315
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Are the Effects of Religion on Crime Mediated, Moderated, and Misrepresented by Inappropriate Measures?

&
Pages 57-86 | Received 01 Nov 1999, Accepted 01 Aug 2000, Published online: 12 Oct 2008

References

  • Akers , R. L. 1992 . Drugs, alcohol, and society:Socialstructure, process and policy , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
  • Akers , R. L. 2000 . Criminological theories:Introduction and evaluation, , 3rd ed. , Los Angeles, CA : Roxbury .
  • Albrecht , S. I , Chadwick , B. A. and Alcorn , D. S. 1977 . Religiosityanddeviance: Application of an attitude-behaviorcontingent consistency model . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 16 : 263 – 274 .
  • Anderson , J. C and Gerbing , D. W. 1988 . structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-stage approach . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 411 – 423 .
  • Arbuckle , J. L. 1997 . AMO Susers'guide: Version 3.6 , Chicago, IL : Smallwaters Corporation .
  • Baron , W. F. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . Themoder ator-mediatorvariabledis tinetion in social psychological research: Con ceptual, strategic, andstatistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
  • Bartol , C. R. and Bartol , A. M. 1998 . Delinquency andjustice: A psychosocial approach, , 2nd ed. , Upper Sad die River, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Battm , S. R. , Hill , K. G. , Abbott , R. D. , Catalano , R. F. and Hawkins , J. D. 1998 . The contribution of gang members hiptodelin quency beyonddelinquentfhends . Criminology , 36 : 93 – 11 .
  • Benda , B. B. 1995 . The effect of religion on adolescent Delinquency revisited . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 32 : 446 – 466 .
  • Benda , B. B. 1997 . An examination of are ciprocal relationship between religiösity and different forms of Delinquency within a theoretical model. . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 34 : 163 – 186 .
  • Benda , B. B. 1999a . theoretical Model with Reciprocal Effects of Youth ful Crime and Drug Use . Journal of social Service research , 25 : 77 – 107 .
  • Benda , B. B. 1999b . Testing the problem syndrome among young males in boot camp:Use of theoretical elaboration withreciprocalrelationships . Social Work Research , 23 : 28 – 41 .
  • Benda , B. B. and Corwyn , R. F. 1997a . A test of a model with reciprocal effects between religiosity and various forms of Delinquency using 2-stage least squares regression . Journal ofsocial Service research , 22 : 27 – 52 .
  • Benda , B. B. and Corwyn , R. F. 1997b . Religion and Delinquency: There lationship after considering family and peerinfluences . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 36 : 81 – 92 .
  • Benda , B. B. and Corwyn , R. F. 2000 . A theoretical model of religiosity and drug use withre ciprocal relationships: Atestusing structural equationmodeling . Journal of Social Service research , 26 : 43 – 67 .
  • Benda , B. B. and Toombs , N. J. 1999 . Testing theoretical models with reciprocal effects of drug use among boot camp participants using a develop Mental perspective . Journal of social Service research , 26 : 1 – 35 .
  • Benda , B. B. and Toombs , N J. in press . Religiosity and violence: Are they related after considering the stron gestpre dietors? . Journal of Criminal Justice ,
  • Benda , B. B. and Whiteside , L. 1995 . Testing an inte grated model of Delinquency using LISREL . Journal of Social Service Research , 21 : 1 – 32 .
  • Bentler , P. M. 1995 . ESQ structural equations program manual , Los Angeles, CA : BMDP Statistical Software .
  • Bollen , K. A. 1989 . Structural equations with latent variables , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Bronfenbrenner , U. 1979 . The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Bronfenbrenner , U. 1986 . Ecology of the family as context for Human development: Researchperspectives . Developmental Psychology , 22 : 723 – 735 .
  • Brown , B. B. 1990 . “ Groups and peer cultures ” . In At the threshold: The develop ingadolescent , Edited by: Feldman , S. S. and Elliott , G. R. 171 – 19 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Brown , M. W. and Cudeck , R. 1993 . “ Alternativewaysofassessingmodelfit ” . In Testing structural equation models , Edited by: Bollen , K. A. and Long , J. S. 136 – 16 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications, Inc. .
  • Burkett , S. R. 1993 . Perceivedparents' Religiosity, friends' drinking, and hellfire: A panel study of addescent drinking . Review of Religious research , 35 : 136 – 154 .
  • Burkett , S. R. and Warren , B. O. 1987 . Religiosity, peer associations, andadolescentmarijuana use: A panel study ofUnder lying causal structures . Criminology , 25 : 109 – 131 .
  • Burkett , S. R. and White , M. 1974 . Hellfire and Delinquency: An other look . Journal for the Scientific Study of religion , 13 : 455 – 462 .
  • Capaldi , D. M. and Patterson , G. R. 1996 . Canviolent of fenders be distinguished from fre quent offenders: Pre die tionfrom childhood to adolescence . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 33 : 206 – 231 .
  • Chadwick , B. A. and Top , B. L. 1993 . religiosity and Delinquency among LDS adolescents . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 33 : 51 – 67 .
  • Cochran , J. K. 1988 . The effect of religiosity on secular and ascetic deviance . Sociological Focus , 21 : 293 – 306 .
  • Cochran , S K. and Akers , R. L. 1989 . Beyondhellfire: An examination of the variable effects of religiosity on adolescent marijuana and alcohoiuse . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 26 : 198 – 225 .
  • Cochran , J. K. , Wood , P. K. and Arneklev , B J. 1994 . Is the Religiosity-Delinquency relationship spurious? A test of arousal and social control theories . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 31 : 92 – 123 .
  • Cohen , J. and Cohen , P. 1983 . Appliedmultipleregression/correlationanalysisforthe behavioralsciences, , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Cohen , R. J. , Swerdlik , M. E. and Phil lips , S. M. 1996 . Psychological testing and assessment: Anintroductiontotestsandmeasurement, , 3rd ed. , Mountain View, CA : Mayfield .
  • Comrey , A. L. and Lee , H. B. 1991 . A first course infactor analysis , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Cronbach , L. J. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and internal structure of tests . Psycho-metrica , 16 : 297 – 334 .
  • Dobbelaere , K. 1999 . Towards an integrated perspective of the processes related to the descriptive concept of secularization . SociologyofReligion , 60 : 229 – 247 .
  • Durkheim , E. 1897 . Suicide: A study in sociology , Glencoe, IL : Free Press. . (Originally published Lesuicide [1897]) 1951
  • Ellickson , P. L. and McGuigan , K. A. 2000 . Early predietors of addescent violence . American Journal of Public Health , 90 : 566 – 570 .
  • Elliott , D. S. , Huizinga , D. and Menard , D. 1989 . Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, substance use and Mental health problems , New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Empey , L. T. , Stafford , M. C and Hay , C. H. 1999 . American delinquency: Its meaning and construction, , 4th ed. , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth. .
  • Evans , D. T. , Cullen , F. T. , Dunaway , R. G. and Burton , V. S. 1995 . Religion and crime reexamined: The impact of religion, secular controls, and social Ecology on adult criminality . Criminology , 33 : 195 – 217 .
  • Feldman , S. S. and Elliott , G R. , eds. 1990 . Atthethreshold: Thedevelopingadoles-cent , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Festinger , L. 1957 . Atheory of cognitive dissonance , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
  • Freund , R. J. and Wilson , W. J. 1998 . Regression analysis:Statistical modeling of a response variable , New York : Academic Press .
  • Gfroerer , J. 1996 . Preliminary estimates from the 1995 National House hold Survey on Drug Abuse , SAMHSA Publication No. 18) Rockville, MD : Substance Abuse and Mental Health services Administration, Office of Applied Statistics .
  • Gillespie , D. F. and Glisson , C. , eds. 1992 . Quantitative methods in social work: State of the art , New York : The Haworth Press, Inc .
  • Hill , K. G. , Howell , J. C , Hawkins , J. D. and Battm , S. R. 1999 . Child hood risk factors foradolescentgangmembership: Results from the Seattle Social Development Project . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 36 : 300 – 322 .
  • Higgins , P. C. and Albrecht , G. L. 1977 . Hell fire and Delinquency revisited . Social Forces , 55 : 952 – 958 .
  • Hirschi , T. 1969 . Causes of Delinquency , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press. .
  • Hocking , R. R. 1996 . Methods and applications oflinearmodels: Regressionand the analysis of variance , New York : John Wiley .
  • Hoyle , R. H. 1991 . Evaluating measurement models in Clinical research: Covariance structure analysis of latent variable models of self-conception . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 : 67 – 76 .
  • Hu , L. T. and Bentler , P. M. 1995 . “ Evaluating Model Fit ” . In Structural EquationModeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications , Edited by: Hoyle , R. H. 76 – 9 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications, Inc. .
  • Jang , S. J. and Smith , C. A. 1997 . A test of reciprocal causal relationships among parental supervision, affective ties, and Delinquency . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 34 : 307 – 336 .
  • Johnson , B. S. , Larson , D. L. , De Li Sung , S. and Jang , J. 2000 . Escaping from the crime of innercities: Church attendance and religious salience among disadvantaged Youth . Justice Quarterly , 77 : 377 – 391 .
  • Johnston , L. D. , O'Malley , P. M and Bachman , J. G. 1996 . National survey resuits on drug use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975–1994 , Secondary School Students Vol. 1 , Rockville, MD : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
  • Joreskog , K. G. and Sorbom , D. 1989 . LISREL 7: A guide to the programand applications, , 2nd ed. , Chicago : SPSS, Inc .
  • Kelloway , K. E. 1998 . Using Lisrel for structural Equation Modeling: Aresearcher's guide , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications, Inc .
  • Kirkpatrick , L. A. 1997 . A Iongitudinal study of changes in religious belief and behavior as a function of individual differences in adult attachment style . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 36 : 207 – 212 .
  • Kirkpatrick , L. A. and Shaver , P. R. 1990 . attachment theory andreligion: Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 29 : 315 – 334 .
  • Kornhauser , R. R. 1978 . social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Lattimore , P. K. , Visher , C. A. and Linster , R. L. 1995 . Predieting rearrest forviolence among seriousy outhful offenders . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 32 : 54 – 83 .
  • Leavitt , F. 1995 . Drugs & behavior, , 3rd ed. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Lickona , T. 1999 . Religion and character education . Phi Delta Kappan , 81 : 21 – 27 .
  • Loeber , R. and Farrington , D. R. , eds. 1998 . Serious offender and violent offenders, Riskfactors and successful interventions , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Loehlin , J. C. 1992 . Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis, , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum. .
  • Lombroso , C. 1911 . Crime, its causes andrem edies , Boston : Littie Brown .
  • Marcos , A. C. and Bahr , S. J. 1988 . Control theory and adolescent drug use . Youth & Society , 13 : 395 – 425 .
  • Maruyama , G. M. 1998 . Basics of structural Equation Modeling , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Matsueda , R. L. 1989 . The dynamics of moral beliefs and minor deviance . Social Forces , 68 : 428 – 457 .
  • Merton , R. K. 1957 . Social theory and social structure, , rev. ed. , Glencoe, IL : Free Press. .
  • Miller , D. E. 1996 . ReinventingAmerican Protestantism , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
  • Paloutzian , R. F. and Kirkpatrick , L. A. 1995 . The scope of religious influences on personal and social well-being . Journal of social Issues , 51 : 1 – 12 .
  • Patterson , G. R. 1982 . Asocialleamingapproach:Coercivefamilyprocess , Eugene, OR : Castalia .
  • Patterson , G. R. and Dishion , T. J. 1985 . Contribution of families and peers to delinquency . Criminology , 23 : 63 – 79 .
  • Plante , T. G. and Boccaccini , M. T. 1997 . The Santa Clara strength of religious faith questionnaire . Pastorial Psychology , 45 : 375 – 387 .
  • Rapp , L. A. and Wodarski , J. S. 1997 . Juvenile violence: The highriskfactors, current interventions for social work practice . Journal of Applied Social Sciences , 22 : 3 – 14 .
  • Rhodes , A. L. and Reiss , A. J. 1970 . The “religious factor” and Delinquency . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 7 : 83 – 99 .
  • Sampson , R. J. and Laub , J. H. 1993 . Crime in the making:Pathwaysandtuming points , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Schur , E. M. 1969 . Ourcriminalsociety , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Simons , R. J. , Miller , M. G. and Aigner , S. M. 1980 . Contemporary theories of deviance and female Delinquency: Anempirical test . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 17 : 43 – 57 .
  • Simons , R. L. , Whitbeck , L. B. , Conger , R. D. and Conger , K. 1991 . Parentmgfactors, social skills, and value commitment as precursors to school failure, involvement with deviant peers, and delinquent behavior . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 20 : 645 – 663 .
  • Simons , R. J. , Wu , C , Conger , R. D. and Lorenz , F. O. 1994 . Two routes to delinquency: differences between early and late starters in the impact of parenting and deviantpeers . Criminology , 32 : 247 – 274 .
  • Sims , B. and Jones , M. 1997 . Predieting success or failure on probation: Fac tors associated with felony probation outcomes . CrimeandDelinquency , 43 : 314 – 327 .
  • Smith , T. 1990 . Classifyingprotestantdenominations . ReviewofReligious Research , 31 : 225 – 245 .
  • Sprague , J. and Walker , H. 2000 . Early identification and intervention foryouth with antisocialandviolentbehavior . ExceptionalChildren , 66 : 369 – 377 .
  • Stark , R. 1996 . religion as context: Hell fire and Delinquency one more time . Sociology ofReligion , 57 : 163 – 173 .
  • Stark , R. and Bainbridge , S. 1997 . religion, deviance & social control , New York : Routledge .
  • Stark , R. , Kent , L. and Doyle , D. P. 1982 . religion and Delinquency: The Ecology of a “lost” relationship . Journal of research in Crime andDelinquency , 19 : 4 – 24 .
  • Steiger , J. H. 1990 . structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 25 : 173 – 180 .
  • Thornberry , T. P. 1987 . To ward an interactional Theory of Delinquency . Criminology , 25 : 863 – 869 .
  • Thornberry , T. P. , ed. 1997 . Advances in mcriminological theory: Developmental theories of crime and Delinquency , New Bruns wick, NJ : Transaction Books .
  • Thornberry , T. P. , Krohn , M. D. , Lrzotte , A. I. and Chard-Wierschem , D. 1993 . The roles of juvenile gangs in facilitating delinquent behavior . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 30 : 55 – 87 .
  • Thornberry , T. P. , Lizotte , A. J. , Krohn , M. D. , Farnworth , M and Jang , S. J. 1994 . Delinquent peers, beliefs, and delinquent behavior: A Iongitudinal test of interaction theory . Criminology , 32 : 47 – 84 .
  • Tittie , C. R. and Welch , M. R. 1983 . religiosity and deviance: Toward a contingency Theory of constraining effects . SocialForces , 61 : 653 – 682 .
  • Walters , G. D. 1994 . Drugs and crime in life style perspective , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Weber , M. 1905 . The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism , New York : Scribner . 1958
  • Welch , M. R. , Petee , T. and Tittle , C. R. 1991 . Religiosity and deviance among adult Catholics: A test of the “Moral Communities” hypothesis . Journal for the Scientific Studies of Religion , 30 : 159 – 172 .
  • Woodward , L. J. and Fergusson , D. M. 2000 . Child hood and adolescent predietors of physical assault: Aprospec tive Iongitudinal study . Criminology , 38 : 233 – 261 .
  • Woodroof , T. J. 1985 . Premarital sexual behavior and religious adolescents . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 24 : 343 – 366 .
  • Worthington , E. L. Jr. , ed. 1993 . Psychotherapy and Religious Values , Grand Rapids, MI : Baker .
  • Zhang , L. , Weite , S W. and Wieczorek , W. F. 1999 . Youthgangs, drug use, and delinquency . Journal of Criminal Justice , 27 : 101 – 109 .
  • Zhang , L , Wieczorek , W. and Weite , J. W. 1997 . The impact of age on onset of substance use on delinquency . Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency , 34 : 253 – 268 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.