Chromium Phytotoxicity Alters Metabolism in Radish

LITERATURE CITED

• Adriano , D. C. 1986 . Trace elements in the terrestrial environment , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Agarwala , S. C. and Chatterjee , C. 1996 . “ Techniques in micronutrient research ” . In Advancements in micronutrient research , Edited by: Hemantranjan , A. 401 – 452 . Jodhpur, , India : Scientific Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Agarwala , S. C. , Bisht , S. S. and Sharma , C. P. 1977 . Relative effectiveness of certain heavy metals in producing toxicity and symptoms of iron in barley. . Journal of Vegetable Crop Production , 55 : 1299 – 1307 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , A. J. , Meyer , D. R. and Mayer , F. K. 1973 . Heavy metal toxicities: Levels of nickel, cobalt and chromium in the soil and plants associated with visual symptoms and variation in growth of an oat crop. . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 24 : 557 – 571 .
   Google Scholar
• Arora , S. K. and Joshi , U. N. 1997 . Chromium pollution effecting crop production-A Review. . Indian J. Agric. Biochem. , 10 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Austenfield , F. A. 1979 . Effect of nickel, cobalt and chromium on net photosynthesis of primary and secondary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. . Sexa. Photosynthetica , 13 : 434 – 438 .
   Google Scholar
• Barcelo , J. , Poschenrieder , C. H. and Gunse , B. 1985 . Effect of chromium (VI) on mineral element composition of bush beans. . J. Plant Nutr. , 8 : 211 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlett , R. J. and James , B. R. 1988 . “ Mobility and bioavailability of chromium in soil ” . In Chromium in the natural and human environment , Edited by: Nriagu , J. O. and Nieboer , E. 267 – 304 . New York : Wiley . John
   Google Scholar
• Barrs , H. D. and Weatherley , P. E. 1973 . A reexamination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficit in leaves. . Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , 15 : 413 – 428 .
   Google Scholar
• Baszynski , T. M. , Krol , M. and Walinska , D. 1981 . “ Photosynthetic apparatus of Lemna minor L. as affected by chromate treatment ” . In Photosynthesis II. Electron transport and photophosphorylation , Edited by: Aloeyanglov , G. 111 – 112 . Philadelphia, PA : Balbon Int. Sci. Services .
   Google Scholar
• Bradford , M. M. 1976 . A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. . Anal. Biochem. , 72 : 248 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee , J. and Chatterjee , C. 2000 . Phytotoxicity of cobalt, chromium and copper in cauliflower. . Environ. Poll. , 109 : 69 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee , J. and Chatterjee , C. 2003 . Management of phytotoxicity of cobalt in tomato by chemical measures. . Plant Sci. , 164 : 793 – 801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chsenin , L. and Yien , C. H. 1951 . Turbidimetric determination of available sulphates. . Soil Sci. Am. Proc. , 15 : 149 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Euler , H. Von and Josephson , K. 1927 . Uber Katalase. . I. Leibigs Ann. , 452 : 158 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , C. H. and Subbarow , Y. 1925 . The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. . J. Biol. Chem. , 66 : 375 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Haas , A. R. C. and Brusca , J. N. 1961 . Effects of chromium on citrus and avocado grown in nutrient solution 10 – 11 . Calif. Agric.15
   Google Scholar
• Hara , T. , Sonoda , Y. and Iwai , I. 1976 . Growth response of cabbage plants to transition elements under water culture condition. . I. Titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese and iron. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. , 22 : 307 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt , E. J. 1983 . “ Effect of mineral deficiencies and excess on growth and composition ” . In Diagnosis of mineral disorders in plants Vol. I. Principles , Edited by: Bould , C. , Hewitt , E. J. , Needham , P. and Robinson , J. B. D. 54 – 110 . London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. G. and Vergnano , O. 1953 . Trace element toxicities in oat plants. . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 40 : 761 – 767 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jana , S. , Dalal , T. and Barua , B. 1987 . Effects and relative toxicity of heavy metal on Cuscuta reflaxa. . Water Air Soil Poll. , 33 : 23 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Lahouti , M. and Peterson , P. J. 1979 . Chromium accumulation and distribution in crop. . J. Plant Sci. Food Agric. , 30 : 136 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Luck , H. 1963 . “ Peroxidase ” . In Methods of enzymic analysis , Edited by: Bergmeyer , H. U. 895 – 897 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luna , C. M. , Gonzalez , C. A. and Trippi , V. S. 1994 . Oxidative damage caused by an excess of copper in oat leaves. . Plant Cell Physiol. , 35 : 11 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marschner , H. 1995 . Mineral nutrition of higher plants , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mengel , K. and Kirkby , E. A. 2001 . “ Elements with more toxic effects ” . In Principles of plant nutrition , Edited by: Mengel , K. , Kirkby , E. A. , Kosegarten , H. and Appel , T. 657 – 673 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers Press .
   Google Scholar
• Panse , V. G. and Sukhatme , P. V. 1956 . Statistical methods for agricultural workers Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi
   Google Scholar
• Piper , C. S. 1942 . Soil and plant analysis , Australia : Waite Agriculture Research Institute. The University of Adelaide. Adelaide .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , G. 1955 . “ Acid prostatic phosphatase ” . In Methods in enzymology , Edited by: Colowick , N and Kaplan , O. Vol. 2 , 523 – 530 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , D. C. and Sharma , C. P. 1993 . Effect of chromium on growth and biological yield of maize. . Indian J. Plant Physiol. , 36 : 61 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , D. C. and Pant , R. C. 1994 . Chromium uptake and its effects on certain plant nutrient in maize. . J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A , 29 : 941 – 948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , D. C. , Chatterjee , C. and Sharma , C. P. 1995 . Chromium accumulation and its effects on wheat metabolism. . Plant Sci. , 111 : 45 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , D. C. , Sharma , C. P. and Tripathi , R. D. 2002 . Phytotoxic lesions of chromium in maize. . Chemosphere , 6 : 25 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Shewry , P. R. and Peterson , P. J. 1974 . The uptake and transport of chromium by barley seedlings. . J. Exp. Bot. , 25 : 785 – 797 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeffington , R. A. , Shewry , P. R. and Peterson , P. J. 1976 . Chromium uptake and transport in barley seedlings. . Planta , 132 : 209 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soane , B. D. and Saunder , D. H. 1959 . Nickel and chromium toxicity of serpentine soils in Southern Rhodesia. . Soil Sci. , 88 : 322 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , M. A. and Rust , R. H. 1971 . Effect of chromium on growth and mineral nutrition of soybeans. . Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. , 35 : 735 – 758 .
   Google Scholar
• Tuve , T. V. and Anfinson , C. B. 1960 . Preparation and properties of spinach ribo-nuclease. . J. Biol. Chem. , 237 : 550 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Vajpayee , P. , Tripathi , R. D. , Rai , U. N. , Ali , M. B. and Singh , S. N. 2000 . Chromium (VI) accumulation reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity and protein content in Nymphaca alba. . Chemosphere , 41 : 1075 – 1082 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez , M. D. , Poschenrieder , C. H. and Barcelo , J. 1987 . Chromium (VI) induced structural and ultrastructural changes in bush beans. . Ann. Bot. , 59 : 427 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , A. , Alexander , G. V. and Choudhary , F. M. 1977 . Phytotoxicity of cobalt, vanadium, titanium, silver and chromium. . Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. , 8 : 751 – 756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , T. 1951 . The diagnosis of mineral deficiencies in plants, , 3rd ed. A colour atlas and guide. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London
   Google Scholar
• Warning , C. P. , Stagg , R. M. , Frettwell , K. , Mclay , H. A. and Costello , M. J. 1996 . The impact of sewage sludge exposure on the reproduction of the sand goby. . Environ. Poll. , 93 : 17 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , P. K. and Chang , L. 1991 . Effect of copper, chromium and nickel on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of Chlorella Pyenoidosa 251. . Environ. Poll. , 72 : 127 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar