1,741
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
TREATMENT ISSUES AND APPROACHES

Treatment of Adult Sexual Offenders: A Therapeutic Cognitive-Behavioural Model of Intervention

Pages 195-232 | Published online: 11 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Abel , G. G. 1995 . Abel screening system manual. , Atlanta, GA : Abel Screening Inc .
  • Abel , G. G. , Becker , J. V. , Cunningham-Rathner , J. , Rouleau , J. , Kaplan , M. and Reich , J. 1984 . The treatment of child molesters. , Atlanta, GA : Behavioral Medicine Laboratory, Emory University .
  • Abel , G. G. and Blanchard , E. B. 1974 . The role of fantasy in the treatment of sexual deviation. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 30 : 467 – 475 .
  • Abel , G. G. , Huffman , J. , Warberg , B. and Holland , C. L. 1998 . Visual reaction time and plethysmography as measures of sexual interest in child molesters. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 10 ( 2 ) : 81 – 96 .
  • Abel , G. G. and Rouleau , J. L. 1986 . “ Sexual disorders. ” . In The medical basis of psychiatry , Edited by: Winokur , G. and Clayton , P. 246 – 267 . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders .
  • Akers , R. L. 1985 . Deviant behavior: A social learning approach, , 3rd ed. , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
  • Alexander , M. A. 1999 . Sexual offender treatment efficacy revisited. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 11 : 101 – 116 .
  • Andrews , D. A. and Bonta , J. 1998 . The psychology of criminal conduct. , Cincinnati, OH : Anderson .
  • Anechiarico , B. 1998 . A closer look at sex offender character pathology and relapse prevention: An integrative approach. . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 42 ( 1 ) : 16 – 26 .
  • Annis , H. M. and Chan , D. 1983 . The differential treatment model: Empirical evidence from a personality typology of adult offenders. . Criminal Justice and Behaviour , 10 : 159 – 173 .
  • Bandura , A. 1977 . Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behaviour change. . Psychological Review , 84 : 191 – 215 .
  • Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Barbaree , H. E. and Marshall , W. L. 1991 . The role of male sexual arousal in rape: Six models. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 : 621 – 630 .
  • Barbaree , H. E. , Marshall , W. L. , Yates , E. and Lightfoot , L. O. 1983 . Alcohol intoxication and deviant sexual arousal in male social drinkers. . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 21 : 365 – 373 .
  • Barbaree , H. E. and Seto , M. C. 1997 . “ Pedophilia: Assessment and treatment. ” . In Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment, and treatment , Edited by: Laws , D. R. and O'Donoghue , W. T. 175 – 193 . New York : Guilford .
  • Becker , J. V. 1994 . Offenders: Characteristics and treatment. . The Future of Children , 4 : 176 – 197 .
  • Becker , J. V. , Harris , C. D. and Sales , B. D. 1993 . “ Juveniles who commit sexual offenses: A critical review of research. ” . In Sexual aggression: Issues in etiology, assessment, and treatment , Edited by: Hall , G. C. N. and Hirschman , R. 215 – 228 . Washington, DC : Taylor and Francis Group .
  • Becker , J. V. and Hunter , J. A. 1997 . Understanding and treating child and adolescent sexual offenders. . Advances in Clinical Child Psychology , 19 : 177 – 197 .
  • Becker , J. V. and Murphy , W. D. 1998 . What we know and do not know about assessing and treating sex offenders. . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 4 : 116 – 137 .
  • Beech , A. and Fordham , A. S. 1997 . Therapeutic climate of sexual offender treatment programs. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 9 : 219 – 237 .
  • Blader , J. C. and Marshall , W. L. 1989 . Is assessment of sexual arousal in rapists worthwhile? A critique of current methods and the developments of a response compatibility approach. . Clinical Psychology Review , 9 : 569 – 587 .
  • Blasingame , G. D. 1998 . Suggested clinical uses of polygraphy in community-based sexual offender treatment programs. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 10 : 37 – 45 .
  • Boer , D. P. , Wilson , R. J. , Gauthier , C. M. and Hart , S. D. 1997 . “ Assessing risk of sexual violence: Guidelines for clinical practice. ” . In Impulsivity: Theory, assessment, and treatment , Edited by: Webster , C. D. and Jackson , M. A. 326 – 342 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Bradford , J. M. W. 1985 . Organic treatments for the male sexual offender. . Behavioural Sciences and the Law , 3 : 355 – 375 .
  • Bradford , J. M. W. 1990 . “ The antiandrogen and hormonal treatment of sex offenders. ” . In Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender , Edited by: Marshall , W. L. and Barbaree , H. E. 297 – 310 . New York : Plenum .
  • Budman , S. H. , Soldz , S. , Demby , A. , Davis , M. and Merry , J. 1989 . What is cohesiveness? An empirical examination. . Small Group Research , 24 : 199 – 216 .
  • Bumby , K. Cognitive distortions of child molesters and rapists. Paper presented at the 13th Annual Research and Treatment Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, San Francisco, CA . November ,
  • Bumby , K. and Hansen , D. J. 1997 . Intimacy deficits, fear of intimacy, and loneliness among sex offenders. . Criminal Justice and Behaviour , 24 : 315 – 331 .
  • Cooper , A. J. 1986 . Progesterones in the treatment of male sex offenders: A review. . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 31 : 73 – 79 .
  • Correctional Service of Canada . 2001a . Women who sexually offend: A protocol for assessment and treatment. , Ottawa, ON : Correctional Service of Canada .
  • Correctional Service of Canada . 2001b . Tupiq: Corrections for inuit offenders. , Kingston, ON : Correctional Service of Canada .
  • Cortoni , F. , Heil , P. and Marshall , W. L. Sex as a coping mechanism and its relationship to loneliness and intimacy deficits in sexual offending. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Research and Treatment Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders, Chicago, IL . November ,
  • Cortoni , F. and Marshall , W. L. Childhood attachments, juvenile sexual history and adult coping skills in sex offenders. Paper presented at the 14th Annual Research and Treatment Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, New Orleans, LA . October ,
  • Cumming , G. F. and McGrath , R. J. 2000 . “ External supervision. ” . In Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders: A sourcebook , Edited by: Laws , D. R. , Hudson , S. M. and Ward , T. 236 – 253 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Endler , N. S. and Parker , D. A. 1990 . Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 ( 5 ) : 844 – 854 .
  • Fedoroff , J. P. , Wisner-Carlson , R. , Dean , S. and Berlin , F. S. 1992 . Medroxy-progesterone acetate in the treatment of paraphilic sexual disorders: Rate of relapse in paraphilic men treated in long-term group psychotherapy with or without medroxy-progesterone acetate. . Journal of Offender Rehabilitation , 18 : 109 – 123 .
  • Fernandez , Y. M. and Marshall , W. L. 2000 . Phallometric testing with sexual offenders: Limits to its value. . Clinical Psychology Review , 20 : 807 – 822 .
  • Fernandez , Y. M. , Marshall , W. L. , Lightbody , S. and O'Sullivan , C. 1999 . The child molester empathy measure. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 11 : 17 – 31 .
  • Fernandez , Y. M. , Marshall , W. L. , Serran , G. , Anderson , D. and Marshall , L. 2001 . Group process in sexual offender treatment. , Ottawa, ON : Correctional Service of Canada .
  • Finkelhor , D. 1986 . A sourcebook on child sexual abuse. , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Fischer , L. and Smith , G. 1999 . Statistical adequacy of the Abel assessment for interest in paraphilias. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 11 : 195 – 205 .
  • Fisher , D. and Beech , A. R. 1999 . Current practice in Britain with sexual offenders. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 14 : 240 – 256 .
  • Frank , J. D. 1971 . Therapeutic factors in psychotherapy. . American Journal of Psychotherapy , 25 : 350 – 361 .
  • Frank , J. D. 1973 . Persuasion and healing, , 2nd edition , Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Freeman-Longo , R. E. and Knopp , H. F. 1992 . State-of-the-art sex offender treatment: Outcome and issues. . Annals of Sex Research , 5 : 141 – 160 .
  • Garlick , Y. , Marshall , W. L. and Thornton , D. 1996 . Intimacy deficits and attribution of blame among sexual offenders. . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 1 : 251 – 258 .
  • Gendreau , P. and Goggin , C. 1996 . Principles of effective correctional programming. . Forum on Corrections Research , 8 : 38 – 41 .
  • Gendreau , P. and Goggin , C. 1997 . “ Correctional treatment: Accomplishments and realities. ” . In Correctional counseling and rehabilitation , Edited by: Van Voorhis , P. 271 – 279 . Cincinnati, OH : Anderson .
  • Gendreau , P. , Little , T. and Goggin , C. 1996 . A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works . Criminology , 34 : 3 – 17 .
  • George , W. H. and Marlatt , G. A. 1989 . “ Introduction. ” . In Relapse prevention with sex offenders , Edited by: Laws , D. R. 1 – 31 . New York : Guilford .
  • Gordon , A. and Nicholaichuk , T. 1996 . Applying the risk principle to sex offender treatment. . Forum on Corrections Research , 8 : 36 – 38 .
  • Gordon , A. , Nicholaichuk , T. , Olver , M. and Wong , S. 2000 . The violence risk scale: Sex offender version. , Saskatoon, SK : Correctional Service of Canada .
  • Gordon , A. and Porporino , F. J. 1990 . Managing the treatment of sexual offenders: A Canadian perspective (Research Report No. B-05). , Ottawa, ON : Correctional Service of Canada .
  • Green , R. 1995 . “ Comprehensive treatment planning for sex offenders. ” . In The sex offender: Corrections, treatment and legal practice Edited by: Schwartz , B. K. and Cellini , H. R. 10 – 1 . to 10–8). New Jersey: Civic Research Institute
  • Grossman , L. S. , Martis , B. and Fichtner , C. G. 1999 . Are sex offenders treatable? A research review. . Psychiatric Services , 50 : 349 – 361 .
  • Groth , A. N. 1979 . The adolescent sexual offender and his prey. . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 21 : 249 – 254 .
  • Grubin , D. 1998 . Sex offending against children: Understanding the risk. Police Research Series Paper 99. , London : Home Office .
  • Hall , G. C. N. 1995 . Sexual offender recidivism revisited: A meta-analysis of recent treatment studies. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 63 : 802 – 809 .
  • Hall , G. C. N. and Hirschman , R. 1991 . Toward a theory of sexual aggression: A quadripartite model. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 : 662 – 669 .
  • Hansen , H. and Lykke-Olesen , L. 1997 . Treatment of dangerous sexual offenders in Denmark. . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 8 : 195 – 199 .
  • Hanson , R. K. 1996 . Evaluating the contribution of relapse prevention theory to the treatment of sexual offenders. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 8 : 201 – 208 .
  • Hanson , R. K. 1997 . The development of a brief actuarial risk scale for sexual offense recidivism (User Report 97–04). , Ottawa : Department of the Solicitor General of Canada .
  • Hanson , R. K. 1999 . Working with sex offenders: A personal view. . Journal of Sexual Aggression , 4 : 81 – 93 .
  • Hanson , R. K. 2000 . Risk assessment: Association for the treatment of sexual abusers (ATSA) information package. , Beaverton, OR : Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers .
  • Hanson , R. K. and Bussière , M. 1998 . Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 : 348 – 362 .
  • Hanson , R. K. , Gizzarelli , R. and Scott , H. 1994 . The attitudes of incest offenders: Sexual entitlement and acceptance of sex with children. . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 21 : 187 – 202 .
  • Hanson , R. K. , Gordon , A. , Harris , A. J. R. , Marques , J. K. , Murphy , W. , Quinsey , V. L. and Seto , M. C. 2002 . First report of the collaborative outcome data project on the effectiveness of psychological treatment for sexual offenders. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 14 : 169 – 194 .
  • Hanson , R. K. and Harris , A. J. R. 2000a . Where should we intervene? Dynamic predictors of sexual offence recidivism. . Criminal Justice and Behaviour , 27 : 6 – 35 .
  • Hanson , R. K. and Harris , A. J. R. 2000b . The sex offender need assessment rating (SONAR): A method for measuring change in risk levels. , Ottawa : Department of the Solicitor General of Canada .
  • Hanson , R. K. and Scott , H. 1995 . Assessing perspective taking among sexual offenders, non-sexual criminals and non-offenders. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 7 : 259 – 277 .
  • Hanson , R. K. and Scott , H. 1996 . Social networks of sexual offenders. . Psychology, Crime and Law , 2 : 249 – 258 .
  • Hanson , R. K. , Steffy , R. A. and Gauthier , R. 1993 . Long-term recidivism of child molesters. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 : 646 – 652 .
  • Hanson , R. K. and Thornton , D. 1999 . Static-99: Improving actuarial risk assessment for sex offenders. , Ottawa, ON : Department of the Solicitor General of Canada .
  • Hanson , R. K. , Yates , P. M. and Marshall , W. L. Implementing what works with sex offenders. Paper presented at the 36th Annual Conference of the International Community Corrections Association, Ottawa, ON . September ,
  • Hare , R. D. 1999 . Psychopathy as a risk factor for violence. . Psychiatric Quarterly , 70 : 181 – 197 .
  • Haynes , A. K. , Yates , P. M. and Nicholaichuk , T. P. October 1998 . “ Relationship between response to phallometric stimuli and recidivism following sex offender treatment. ” . In Paper presented at the 17th Annual Convention of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Vancouver, BC October ,
  • Haynes , A. K. , Yates , P. M. , Nicholaichuk , T. P. , Gu , D. and Bolton , R. Sexual deviancy, risk, and recidivism: The relationship between deviant sexual arousal, the rapid risk assessment for sexual offense recidivism (RRASOR) and sexual recidivism. Paper presented at the 61 st Annual Conference of the Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, ON . June ,
  • Heim , N. and Hursch , C. J. 1979 . Castration for sex offenders: Treatment or punishment? A review and critique of recent European literature. . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 8 : 281 – 304 .
  • Hildebran , D. and Pithers , W. D. 1989 . “ Enhancing offender empathy for sexual abuse victims. ” . In Relapse prevention with sex offenders , Edited by: Laws , D. R. 236 – 243 . New York : Gilford .
  • Hudson , S. M. , Marshall , W. L. , Wales , D. S. , McDonald , E. , Bakker , L. W. and McLean , A. 1993 . Emotional recognition skills of sex offenders. . Annals of Sex Research , 6 : 199 – 211 .
  • Hudson , S. M. , Wales , D. S. and Ward , T. 1998 . “ Kia Marama: A treatment program for child molesters in New Zealand. ” . In Sourcebook of treatment programs for sexual offenders , Edited by: Marshall , W. L. and Fernandez , Y. M. 17 – 28 . New York : Plenum .
  • Hudson , S. M. and Ward , T. 1996a . Introduction to the special issue on relapse prevention. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 8 : 173 – 175 .
  • Hudson , S. M. and Ward , T. 1996b . Relapse prevention: Future directions. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 8 : 249 – 256 .
  • Huot , S. J. 1997 . Minnesota sex offender screening tool (MnSOST): Research summary. , St. Paul, MN : Minnesota Department of Corrections .
  • Johnston , L. and Ward , T. 1996 . Social cognition and sexual offending: A theoretical framework. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 8 : 55 – 80 .
  • Johnston , L. , Ward , T. and Hudson , S. 1997 . Deviant sexual thoughts: Mental control and the treatment of sexual offenders. . The Journal of Sex Research , 34 : 121 – 130 .
  • Kear-Colwell , J. and Pollock , P. 1997 . Motivation or confrontation: Which approach to the child sex offender? . Criminal Justice and Behaviour , 24 : 20 – 33 .
  • Keenan , T. and Ward , T. 2000 . A theory of mind perspective on cognitive, affective, and intimacy deficits in child sexual offenders. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 12 : 49 – 58 .
  • Knopp , F. H. , Freeman-Longo , R. E. and Stevenson , W. 1992 . Nationwide survey of juvenile and adult sex offender treatment programs. , Orwell, VT : Safer Society Press .
  • Langevin , R. 1983 . Sexual strands. , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Langevin , R. , Lang , R. and Curnoe , S. 1998 . The prevalence of sex offenders with deviant fantasies. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 13 : 315 – 327 .
  • Langevin , R. , Wright , M. A. and Handy , L. 1988 . Empathy, assertiveness, aggressiveness, and defensiveness among sex offenders. . Annals of Sex Research , 1 : 533 – 547 .
  • Laws , D. R. 1989 . Relapse prevention with sex offenders. , New York : Guilford .
  • Laws , D. R. 1995 . Central elements in relapse prevention procedure with sex offenders. . Psychology, Crime and Law , 2 : 41 – 53 .
  • Laws , D. R. , Hudson , S. M. and Ward , T. 2000 . Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders: A sourcebook. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications, Inc .
  • Laws , D. R. and Marshall , W. L. 1990 . “ A conditioning theory of the etiology and maintenance of deviant sexual preference and behaviour. ” . In Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of offenders , Edited by: Marshall , W. L. and Barbaree , H. E. 103 – 113 . New York : Plenum .
  • Letourneau , E. J. 2002 . A comparison of objective measures of sexual arousal and interest: Visual reaction time and penile plethysmography. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 14 : 207 – 223 .
  • Lieberman , M. A. , Yalom , I. D. and Miles , M. B. 1973 . Encounter groups: First facts. , New York : Basic Books .
  • Lockhart , L. L. , Saunders , B. E. and Cleveland , P. 1989 . “ Adult male sexual offenders: An overview of treatment techniques. ” . In Treatment of sex offenders in social work and mental health settings , Edited by: Wodarski , J. S. 1 – 32 . Binghamton, NY : The Haworth Press, Inc .
  • Looman , J. , Abracen , J. and Nicholaichuk , T. P. 1999 . Recidivism among treated sexual offenders and matched controls: Data from the regional treatment centre (Ontario). . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 15 : 279 – 320 .
  • Maletzky , B. M. 1980 . Self-referred versus court-referred sexually deviant patients: Success with assisted covert sensitization. . Behaviour Therapy , 11 : 306 – 314 .
  • Maletzky , B. M. 1991 . Treating the sexual offender. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Mann , R. E. Relapse prevention? Is that the bit where they told me all of the things that I couldn't do anymore? . Paper presented at the 17th Annual Research and Treatment Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Vancouver, BC . October ,
  • Marlatt , G. A. 1982 . “ Relapse prevention: A self-control program for the treatment of addictive behaviours. ” . In Adherence, compliance and generalization in behavioural medicine , Edited by: Stuart , R. B. 329 – 378 . New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Marlatt , G. A. and Gordon , J. R. 1985 . Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviours. , New York : Guilford .
  • Marolla , J. and Scully , D. 1986 . Attitudes towards women, violence, and rape: A comparison of convicted rapists and other felons. . Deviant Behaviour , 7 : 337 – 355 .
  • Marques , J. K. Relapse prevention: A self-control model for the treatment of sex offenders. Paper presented at the 7th Annual Forensic Mental Health Conference, Asilomar, CA . March ,
  • Marques , J. K. , Day , D. M. , Nelson , C. and Miner , M. H. 1989 . “ The sex offender treatment and evaluation project: California's relapse prevention program. ” . In Relapse prevention with sex offenders , Edited by: Laws , D. R. 247 – 267 . New York : Guilford .
  • Marques , J. K. , Day , D. M. , Nelson , C. and West , M. 1994 . Effects of cognitive-behavioural treatment on sex offender recidivism: Preliminary results of a longitudinal study. . Criminal Justice and Behaviour , 21 : 28 – 54 .
  • Marshall , W. L. 1996 . Assessment, treatment and theorizing about sex offenders: Developments during the past twenty years and future directions. . Criminal Justice and Behaviour , 23 : 162 – 199 .
  • Marshall , W. L. Research, theory and practice: Thoughts on twenty years of accomplishment and what lies ahead. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, San Antonio, TX . November ,
  • Marshall , W. L. and Anderson , D. 1996 . An evaluation of the benefits of relapse prevention programs with sexual offenders. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 8 : 209 – 229 .
  • Marshall , W. L. , Anderson , D. and Fernandez , Y. M. 1999 . Cognitive behavioural treatment of sexual offenders. , Toronto, ON : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Marshall , W. L. and Barbaree , H. E. 1990 . “ Outcome of comprehensive cognitive behavioural treatment programs. ” . In Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender , Edited by: Marshall , W. L. , Laws , D. R. and Barbaree , H. E. 363 – 385 . New York : Plenum .
  • Marshall , W. L. , Champagne , F. , Brown , C. and Miller , S. 1997 . Empathy, intimacy, loneliness, and self-esteem in non-familial child molesters. . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 6 : 87 – 97 .
  • Marshall , W. L. , Champagne , F. , Sturgeon , C. and Bryce , P. 1997 . Increasing the self-esteem of child molesters. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 9 : 321 – 333 .
  • Marshall , W. L. and Darke , J. 1982 . Inferring humiliation as motivation in sexual offenses. . Treatment of Sexual Aggressives , 5 : 1 – 3 .
  • Marshall , W. L. , Eccles , A. and Barbaree , H. E. 1991 . The treatment of exhibitionists: A focus on sexual deviance versus cognitive and relationship features. . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 29 : 129 – 136 .
  • Marshall , W. L. , Hudson , S. M. , Jones , R. and Fernandez , Y. M. 1995 . Empathy in sex offenders. . Clinical Psychology Review , 15 : 99 – 113 .
  • Marshall , W. L. , Jones , R. , Ward , T. , Johnson , P. and Barbaree , H. E. 1991 . Treatment outcome with sex offenders. . Clinical Psychology Review , 11 : 465 – 485 .
  • Marshall , W. L. and Marshall , L. Sexual addiction and substance abuse in sexual offenders. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Research and Treatment Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Vancouver, BC . October ,
  • Marshall , W. L. and Mazzucco , A. 1995 . Self-esteem and parental attachments in child molesters. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 7 : 279 – 285 .
  • Marshall , W. L. , Mulloy , R. and Serran , G. 1998 . The identification of treatment facilitative behaviours enacted by sexual offender therapists. Unpublished manuscript
  • Marshall , W. L. , O'Sullivan , C. and Fernandez , Y. M. 1996 . The enhancement of victim empathy among incarcerated child molesters. . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 1 : 95 – 102 .
  • Marshall , W. L. and Pithers , W. D. 1994 . A reconsideration of treatment outcome with sex offenders. . Criminal Justice and Behaviour , 21 : 10 – 27 .
  • Marshall , W. L. , Serran , G. A. and Cortoni , F. A. 2000 . Childhood attachments, sexual abuse and their relationship to adult coping in child molesters. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 12 : 17 – 26 .
  • McGrath , R. J. , Hoke , S. E. and Vojtisek , J. E. 1998 . Cognitive-behavioural treatment for sex offenders. . Criminal Justice and Behaviour , 25 : 203 – 225 .
  • McKibben , A. , Proulx , J. and Lusignan , R. 1994 . Relationships between conflict, affect, and deviant sexual behaviours in rapists and paedophiles. . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 32 : 571 – 575 .
  • Meyer , W. J. , Cole , C. and Emory , E. 1992 . Depo provera treatment for sex offending behaviour: An evaluation of outcome. . Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law , 20 : 249 – 259 .
  • Miller , W. R. 1980 . “ The addictive behaviours. ” . In The addictive behaviours: Treatment of alcoholism, drug abuse, smoking and obesity , Edited by: Miler , W. R. 3 – 10 . New York : Plenum .
  • Miller , W. R. 1995 . “ Increasing motivation for change. ” . In Handbook of alcoholism treatment approaches: Effective alternatives , Edited by: Hester , R. K. and Miller , W. R. 89 – 104 . New York : Allyn & Bacon .
  • Miller , P. A. and Eisenberg , N. 1988 . The relationship of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behaviour. . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 234 – 344 .
  • Miller , W. R. and Sovereign , R. G. 1989 . “ The check-up: A model for early intervention in addictive behaviours. ” . In Addictive behaviours: Prevention and early intervention , Edited by: Loberg , T. , Miller , W. R. , Nathan , P. E. and Marlatt , G. A. 219 – 231 . Amsterdam : Swets & Zeitlinger .
  • Miner , M. H. , Day , D. M. and Nafpaktitis , M. K. 1989 . “ Assessment of coping skills: Development of a situational competency test. ” . In Relapse prevention with sex offenders , Edited by: Laws , D. R. 127 – 136 . New York : Guilford .
  • Moore , B. S. 1990 . The origins and development of empathy. . Motivation and Emotion , 14 : 75 – 79 .
  • Motiuk , L. and Belcourt , R. 1996 . Profiling the Canadian federal sex offender population. . Forum on Corrections Research , 8 : 3 – 7 .
  • Motiuk , L. and Brown , S. L. August 1996 . “ Factors related to recidivism among released federal sex offenders. ” . In Paper presented at the 26th International Congress of Psychology, Montreal, QC August ,
  • Mulloy , R. , Smiley , W. C. and Mawson , D. L. Empathy and the successful treatment of psychopaths. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Toronto, ON . June ,
  • Murphy , W. D. 1990 . “ Assessment and modification of cognitive distortions in sex offenders. ” . In Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender , Edited by: Marshall , W. L. , Laws , D. R. and Barbaree , H. E. 331 – 342 . New York : Plenum .
  • Nicholaichuk , T. P. 1996 . Sex offender treatment priority: An illustration of the risk/need principle. . Forum on Corrections Research , 8 : 30 – 32 .
  • Nicholaichuk , T. P. , Gordon , A. , Gu , D. and Wong , S. 2000 . Outcome of an institutional sexual offender treatment program: A comparison between treated and matched untreated offenders. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 12 : 139 – 153 .
  • Pithers , W. D. 1993 . “ Treatment of rapists: Reinterpretation of early outcome data and exploratory constructs to enhance therapeutic efficacy. ” . In Sexual aggression: Issues in etiology, assessment, and treatment. Series in applied psychology: social issues and questions , Edited by: Nagayama , Hall G.C. Hirschman , R. 167 – 196 . Washington, DC : Taylor and Francis Group .
  • Pithers , W. D. 1994 . Process evaluation of a group therapy component designed to enhance sex offenders' empathy for sexual abuse survivors. . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 32 : 565 – 570 .
  • Pithers , W. D. and Cumming , G. F. 1989 . “ Can relapse be prevented? Initial outcome data from the Vermont treatment program for sexual aggressors. ” . In Relapse prevention with sex offenders , Edited by: Laws , D. R. 313 – 325 . New York : Guilford .
  • Pithers , W. D. , Marques , J. K. , Gibat , C. C. and Marlatt , G. A. 1983 . “ Relapse prevention with sexual aggressives: A self-control model of treatment and maintenance of change. ” . In The sexual aggressor: Current perspectives on treatment , Edited by: Greer , J. G. and Stuart , I. R. 214 – 239 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • Plaud , J. J. and Newberry , D. E. 1996 . Rule-governed behaviour and pedophilia. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 8 : 143 – 159 .
  • Pollack , N. L. and Hashmall , J. M. 1991 . The excuses of child molesters. . Behavioural Sciences and the Law , 9 : 53 – 59 .
  • Prentky , R. A. 1995 . “ A rationale for the treatment of sex offenders: Pro Bono Publico. ” . In What works: Reducing re-offending-Guidelines from research and practice , Edited by: McGuire , J. 155 – 172 . New York : Wiley .
  • Prentky , R. A. and Burgess , A. W. 1990 . Rehabilitation of child molesters: A cost-benefit analysis. . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 60 : 108 – 117 .
  • Proulx , J. 1993 . “ Les théories comportementales. ” . In Les agresseurs sexuels: Théories, évaluation et traitement , Edited by: Aubut , J. 35 – 43 . Montréal, QC : Les Editions de la Chenelière .
  • Proulx , J. , McKibben , A. and Lusignan , R. 1996 . Relationships between affective components and sexual behaviors in sexual aggressors. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 8 : 279 – 289 .
  • Quinsey , V. L. , Chaplin , T. C. and Carrigan , W. F. 1980 . Biofeedback and signalled punishment in the modification of inappropriate sexual age preferences. . Behaviour Therapy , 11 : 567 – 576 .
  • Quinsey , V. L. , Harris , G. T. , Rice , M. E. and Cormier , C. A. 1998 . Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk. , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Quinsey , V. L. , Khanna , A. and Malcolm , P. B. August 1996 . “ A retrospective evaluation of the RTC sex offender treatment program. ” . In Paper presented at the World Congress of Psychology, Montreal, QC August ,
  • Quinsey , V. L. and Marshall , W. L. 1983 . “ Procedures for reducing inappropriate sexual arousal: An evaluation review. ” . In The sexual aggressor: Current perspectives on treatment , Edited by: Greer , J. G. and Stuart , I. R. 267 – 289 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • Rice , M. E. , Chaplin , T. E. , Harris , G. T. and Coutts , J. 1994 . Empathy for the victim and sexual arousal among rapists and nonrapists. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 9 : 435 – 449 .
  • Schwartz , B. K. 1992 . Effective treatment techniques for sex offenders. . Psychiatric Annals , 22 : 315 – 319 .
  • Seidman , B. T. , Marshall , W. L. , Hudson , S. M. and Robertson , P. J. 1994 . An examination of intimacy and loneliness in sex offenders. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 9 : 518 – 534 .
  • Seto , M. C. and Barbaree , H. E. 1999 . Psychopathy, treatment behavior, and sex offender recidivism. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 14 : 1235 – 1248 .
  • Smallbone , S. W. and Dadds , M. R. 2000 . Attachment and coercive sexual behaviour. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 12 : 3 – 15 .
  • Spencer , A. 1999 . Working with sex offenders in prisons and through release to the community: A handbook. , London : J Kingsley .
  • Stermac , L. E. and Segal , Z. V. 1989 . Adult sexual contact with children: An examination of cognitive factors. . Behaviour Therapy , 20 : 573 – 584 .
  • Veach , T. A. 1999 . Child sexual offenders' attitudes toward punishment, sexual contact and blame. . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 7 : 43 – 58 .
  • Ward , T. and Hudson , S. M. 1996 . Relapse prevention: A critical analysis. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 8 : 177 – 200 .
  • Ward , T. and Hudson , S. M. 1998 . A model of the relapse process in sexual offenders. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 13 : 700 – 725 .
  • Ward , T. and Hudson , S. M. 2000a . “ A self-regulation model of relapse prevention. ” . In Relapse prevention with sex offenders: A sourcebook , Edited by: Laws , D. R. , Hudson , S. M. and Ward , T. 79 – 101 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Ward , T. and Hudson , S. M. 2000b . Sexual offenders' implicit planning: A conceptual model. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 12 : 189 – 202 .
  • Ward , T. , Hudson , S. M. and France , K. G. 1993 . Self-reported reasons for offending behaviour in the child molester. . Annals of Sex Research , 6 : 139 – 148 .
  • Ward , T. , Hudson , S. M. , Johnston , L. and Marshall , W. L. 1997 . Cognitive distortions in sex offenders: An integrative review. . Clinical Psychology Review , 17 : 479 – 507 .
  • Ward , T. , Hudson , S. M. and Keenan , T. 1998 . A self regulation model of the sexual offense process. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 10 : 141 – 157 .
  • Ward , T. , Hudson , S. M. and Marshall , W. L. 1994 . The abstinence violation effect in child molesters. . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 32 : 431 – 437 .
  • Ward , T. , Hudson , S. M. , Marshall , W. L. and Siegert , R. 1995 . Attachment style and intimacy deficits in sexual offenders: A theoretical framework. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 7 : 317 – 335 .
  • Ward , T. , Hudson , S. M. and Siegert , R. 1995 . A critical comment on Pithers' relapse prevention model. . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 7 : 167 – 175 .
  • Ward , T. , Keenan , T. and Hudson , S. M. 2000 . Understanding cognitive, affective, and intimacy deficits in sexual offenders. A developmental perspective. . Aggression and Violent Behaviour , 5 : 41 – 62 .
  • Ward , T. , Louden , K. , Hudson , S. M. and Marshall , W. L. 1995 . A descriptive model of the offence chain for child molesters. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 10 : 452 – 472 .
  • Wilcox , D. T. 2000 . Application of the clinical polygraph to the assessment, treatment and monitoring of sex offenders. . Journal of Sexual Aggression , 5 : 134 – 152 .
  • Williams , S. M. and Khanna , A. June 1990 . “ Empathy training for sex offenders. ” . In Paper presented at the Third Symposium on Violence and Aggression, Saskatoon, SK June ,
  • Wilson , R. J. , Stewart , L. , Stirpe , T. , Barrett , M. and Cripps , J. E. 2000 . Community-based sexual offender management: Combining parole supervision and treatment to reduce recidivism. . Canadian Journal of Criminology , 42 : 177 – 188 .
  • Wormith , J. S. and Hanson , R. K. 1992 . The treatment of sexual offenders in Canada. . Canadian Psychology , 33 : 180 – 198 .
  • Yalom , I. D. 1985 . The theory and practice of group psychotherapy, , 3rd ed. , New York : Basic Books .
  • Yates , P. M. 1996 . An investigation of factors associated with definitions and perceptions of rape, propensity to commit rape, and rape prevention. , Ottawa, ON : Carleton University, Unpublished doctoral dissertation .
  • Yates , P. M. 2002 . “ What works: Effective intervention with sex offenders. ” . In What works: Risk reduction interventions for special needs offenders , Edited by: Allen , H. E. 115 – 163 . MD : American Correctional Association .
  • Yates , P. M. , Goguen , B. C. , Nicholaichuk , T. P. , Williams , S. M. and Long , C. A. 2000 . National sex offender programs. , Ottawa, ON : Correctional Service of Canada .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.