2
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) Infection in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Its Relationship to Activation-Induced Cell Death

, &
Pages 41-50 | Published online: 04 Dec 2011

References

  • Barnes DM. Mystery disease at Lake Tahoe challenges virologists and clini-cians. Science. 1986;234:541–542.
  • Ablashi DV, Zompetta C, Lease C, Josephs SF, Balachandran N, Komaroff AL, Krueger GR, Henry B, Lukau J, Salahuddin SZ. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and chronic fatigue syndrome. Canad Dis Weekly Rep. 1991;1751E;33–41.
  • Komaroff AL. Human herpesvirus-6 and human disease. Am J Clin Pathol. 1990;93(6):836–837.
  • Josephs SF, Henry B, Balachandran N, Strayer D, Peterson D, Komaroff AL, Ablashi DV. HHV-6 reactivation in chronic fatigue syndrome [letter]. Lancet. 1991; 337:1346–1347.
  • Buchwald D, Cheney PR, Peterson DL, Henry B, Wormsley SB, Geiger A, Ablashi DV, Salahuddin SZ, Saxinger C, Biddle R, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Folks T, Balachandran N, Peter JB, Gallo RC, Komaroff AL. A chronic illness characterized by fatigue, neurologic and immunologic disorders, and active human herpesvirus type 6 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116: 103–113.
  • Krueger GR, Klueppelberg U, Hoffman A, Ablashi DV. Clinical correlates of infection with human herpesvirus-6. InVivo. 1994;8:457–486.
  • Yalcin S, Kuratsune H, Yamaguchi K, Kitani T, Yamanishi K. Prevalence of human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Mi-crobiol Immunol. 1994;38: 587–590.
  • DiLuca D, Zorzenon M, Mirandola P, Cone R, Botta GA, Cassai E. Human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Micro-biol. 199533:1660-1661.
  • Patnaik M, Komaroff AL, Conley E, Ojo-Amaize E, Peter JB. Prevalence of IgM antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 early antigen (p41/38) in patients with chron-ic fatigue syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1995;172: 1364–1367.
  • Strayer DR, Carter W, Strauss K, Brodsky I, Suhadolnik R, Ablashi DV, Henry B, Mitchell WM, Bastien S, Peterson D. Long term improvements in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome treated with ampligen. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1995;1(1):35–53.
  • Ablashi DV, Ablashi K, Kramarsky B, Bernbaum J, Whitman JE, Pearson GR. Viruses and chronic fatigue syndrome: current status. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1995;1(1):3–22.
  • Levine PH. A review of human herpesvirus 6 infections. Infections in Medi-cine. 1995;395–402.
  • Lusso P. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) [Mini-review]. Antiviral Research. 1996;31:1–21.
  • Zorzenon M, Rukh G, Botta G, Colle R, Barrsanti L, Ceccherini-Nelli L. Ac-tive HHV-6 infection in chronic fatigue syndrome patients from Italy: new data. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1996;2(1):3–12.
  • Wagner M, Krueger GRF, Ablashi DV, Whitman JE. Chronic fatigue syn-drome (CFS): a critical evaluation of testing for active human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection: review of data of 107 cases. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1996; 2(4):3–16.
  • Salahuddin SZ, Ablashi DV, Josephs SF, Saxinger CW, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, inventors; The Government of the United States of America, assignee. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) isolution and products. US patent 5 604 093. February 18, 1997.
  • Knox KK, Brewer JH, Carrigan DR. Persistent Active human herpesvirus six (HHV-6) infections in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. In: Proceedings of the AACFS Fourth International Research, Clinical and Patient Conference on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; October 10–12, 1998; Cambridge, MA.
  • Ablashi DV, Marsh S, Handy M, Whitman J, Viza D, Krueger GR, Levine PH. Increased activation of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), but not human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) or human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) pa-tients. In: Proceedings of the AACFS Fourth International Research, Clinical and Pa-tient Conference on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; October 10–12, 1998; Cambridge, MA.
  • Salahuddin SZ, Ablashi DV, Markham PD, Josephs SF, Sturzenegger S, Ka-plan M, Halligan G, Bibberfeld P, Wong-Staal F, Kramarsky B, Gallo RC. Isolation of a new virus, HBLV, in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Science. 1986;234:596–601.
  • Dockrell DH, Smith TF, Paya CV. Human herpesvirus 6. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74: 163–170.
  • Ablashi DV, Balachandran N, Josephs SF, Hung CL, Krueger GR, Kramarsky B, Salahuddin SZ, Gallo RC. Genomic polymorphism, growth properties, and im-munologic variations in human herpesvirus 6 isolates. Virology. 1991;184(2):545–552.
  • Lusso P, Malnati M, DeMaria A, Balotta C, DeRocco SE, Markham PD, Gallo RC. Productive infection of CD4+ and CD8+ mature T-cell populations and clones by HHV-6: transcriptional down-regulation of CD3. J Immunol. 1991;147(2):685–691.
  • Knox KK, Pietryga D, Harrington DJ, Franciosi R, Carrigan DR. Progressive immunodeficiency and fatal pneumonitis associated with HHV-6 infection in an in-fant. Clin Infect Dis.1995; 20:406–413.
  • Lusso P, Malnati MS, Garzino-Demo A, Crowley RW, Long E0, Gallo RC. Infection of natural killer cells by human herpesvirus 6. Nature. 1993;362: 458–462.
  • Flamand L, Gosselin J, D'Addario M, Hiscott J, Ablashi DV, Gallo RC, Me-nezes J. Human herpesvirus 6 induces interleukin-1B and tumor necrosis factor al-pha, but not interleukin-6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. J Virol. 1991;65: 5105–5110.
  • Gosselin J, Flamand L, D'Addario M, Hiscott J, Stefanescu I, Ablashi DV, Gallo RC, Menezes J. Modulatory effects of Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex and human herpesvirus 6 viral infections and coinfections on cytokine synthesis: a comparative study. J Immunol. 1992;149: 181–187.
  • Krueger G, Koch B, Ablashi DV. Persistent fatigue and depression in patient with antibody to human B-Iymphotropic virus. Lancet. 1987;2(8549):36.
  • Flamand L, Gosselin J, Stefanescu I, Ablashi DV, Menezes J. Immuno-suppressive effect of human herpesvirus 6 on T-cell functions: suppression of inter-leukin-2 synthesis and cell proliferation. Blood. 1995;85(5):1263–1271.
  • Torrisi MR, Gentile M, Cardinali G, Cirone M, Zompetta C, Lotti LV, Frati L, Faggioni A. Intracellular transport and maturation pathway of human herpesvirus 6. Virology. 1999;257:460–471.
  • Landay AL, Jessop C, Lennette ET, Levy JA. Chronic fatigue syndrome: clin-ical condition associated with immune activation. Lancet. 1991;338(8769):707–712.
  • Giorgi JV, Hultin L, inventors; The Regents of the University of California, assignee. Method for determining favorable prognosis in an HIV positive subject us-ing HLA-DR+ CD38-bright cells. US patent 5 470 701. November 28, 1995.
  • Levy JA, Landay AL, inventors; The Regents of the University of California, assignee. Screening kit and method for diagnosing chronic immune dysfunction syn-drome. US patent 5 538 856. July 23, 1996.
  • Giorgi JV, Hultin LE, McKeating JA, Johnson TD, Owens B, Jacobson LP, Shih R, Lewis J, Wiley DC, Phair JP, Wolinsky SM, Detels R. Shorter survival in advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is more closely associated with T lymphocyte activation than with plasma virus burden or virus chemokine co-receptor usage. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:859–870.
  • Caserta MT, Hall CB. Human herpesvirus-6. In: Scheld WM, Whiteley RJ, Durack DT, eds. Infections of the Central Nervous Sytem. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers;1997: 129–138.
  • Challoner PB, Smith KT, Parker JD, MacLeod DL, Coulter SN, Rose TM, Schultz ER, Bennett JL, Garber RL, Chang M, Schad PA, Stewart PM, Nowinski RC, Brown JP, Burmer GC. Plaque associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in mul-tiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1995;2: 7440–7444.
  • Carrigan DR, Knox KK. Human herpesvirus six and multiple sclerosis. Multi-ple Sclerosis. 1997;3(6):390–394.
  • Ablashi DV, Lapps W, Kaplan M, Whitman JE, Richert JR, Pearson GR. Hu-man herpesvirus (HHV-6) infection in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary report. Multi-ple Sclerosis. 1998;4:490–496.
  • Lusso P, Markham PD, Ranki A, Earl P, Moss B, Donner F, Gallo RC, Krohn KJ. Cell-mediated immune response toward viral envelope and core antigens in gib-bon apes (Hylobates lar) chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1. J Immunol. 1988;141(7):2467–73.
  • Lusso P, Gallo RC. Human herpesvirus 6 in AIDS. Immun Today. 1995;16(2): 67–71.
  • Knox KK. Human Herpesvirus Six (HHV-6): Evidence for Its Role as a Co-factor in the Pathogenesis of AIDS [dissertation]. Milwaukee, WI: Medical College of Wisconsin; 1994.
  • Knox KK, Carrigan DR. Active HHV-6 infection in the lymph nodes of HIV-infected patients: in vitro evidence that HHV-6 can break HIV latency. J Acquir Im-mune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996 ;11(4): 370–378.
  • Lusso P, Gallo RC. Human herpesvirus-6 in AIDS. Lancet. 1994;343:555–556.
  • Knox KK, Carrigan DR. Active human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection of the central nervous system in patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995;9:69–73.
  • Schonnebeck M, Krueger GR, Braun M, Fischer M, Koch B, Ablashi DV, Ba-lachandran N. Human herpesvirus-6 infection may predispose cells to superinfection by other viruses. In Vivo. 1991;5(3):255–263.
  • Flamand L, Stefanescu I, Ablashi DV, Menezes J. Activation of the Epstein-Barr virus replicative cycle by human herpesvirus 6.J Virol. 1993;67(11):6768–6777.
  • Cuomo L, Angeloni A, Zompetta C, Cirone M, Calogers A, Frati L, Ragona G, Faggioni A. Human herpesvirus 6 variant A, but not variant B, infects EBV-posi-tive B lymphoid cells, activating the latent EBV genome through a BZLF-1-depen-dent mechanism. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1995;11:1241–1245.
  • Lynne J, Schmid I, Matud JL, Hirji K, Buessow S, Shlian DM, Giorgi JV. Ma-jor expansions of select CD8+ subsets in acute Epstein-Barr virus infection: compari-son with chronic human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Infect Dis. 1998;177: 1083–1087
  • Levine PH, Fears TR, Cummings P, Hoover RN. Cancer and a fatiguing ill-ness in Northern Nevada-a causal hypothesis. Ann. Epidemiol. 1998;8(4):245–249.
  • Levine PH, Whiteside TL, Friberg D, Bryant J, Colclough G, Herberman RB. Dysfunction of natural killer activity in a family with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;88(1):96–104.
  • Josephs SF, Buchbinder A, Streicher HZ, Ablashi DV, Salahuddin SZ, Guo HG, Wong-Staal F, Cossman J, Raffeld M, Sundeen J et al. Detection of human B-lymphotropic virus (human herpesvirus 6) sequences in B cell lymphoma tissues of three patients. Leukemia 1988;2(3):132–135.
  • Jarrett RF, Gledhill S, Qureshi F, Crae SH, Madhok R, Brown I, Evans I, Kra-jewski A, O'Brien CJ, Cartwright RA et al. Identification of human herpesvirus 6-specific DNA sequences in two patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuke-mia. 1988;2(8):496–502.
  • Yaddav M, Chandrashekran A, Vasudevan DM, Ablashi DV. Frequent detec-tion of human herpesvirus-6 in oral carcinoma. J Nat'l Cancer Institute. 1994; 86(23):1792–1794.
  • DiLuca D, Mirandola P, Ravaioli T, Bigoni B, Cassai E. Distribution of HHV-6 variants in human tissues. Infect Agents Dis. 1996;5(4):203–214.
  • Kikuta H, Lu H, Tomizawa K, Matsumoto S. Enhancement of human herpes-virus 6 replication in adult human lymphocytes by monoclonal antibody to CD3. J In-fect Dis. 1990;161:1085–1087.
  • Takahashi K, Sonoda S, Higashi K, Kondo T, Takahashi H, Takahashi M, Ya-manishi K. Predominant CD4 T-lymphocyte tropism of human herpesvirus 6 related virus. J Virol. 1989;63: 3161–3163.
  • Vojdani A, Ghoneum M, Choppa PC, Magtoto L, Lapp CW. Elevated apoptot-ic cell population in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: the pivotal role of pro-tein kinase RNA. J Intern Med. 1997;242(6):465–478.
  • See DM, Cimoch P, Chou S, Chang J, Titles J. The in vitro immunomodulato-ry effects of glyconutrients on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1998;33(3):280–287.
  • Hassan IS, Bannister BA, Akbar A, Weir W, Bofill M. A study of the im-munology of the chronic fatigue syndrome: correlation of immunologic parameters to health dysfunction. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;87(1):60–67.
  • Watson JD, Rudert F, inventors; Genesis Research and Development Corpora-tion Limited, assignee. CD95 regulatory gene sequences. US patent 5 912 168. June 15, 1999.
  • Nagata S, Golstein P. The Fas death factor. Science. 1995;267:1449–1456.
  • Krammer PH, Dhein J, Walczak H, Behrmann I, Mariani S, Matiba B, Fath M, Daniel PT, Knipping E, Westendorp MO et al. The role of APO-1 mediated apoptosis in the immune system. Immunol Rev. 1994;142:175–191.
  • Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S. Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell. 1993;75:1169–1178.
  • Bellgrau D, Gold D, Selawry H, Moore J, Franzusoff A, Duke RC. A role for CD95 ligand in preventing graft rejection. Nature. 1995;377:630–632.
  • Debatin K. Cell death program. In: Degos L, Linch DC, Lowenberg B, eds. Textbook of Malignant Haematology. London UK: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 1999:153–164.
  • Dhein J, Walczak H, Baumler C, Debatin KM, Krammer PH. Autocrine T-cell suicide mediated by APO-1/Fas/CD95. Nature. 1995;373: 438–441.
  • Strasser A. Death of a T cell. Nature. 1995;373:385–386.
  • Katsikis PD, Wunderlich ES, Smith CA, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA. Fas antigen stimulation induces marked apoptosis of T lymphocytes in human immuno-deficiency virus-infected individuals. J Exp Med. 1995;181(6):2029–2036.
  • Katsikis PD, Garcia-Ojeda ME, Torres-Roca JF, Tijoe IM, Smith CA, Herzen-berg LA, Herzenberg LA. Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-like protease in-volvement in Fas-induced and activation-induced peripheral blood T cell apoptosis in HIV infection. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand can mediate activation-in-duced T cell death in HIV infection. J Exp Med. 1997;186(8):1365–1372.
  • Larochelle B, Flamand L, Gourde P, Beauchamp D, Gosselin J. Epstein-Barr virus infects and induces apoptosis in human neutrophils. Blood. 1998;92(4291–299.
  • Craigen JL, Grundy JE. Cytomegalovirus induced up-regulation of LFA-3 (CD58) and ICAM-1 (CD54) is a direct viral effect that is not prevented by ganciclo-vir or foscarnet treatment. Transplantation. 1996;62(8):1102–1108.
  • de Waal Malefyt R, Yssel H, Spits H, de Vries JE, Sancho J, Terhorst C, Alar-con B. Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 prevents cell surface expression of the T cell receptor through down-regulation of the CD3-gamma, -delta, -epsilon, and -zeta genes. J Immunol. 1990; 145(7): 2297–2303.
  • Strasser A, Harris AW, Huang DC, Krammer PH, Cory S. Bc1-2 and Fas/ APO-1 regulate distinct pathways to lymphocyte apoptosis. EMBO J. 1995;14(24): 6136–6147.
  • Kroemer G. The proto-oncogene bc1-2 and its role in regulating apoptosis. Na-ture Med. 1997;3:614–620.
  • Reed JC. Double identity for proteins of the Bc1-2 family. Nature. 1997; 387:773–776.
  • Lyons SF, Liebowitz DN. The roles of human viruses in the pathogenesis of lymphoma. Sem in Oncology 1998;25(4):461–475.
  • Daniel PT, Scholz C, Essmann F, Westermann J, Dorken B, Pezzutto A. Den-dritic cells prevent CD95 mediated T lymphocyte death through costimulatory sig-nals. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;451:173–177.
  • Daniel PT, Scholz C, Essmann F, Westermann J, Pezzutto A, Dorken B. CD95/Fas-triggered apoptosis of activated T lymphocytes is prevented by dendritic cells through a CD58-dependent mechanism. Exp Hematol. 1999;27(9):1402–1408.
  • Wagenknecht B, Schultz JB, Gulbins E, Weller M. Crm-A, bc1-2 and NDGA inhibit CD95L-induced apoptosis of malignant glioma cells at the level of caspase 8 processing. Cell Death Differ. 1998;5(10):894–900.
  • Peterson JD, Herzenberg LA, Vasquez K, Waltenbaugh C. Glutathione levels in antigen-presenting cells modulate Th1 and Th2 response patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1998;95(6):3071–3076.
  • Herzenberg LA, De Rosa SC, Dubs JG, Roederer M, Anderson MT, Ela SW, Deresinski SC, Herzenberg LA. Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(5):1967–1972.
  • Droge W, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA, inventors; The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, assignee. Treatment of diseases associated with cysteine deficiency. US patent 5 607 974. March 4, 1997.
  • Herzenberg LA, DeRosa SC, Herzenberg LA, Roederer M, inventors; The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, assignee. Glutathione de-ficiency as a prognosis for survival in AIDS. US patent 5 843 785. December 1, 1998.
  • Talley AK, Dewhurst S, Perry SW, Dollard SC, Gummuluru S, Fine SM, New D, Epstein LG, Gendelman HE, Gelbard HA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in human neuronal cells: protection by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine and the genes bc1-2 and crmA. Mol Cell Biol. 1995;15(5):2359–2366.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.