: Crop Science Society of America: Soil Science Society of America .
  • Syltie , P. W. , Dahnke , W. C. and Harrold , R. L. 1982 . Nutritional value of hard red spring wheat grain protein as influenced by fertilization and cultivar. . Agronomy Journal , 74 : 366 – 371 .
  • Tate , W. B. 1994 . “ The development of the organic industry and market: an international perspective. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 11 – 26 . Wallingford , , UK : CAB .
  • Taylor , C. , Hoffmann , I. and Leitzmann , C. 1999 . “ The evaluation of bread as part of assessing the ecological impact of different dietary habits. ” . In Managing for ecosystem health: Int. Cong. on Ecosys. Health. Sacramento, CA. Aug. 15–20 Davis : Genetic Resources Conservation Program, University of California .
  • Teasdale , J. 1998 . “ Organic research at the USDA Beltsville Research Center. ” . In Organic farming and marketing research-New partnerships and priorities: proceedings of the workshop. USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service 47 Washington , DC : Organic Farming Research Foundation's Scientific Congress on Organic Agricultural Research .
  • Tellarini , V. and Caporali , F. 2000 . An input/output methodology to evaluate farms as sustainable agroecosystems: an application of indicators to farms in central Italy. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 111 – 123 .
  • Thies , C. and Tscharntke , T. 1999 . Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems. . Science , 285 ( 5429 ) : 893 – 895 .
  • Thompson , G. D. and Kidwell , J. 1998 . Explaining the choice of organic produce: cosmetic defects, prices, and consumer preferences. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 80 ( 2 ) : 277 – 287 .
  • Thompson , G. D. 1998 . Consumer demand for organic foods: what we know and what we need to know. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 80 ( 5 ) : 1113 – 1118 .
  • Tilman , D. 1999 . Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: the need for sustainable and efficient practices. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 96 ( 11 ) : 5995 – 6000 .
  • Tooby , J. 2001 . State of the States: organic farming systems research at land grant institutions 2000–2001. Vol. (Galley proof). 44 Santa Cruz , CA : Organic Farming Research Foundation .
  • Tourte , L. and Klonsky , K. 1998 . “ Organic agriculture in California: a statistical review. ” . In AIC issues brief; no. 6. 6 Davis , CA : University of California Agricultural Issues Center .
  • Trewavas , A. J. 2001 . The population/biodiversity paradox. Agricultural efficiency to save wilderness. . Plant Physiology , 125 ( 1 ) : 174 – 179 .
  • Trusted-Brands. 2000 . Trends in Agriculture 2000. Survey by Association of Leading Ag Media Companies. <www.agmedia.org>
  • UNCTAD/WHO . 1999 . Organic food and beverages: world supply and major European markets. International Trade Centre . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Geneva. <www.intracen.org>
  • USDA. 2000a . FY 2001 Appropriation for CSREES Programs, FY 2001 President's Budget Proposal and Previous Appropriations. USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service. Washington, DC. Nov. 17. <www.reeusda.gov>
  • USDA. 2000b . Glickman announces national standards for organic food. USDA Office of Communications. Release No. 0425.00. Dec. 20
  • USDA. 2000c . USDA National Organic Program Final Rule. Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA. Washington, DC. [Docket Number: TMD-00–02-FR]RIN: 0581-AA40. Dec. 20. 554
  • USDA . 2000d . “ Implications of U.S. and global organic dairy, livestock, and poultry production for international trade. ” . In FAS Online Foreign Agriculture Service . Dec 20. <www.fas.usda.gov>
  • USDA . 1994 . Summary Report: 1992 National Resources Inventory. Washington , DC : USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Conservation Service .
  • USDA-FAS. 1998 . FAS Online: Organic Perspectives Newsletter. USDA Foreign Agriculture Service. June. <www.fas.usda.gov>
  • USGS. 1999 . National findings and their implications for water policies and strategies. 1225 U.S. Geological Survey. Circular .
  • Vaarst , M. 2000 . “ Methodology in animal health and welfare research in organic livestock. ” . In Proceedings of the second NAHWOA workshop , Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture (NAHWOA): Cordoba, 8–11 January 2000 Edited by: Hovi , M. and Garcia Trujillo , R. 22 – 24 .
  • van Elsen , T. 2000 . Species diversity as a task for organic agriculture in Europe. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 101 – 109 .
  • Vandeman , A. 1998 . “ Price premiums for organic fresh and processed foods. ” . In Organic farming and marketing research-New partnerships and priorities: proceedings of the workshop. USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service 47 Washington , DC : Organic Farming Research Foundation's Scientific Congress on Organic Agricultural Research .
  • vander Werf , E. , Kariuki , J. and Onduru , D. D. 1997 . Methodological issues in comparative agro-economic on-farm research assessments of organic versus conventional farming techniques. . Biological Agriculture & Horticulture , 14 ( 1 ) : 53 – 69 .
  • van Mansvelt , J. D. , Stobbelaar , D. J. and Hendriks , K. 1998 . Comparison of landscape features in organic and conventional farming systems. . Landscape and Urban Planning , 41 ( 3–4 ) : 209 – 227 .
  • Vitousek , P. M. , Aber , J. D. , Howarth , R. W. , Likens , G. E. , Matson , P. A. , Schindler , D. W. , Schlesinger , W. H. and Tilman , D. G. 1997 . Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. . Ecological Applications , 7 ( 3 ) : 737 – 750 .
  • von Wiren-Lehr , S. 2001 . Sustainability in agriculture-an evaluation of principal goal-oriented concepts to close the gap between theory and practice. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 84 : 115 – 129 .
  • Vos , T. 2000 . Visions of the middle landscape: organic farming and the politics of nature. . Agriculture and Human Values , 17 ( 3 ) : 245 – 256 .
  • Walz , E. 1999 . Third Biennial National Organic Farmers' Survey. 124 Santa Cruz, CA: Organic Farming Research Foundation. p. <www.ofrf.org>
  • Wang , R. , Xu , H. and Mridha , M. 2000 . Nitrogen metabolism affects resitance to Phytophthora. . J. Crop Prod. , 3 ( 1 ) : 77 – 84 .
  • Wang , G. Y. , Abe , T. , Sasahara , T. and Wang , G. Y. 1998 . Concentrations of Kjeldahl-digested nitrogen, amylose, and amino acids in milled grains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated under organic and customary farming practices. . Japanese Journal of Crop Science , 67 ( 3 ) : 307 – 311 .
  • Wedin , D. A. and Tilman , D. 1996 . Influence of nitrogen loading and species composition on the carbon balance of grasslands. . Science , 274 ( 5293 ) : 1720 – 1723 .
  • Weeden , C. L. , Shelton , A. M. and Hoffmann , M. P. 2001a . “ In: ” . In Biological Control: a guide to natural enemies in North America (online). Cornell University. <www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol>
  • Weeden , C. L. , Shelton , A. M. and Hoffmann , M. P. 2001b . “ Pathogens and antagonists of plant disease and post-harvest decay. ” . In Biological Control: a guide to natural enemies in North America (online). Cornell University. <www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol>
  • Weiss , H. and Bradley , R. S. 2001 . What drives societal collapse? . Science , 291 ( 5506 ) : 988
  • Wells , A. T. , Chan , K. Y. and Cornish , P. S. 2000 . Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 80 ( 1–2 ) : 47 – 60 .
  • Welsh , J. P. , Bulson , H. A. J. , Stopes , C. E. , Froud-Williams , R. J. and Murdoch , A. J. 1999 . The critical weed-free period in organically-grown winter wheat. . Annals of Applied Biology , 134 ( 3 ) : 315 – 320 .
  • Welsh , R. 1998 . “ The economics of organic grain production in the Midwest. ” . In Organic farming and marketing research-New partnerships and priorities: proceedings of the workshop. USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service 33 – 35 . Washington , DC : Organic Farming Research Foundation's Scientific Congress on Organic Agricultural Research .
  • Welsh , R. 1999 . The economics of organic grain and soybean production in the Midwestern United States. 34 Report from Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. p. <www.hawiaa.org>
  • Werner , M. and Brown , M. 1998 . “ On-farm measurements of soil health. ” . In Organic Farming Research Foundation Newsletter (Summer, #5). <www.ofrf.org>
  • Wijnands , F. G. 1997 . Integrated crop protection and environment exposure to pesticides: methods to reduce use and impact of pesticides in arable farming. . European Journal of Agronomy , 7 ( 1–3 ) : 251 – 260 .
  • Willer , H. 2001 . Organic agriculture in the five continents. Stiflung Okologie, & Landbau. Bad Durkheim, Germany. 134 <www.soel.de>
  • Witte , W. 1998 . Medical consequences of antibiotic use in agriculture. . Science , 279 ( 5353 ) : 996 – 997 .
  • Woese , K. , Lange , D. , Boess , C. and Bogl , K. W. 1997 . A comparison of organically and conventionally grown foods-Results of a review of the relevant literature. . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 74 ( 3 ) : 281 – 293 .
  • Woodward , L. 1998 . Can organic farming feed the world? . Ecology and Farming , 19 : 20 – 21 .
  • Woodward , L. and Meier-Ploeger , A. 1998 . “Raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens”: consumers perceptions of organic food quality. ” . In Organic agriculture the credible solution for the XXIst Century: proceedings of the 12th international IFOAM scientific conference. Mar del Plata, Argentina. 81 – 88 . Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Workneh , F. and Van Bruggen , A. H. C. 1994 . Suppression of corky root of tomatoes in soils from organic farms associated with soil microbial activity and nitrogen status of soil and tomato tissue. . Phytopathology , 84 ( 7 ) : 688 – 694 .
  • Worthington , V. 1999 . Nutrition and biodynamics: evidence for the nutritional superiority of organic crops. . Biodynamics , 224 : 58 – 69 .
  • Wyland , L. J. , Jackson , L. E. , Chaney , W. E. , Klonsky , K. , Koike , S. T. and Kimple , B. 1996 . Winter cover crops in a vegetable cropping system-Impacts on nitrate leaching, soil water, crop yield, pests and management costs. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 59 ( 1–2 ) : 1 – 17 .
  • Wynen , E. 1994 . “ Economics of organic farming in Australia. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 185 – 199 . Wallingford , , UK : CAB .
  • Wynen , E. 1996 . “ Change towards organic broadacre agriculture. ” . In 11th IFOAM scientific conference. Copenhagen, Denmark. 11–15 August Tholey-Theley , , Germany : International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements .
  • Wyngate , P. 1999 . “ Organic dairy: the little niche that could. ” . In Natural Foods Merchandiser (May). <www.nfm-online.com>
  • Xu , W. and Mage , J. A. 2001 . A review of concepts and criteria for assessing agroecosystem health including a preliminary case study of southern Ontario. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 83 ( 3 ) : 215 – 233 .
  • Yepsen , R. B. 1976 . Organic plant protection: a comprehensive reference on controlling insects and diseases in the garden, orchard and yard without using chemicals. 688 Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press .
  • Zerger , U. and Bossel , H. 1997 . “ Comparative analysis of future development paths for agricultural production systems in Germany. ” . In The economics of organic farming Edited by: Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 371 – 380 . Wallingford , , UK : CAB International .
  • Zhang , W. , Dick , W. A. and Hoitink , H. A. J. 1996 . Compost-induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumber to pythium root rot and anthracnose. . Phytopathology , 86 ( 10 ) : 1066 – 1070 .
  • Zhang , W. , Han , D. Y. , Dick , W. A. , Davis , K. R. and Hoitink , H. A. J. 1998 . Compost and compost water extract-induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumber and . Arabidopsis. Phytopathology , 88 ( 5 ) : 450 – 455 .
  • Zwankhuizen , M. J. , Govers , F. and Zadoks , J. C. 1998 . Development of potato late blight epidemics: disease foci, disease gradients, and infection sources. . Phytopathology , 88 ( 8 ) : 754 – 763 .
  • Zygmont , J. 2000 . “ New U.S. risk protection legislation includes organics. ” . In FAS Online: Organic Perspectives Newsletter (August). <www.fas.usda.gov/>

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.