Effective Leadership in Superior-Subordinate Dyads

References

• Abernathy , W. B. 2001 . “ An analysis of twelve organizations' total performance systems ” . In Organizational change , Edited by: Hayes , L. , Austin , J. and Hourmanfar , R. 240 – 272 . Reno, NV : The Context Press .
   Google Scholar
• Agnew , J. L. 1998 . The establishing operation in organizational behavior management . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 18 (1) : 7 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Agnew , J. L. and Redmon , W. K. 1992 . Contingency specifying stimuli: The role of “rules” in organizational behavior management . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 12 (2) : 67 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Austin , J. , Carr , J. E. and Agnew , J. L. 1999 . The need for assessment of maintaining variables in OBM . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 19 (2) : 59 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Ayllon , T. and Azrin , N. H. 1968 . The token economy: A motivational system for therapy and rehabilitation , New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Azrin , N. H. and Lindsley , O. R. 1956 . The reinforcement of cooperation between children . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 52 : 100 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass , B. M. 1960 . Leadership, psychology and organizational behavior , New York : Harper & Brothers .
   Google Scholar
• Baum , W. M. 1973 . The correlation-based law of effect . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 20 : 137 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum , W. M. 1994 . Understanding behaviorism: Science, behavior and culture , New York : HarperCollins College Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Beal , S. A. and Eubanks , J. L. 2002 . Self-report bias and accuracy in a simulated work setting: Effects of combined feedback on task and self-reported performance . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 22 (1) : 3 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdon , R. D. 1977 . A token economy application to management performance improvement . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 1 (1) : 23 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Braksick , L. W. 2000 . Unlock behavior, unleash profits , New York : The McGraw-Hill Companies .
   Google Scholar
• Brethower , D. M. 1982 . “ The total performance system ” . In Industrial behavior modification: A management handbook , Edited by: O'Brien , R. M. , Dickinson , A. M. and Rosow , M. P. 350 – 369 . New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brethower , D. M. 2000 . A systemic view of enterprise: Adding value to performance . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 20 (3/4) : 165 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Bucklin , B. R. , McGee , H. M. and Dickinson , A. M. 2003 . The effect of individual monetary incentives with and without feedback . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 23 (2/3) : 65 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Cerutti , D. T. 1989 . Discrimination theory of rule governed behavior . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 20 : 259 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , B. L. and Hopkins , B. L. 1995 . Manipulations of the relationship between reported self-efficacy and performance . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 15 (1/2) : 95 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Daniels , A. C. and Daniels , J. E. 2004 . Performance management: Changing behavior that drives organizational effectiveness , Atlanta, GA : Performance Management Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Daniels , A. C. and Daniels , J. E. 2005 . Measure of a leader , Atlanta, GA : Performance Management Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson , A. M. and Gillette , A. M. 1993 . A comparison of two individual monetary incentive systems on productivity: Piece rate pay versus base pay plus incentives . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 14 (1) : 3 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson , A. M. and Poling , A. D. 1996 . Schedules of monetary reinforcement in Organizational Behavior Management: Latham and Huber (1992) revisited . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 16 (1) : 71 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , P. K. and Smoot , D. A. 2001 . “ Pay for performance ” . In Handbook of organizational performance: Behavior analysis and management , Edited by: Johnson , C. M. , Redmon , W. K. and Mawhinney , T. C. 255 – 276 . New York : The Haworth Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Eikenhout , N. and Austin , J. 2005 . Using goals, feedback, reinforcement, and a performance matrix to improve customer service in a large department store . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 24 (3) : 27 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Galizio , M. 1979 . Contingency-shaped and rule-governed behavior: Instructional control of human loss avoidance . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 31 : 53 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , T. F. 1996 . Human competence: Engineering worthy performance , Washington, D.C. : International Society for Performance Improvement .
   Google Scholar
• Glenn , S. S. 1991 . “ Contingencies and metacontingencies: Relations among behavioral, cultural, and biological evolution ” . In Behavioral analysis of societies and cultural practices , Edited by: Lamal , P. A. 39 – 73 . Washington, D.C. : Hemisphere .
   Google Scholar
• Goltz , S. M. and Hietapelto , A. 2003 . Using the operant and strategic models of power to understand resistance to change . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 1 (1) : 3 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Gowen , C. R. and Jennings , S. A. 1990 . The effects of changes in participation and group size on gainsharing success: A case study . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 11 (2) : 125 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Hantula , D. A. and Crowell , C. R. 1994 . Intermittent reinforcement and escalation process in sequential decision making: A replication and theoretical analysis . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 14 (2) : 7 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Holland , J. G. 1958 . Counting by humans on a fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement . Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 1 : 179 – 181 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hopkins , B. 1999 . The principles of behavior as an empirical theory and the usefulness of that theory in addressing practical problems . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 19 (3) : 67 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Jessup , P. A. and Stahelski , A. J. 1999 . The combined effects of a goal setting, feedback and incentive intervention on performance in a manufacturing environment . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 19 (3) : 5 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr , S. 1976 . Substitutes for leadership , Working Paper Series 76–23 Columbus : The Ohio State University .
   Google Scholar
• Kerr , S. and Jermier , J. 1978 . Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 22 : 374 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klatt , K. P. and Morris , E. K. 2001 . The Premack principle, response deprivation, and establishing operations . The Behavior Analyst , 24 (2) : 173 – 180 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Komaki , J. L. and Goltz , S. M. 2001 . “ Within-group research designs: Going beyond program evaluation ” . In Handbook of organizational performance: Behavior analysis and management , Edited by: Johnson , C. M. , Redmon , W. K. and Mawhinney , T. C. 81 – 137 . New York : The Haworth Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Komaki , J. L. , Zlotnick , S. and Jensen , M. 1986 . Development of an operant-based taxonomy and observational index of supervisory behavior . Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 : 260 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langeland , K. L. , Johnson , C. M. and Mawhinney , T. C. 1998 . Improving staff performance in a community mental health setting: Job analysis, training, goal setting, feedback, and years of data . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 18 (1) : 21 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham , G. P. and Huber , V. L. 1992 . Schedules of reinforcement: Lessons from the past and issues for the future . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 12 : 125 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Luthans , F. and Kreitner , R. 1975 . Organizational behavior modification , Glenview, IL : Scott, Foresman .
   Google Scholar
• Luthans , F. , Rosenkrantz , S. A. and Hennessey , H. W. 1985 . What do successful managers really do: An observational study of managerial activities . The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , 21 : 255 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malott , R. W. 1992 . A theory of rule-governed behavior and organizational behavior management . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 12 (2) : 45 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Mawhinney , T. C. 1982 . Maximizing versus matching in people versus pigeons . Psychological Reports , 50 : 267 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawhinney , T. C. 2000 . OBM today and tomorrow: Then and now . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 20 (3/4) : 73 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawhinney , T. C. 2001 . “ Leadership: Behavior, context, and consequences ” . In Handbook of organizational performance: Behavior analysis and management , Edited by: Johnson , C. M. , Redmon , W. K. and Mawhinney , T. C. 191 – 224 . New York : The Haworth Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Mawhinney , T. C. , Dickinson , A. M. and Taylor , L. A. III . 1989 . The use of concurrent schedules to evaluate the effects of extrinsic rewards on “intrinsic motivation.” . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 10 (1) : 109 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Mawhinney , T. C. and Ford , J. D. 1977 . The path goal theory of leader effectiveness: An operant interpretation . Academy of Management Review , 2 : 398 – 411 .
   Google Scholar
• Mawhinney , T. C. and Gowen , C. R. 1990 . Gainsharing and the law of effect as the matching law: A theoretical framework . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 11 (2) : 61 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Methot , L. L. , Williams , W. L. , Cummings , A. and Bradshaw , B. 1996 . Measuring a manager-supervisor training program through generalized performance of managers, supervisors, front-line staff and clients in a human service setting . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 16 (2) : 3 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Michael , J. 1982 . Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli . Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 37 : 149 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael , J. 1993 . Establishing operations . The Behavior Analyst , 16 (2) : 191 – 206 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller , L. M. 1975 . Behavior management: New skills for business and industry , Atlanta, GA : Behavioral Systems, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Noe , R. A. , Hollenbeck , J. , Gilbert , B. and Wright , P. 2003 . Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage, , 4rd ed. , New York : Irwin McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Notz , W. W. , Boschman , I. and Tax , S. S. 1987 . Reinforcing punishment and extinguishing reward: On the folly of OBM without SPC . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 9 (1) : 33 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , R. , Laraway , S. and Austin , J. 2001 . Unconditioned and conditioned establishing operations in Organizational Behavior Management . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 21 (2) : 7 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Poling , A. and Braatz , D. 2001 . “ Principles of learning: Respondent and operant human behavior ” . In Handbook of organizational performance: Behavior analysis and management , Edited by: Johnson , C. M. , Redmon , W. K. and Mawhinney , T. C. 23 – 49 . New York : The Haworth Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Poling , A. , Smith , J. F. and Braatz , D. 1993 . Data sets in Organizational Behavior Management: Do we measure enough? . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 14 (1) : 99 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Rachlin , H. 1989 . Judgment, decision, and choice , New York : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , R. K. and Mawhinney , T. C. 1991 . Superior-Subordinate dyads: Dependence of leader effectiveness on mutual reinforcement contingencies . Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 56 : 105 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rummler , G. A. and Brache , A. P. 1991 . Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Sasson , J. R. and Austin , J. 2005 . Comparative and contributive effects of process and human performance improvement strategies Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Schlinger , H. D. Jr. and Blakely , E. A. 1994 . Descriptive taxonomy of environmental operations and its implications for behavior analysis . The Behavior Analyst , 16 (1) : 9 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Schriesheim , C. A. and Kerr , S. 1977 . “ Theories and measures of leadership: A critical appraisal of current and future directions ” . In Leadership: The cutting edge , Edited by: Hunt , J. G. and Larson , L. L. 9 – 45 . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schriesheim , C. A. , Neider , L. L. and Scandura , T. A. 1998 . Delegation and leader-member exchange: Main effects, moderators, and measurement issues . The Academy of Management Journal , 41 : 298 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidman , M. 1960 . Tactics of scientific research , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , B. F. 1953 . Science and human behavior , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , B. F. 1957 . Verbal behavior , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , B. F. 1969 . Contingencies of reinforcement , New York : Meredith .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , B. F. 1981 . Selection by consequences . Science , 213 31 July : 501 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoot , D. A. and Duncan , P. K. 1997 . The search for optimum individual monetary incentive pay system: A comparison of the effects of flat pay and linear and non-linear incentive pay systems on worker performance . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 17 (2) : 5 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Vollmer , T. R. and Iwata , B. A. 1991 . Establishing operations and reinforcement effects . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24 : 279 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner , H. 1962 . Some effects of response cost upon human behavior . Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 5 : 201 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weingarten , K. and Mechner , F. 1966 . “ The contingency as an independent variable of social interaction ” . In The experimental analysis of behavior: Selected readings , Edited by: Verhave , T. 447 – 459 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Welsh , D. H. B. , Luthans , F. and Sommer , S. M. 1993 . Organizational behavior modification goes to Russia: Replicating an experimental analysis across cultures and tasks . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 13 (2) : 15 – 35 .
   Google Scholar