8
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Evidence for Bacterial (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia) and Viral (HHV-6) Co-Infections in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients

, , , &
Pages 7-19 | Published online: 04 Dec 2011

References

  • Holmes GP, Kaplan JE et al. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a working case defini-tion. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108:387–389.
  • Fukuda K, Strauss SE et al. The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121:953–959.
  • Hoffman C, Rice D, Sung H-Y. Persons with chronic conditions. Their preva-lence and costs. JAMA 1996; 276:1473–1479.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Haier J et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic mycoplasmal infections in Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndromes: relationship to Gulf War Illness. Biomed Ther 1998; 16:266–271.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Franco AR et al. Diagnosis and Integrative Treatment of Intracellular Bacterial Infections in Chronic Fatigue and Fibromyalgia Syndromes, Gulf War Illness, Rheumatoid Arthritis and other Chronic Illnesses. ClM Pract Alt Med 2000; 1:92–102.
  • Nils J, Nicolson GL, De Becker Pet al. Prevalence of mycoplasmal infections in European CFS patients. Examination of four Mycoplasma species. Submitted for pub-lication.
  • Vojdani A, Choppa PC, Tagle C et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genus and Mycoplasma fermentans by PCR in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1998; 22: 355–365.
  • Huang W, See D, Tiles J. The prevalence of Mycoplasma incognitus in the pe-ripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal controls or patients with AIDS or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J ClM Microbiol 1998; 231:457–467.
  • Choppa PC, Vojdani A, Tagle C et al. Multiplex PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma fermentans, M. hominis and M. penetrans in cell cultures and blood sam-ples of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Mol Cell Probes 1998; 12: 301–308.
  • Chia JKS, Chia LY. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: a treatable cause of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. ClM Infect Dis 1999; 29:452–453.
  • Braun DK, Dominguez G, Pellett PE. Human herpesvirus-6. ClM Microbiol Rev 1997; 10:521–567.
  • Campadelli-Fiume G, Mirandela P, Menetti L. Human herpesvirus-6: an emerg-ing pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5:353–366.
  • Patnaik M, Komaroff AL, Conley C, Orjin-Amaine EA, Peter JB. Prevalence of IgM antibodies to human herpesvirus-6 early antigen in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Infect Dis 1995; 172:1164–1167.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Haier Jet al. Mycoplasmal infections in chronic ill-nesses: Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, Gulf War Illness, HIV-AIDS and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Med Sentinel 1999; 5:172–176.
  • Nicolson GL. Chronic infections as a common etiology for many patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Gulf War Illnesses. Intern J Med 1998; 1:42–46.
  • Walch CM, Zainal NZ, Middleton St et al. A family history study of chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Psych Genet 2001; 11:123–128.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Nicolson NL, Haier J. High prevalence of myco-plasmal infections in symptomatic (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) family members of mycoplasma-positive Gulf War Illness patients. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 2003; 11(2):21–36.
  • Haier J, Nasralla M, Franco RA et al. Detection of mycoplasmal infections in blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol 1999; 38:504–509.
  • Nasralla M, Haier J, Nicolson GL. Multiple mycoplasmal infections detected in blood of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and/or Fibromyalgia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18:859–865.
  • Nasralla MY, Haier J, Nicolson NL, Nicolson GL. Examination of mycoplas-mas in blood of 565 chronic illness patients by polymerase chain reaction. Intern J Med Biol Environ 2000; 28(1):15–23.
  • Baseman J, Tully J. Mycoplasmas: sophisticated, reemerging, and burdened by their notoriety. Emerg Infect Dis 1997; 3:21–32.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Nicolson NL. The pathogenesis and treatment of mycoplasmal infections. Antimicrob Infect Dis Newsl 1999; 17:81–88.
  • Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Franco AR et al. Mycoplasmal infections in fatigue illnesses: Chronic Fatigue and Fibromyalgia Syndromes, Gulf War Illness and Rheu-matoid Arthritis. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 2000; 6(3/4):23–39.
  • Shibata K, Hasebe A, Sasaki T, Watanabe T. Mycoplasma saliva rium induces interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in human gingival fibroblasts. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997; 19:275–283.
  • Brenner C, Wroblewski H, Le Henaff M, Montagnier L, Blanchard A. Spiralin, a mycoplasmal membrane lipoprotein, induces T-cell-independent B-cell blastogenesis and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4322–4329.
  • Johnson S, Sidebottom D, Bruckner F, Collins D. Identification of Mycoplasma fermentans in synovial fluid samples from arthritis patients with inflammatory disease. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 90–93.
  • Ginsburg KS, Kundsin RB, Walter CW, Schur PH. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in women with systemic lupus erythematosis. Arthritis Rheumat 1992; 35:429–433.
  • Greenlee JE, Rose JW. Controversies in neurological infectious diseases. Semin Neurol 2000; 20:375–386.
  • Hawkins RE, Rickman LS, Vermund SH et al. Association of Mycoplasma and human immunodeficiency virus infection: detection of amplified Mycoplasma fermentans DNA in blood. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:581–585.
  • Montagnier L, Blanchard A. Mycoplasmas as cofactors in infection due to the immunodeficiency virus. ClM Infect Dis 1993; 17 (Suppl 1):S309–315.
  • Kraft M, Cassell GH, Henson JE et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma. Am J Respirat Critical Care Med 1998; 158:998–1001.
  • Gil JC, Cedillo RL, Mayagoitia BG, Paz MD. Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from asthmatic patients. Annu Allergy 1993; 70:23–25.
  • Layani-Milon M-P, Gras I, Valette M, Luciani J, Stagnara J, Aymard M, Lina B. Incidence of upper respiratory tract Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections among outpa-tients in Rhône-Alpes, France, during five successive winter periods. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1721–1726.
  • Kok T, Higgins G. Prevalence of respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in sputum samples from unselected adult patients. Pathology 1997; 29:300–302.
  • Wagner M, Krueger GRF, Ablashi DV, Whitman JE. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): a critical evaluation of testing for active human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infec-tion: a review of data on 107 cases. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 1996; 5:3–16.
  • Zorsenon M, Colle R, Rukh G et al. Active HHV-6 infection in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients from Italy: new data. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 1996; 6:103–113.
  • Knox K, Brewer JH, Carrigan DR. Persistent active human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infections in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 1999; 2:245–246.
  • Ablashi D, Eastman HB, Owen CB, Roman MM et al. Frequent HHV-6 reacti-vation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. J Clin Virol 2000; 16:179–191.
  • Wallace HL, Natelson B, Gruse W, Hay J. Human herpesviruses in chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999; 6:216–223.
  • Reeves WC, Stamey FR, Black JB, Mawie AC, Stewart JA, Pellett PE. Human herpesviruses 6 and 7 in chronic fatigue syndrome: a case control study. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:48–52.
  • Van Kuppeveld FJM, Van der Logt JTM, Angulo AF et al. Genus- and spe-cies-specific identification of mycoplasmas by 16S rRNA amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2606–2615.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.