66
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Whiplash: “Why Pay for What Does Not Work?”

Pages 29-53 | Received 01 May 1999, Published online: 16 Jan 2010

REFERENCES

  • Bogduk N. Treatment of whiplash injuries. Spine: State of the Art Reviews, G A Malanga. Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia 1998; 12: 469–483, Cervical Flexion-Extension Whiplash Injuries
  • Dupont W D, Plummer W D. Power and sample size calculations: a review and computer program. Controlled Clin Trials 1990; 11: 116–128
  • Aker P D, Gross A R, Goldsmith C H, Peloso P. Conservative management of mechanical neck pain: systematic overview and meta-analysis. Brit Med J 1996; 313: 1291–1296
  • Hurwitz E L, Aker P R, Adams A H, Meeker W C, Shekelle P G. Manipulation and mobilization of the cervical spine: a systematic review of the literature. Spine 1996; 21: 1746–1760
  • Koes B W, Bouter L M, van der Heijden G JMG. Methodological quality of randomized clinical trials on treatment efficacy in low back pain. Spine 1995; 20: 228–235
  • Teasell R W, Shapiro A P, Mailis A. Medical management of whiplash injuries. Spine: State of the Art Reviews 1993; 7: 481–499
  • Bisbee L A, Hartsell H D. Physiotherapy management of whiplash injuries. Spine: State of the Art Reviews 1993; 7: 501–516
  • Greenman P E. Manual and manipulative therapy in whiplash injuries. Spine: State of the Art Reviews 1993; 7: 517–530
  • Spitzer W O, Skovron M L, Salmi L R, Cassidy J D, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E. Scientific monograph of the Quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine 1995; 20(8S)1S–73S
  • McKinney L A, Dornan J O, Ryan M. The role of physiotherapy in the management of acute neck sprains following road-traffic accidents. Arch Emergency Med 1989; 6: 27–33
  • Provinciali L, Baroni M, Illuminati L, Ceravolo G. Multimodal treatment to prevent the late whiplash syndrome. Scand J Rehab Med 1996; 28: 105–111
  • Foley-Nolan D, Moore K, Codd M, Barry C, O'Connor P, Coughlan R J. Low energy high frequency pulsed electromagnetic therapy for acute whiplash injuries. Scand J Rehab Med 1992; 24: 51–59
  • Mealy K, Brennan H, Fenelon G CC. Early mobilization of acute whiplash injuries. Brit Med J 1986; 292: 656–657
  • Zylbergold R S, Piper M C. Cervical spine disorders: a comparison of three types of traction. Spine 1985; 10: 867–871
  • Pennie B H, Agambar L J. Whiplash injuries: a trial of early management. J Bone Joint Surg 1990; 72B: 277–279
  • Gennis P, Miller L, Gallagher J, Giglio J, Carter W, Nathanson N. The effect of soft cervical collars on persistent neck pain in patients with whiplash injury. Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3: 568–573
  • McKinney L A. Early mobilization and outcomes in acute sprains of the neck. Brit Med J 1989; 299: 1006–1008
  • Snow C J, Aves Wood R, Dowhopouuk V, Howdle H, Decker C, Elfenbaum G, et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of spray and stretch for relief of back and neck myofascial pain. Physiotherapy Canada 1992; 44: S83
  • Thorsen H, Gam A N, Svensson B H, Jensen J MK, Piculell I, Schack L K, Skjott K. Low level laser therapy for myofascial pain in the neck and shoulder girdle. A double-blind, cross-over study. Scand J Rheumatol 1992; 21: 139–142
  • Waylonis G W, Wilke S, O'Toole D, Waylonis D A, Waylonis D B. Chronic myofascial pain: management by low-output helium-neon laser therapy. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1988; 69: 1017–1020
  • Goldie I, Landquist A. Evaluation of the effects of different forms of physiotherapy in cervical pain. Scand J Rehab Med 1970; 2–3: 117–121
  • Nordemar R, Throner C. Treatment of acute cervical pain-a comparative group study. Pain 1981; 10: 93–101
  • Hong C Z, Lin J C, Bender L F, Schaeffer J N, Meltzer R J, Causin P. Magnetic necklace: its therapeutic effectiveness on neck and shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1982; 63: 426–466
  • Kamwendo K, Linton S J. A controlled study of the effect of neck school in medical secretaries. Scand J Rehab Med 1991; 23: 143–152
  • Lewith G T, Machin D. A randomized trial to evaluate the effect of infra-red stimulation of local trigger points, versus placebo on the pain caused by cervical osteoarthrosis. Acupuncture Electro-Therapeut Res Int J 1981; 6: 277–284
  • Howe D H, Newcombe R G, Wade M T. Manipulation of the cervical spine-pilot study. J Roy Coll Gen Pract 1983; 33: 574–579
  • Sloop P R, Smith D S, Goldberg E, Dore C. Manipulation of chronic neck pain: a double-blind controlled study. Spine 1982; 7: 532–535
  • Koes B W, Bouter L M, van Mameren H, Essers A HM, Verstegen G MJR, Hof-huizen D M, Houben J P, Knipschild P G. The effectiveness of manual therapy, physiotherapy, and treatment by the general practitioner for nonspecific back and neck complaints: a randomized clinical trial. Spine 1992; 17: 28–35
  • Lavin R A, Pappagallo M, Kuhlemeier K V. Cervical pain: a comparison of three pillows. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1997; 78: 193–198
  • Cassidy J D, Lopes A A, Yong-Hing K. The immediate effect of manipulation versus mobilization on pain and range of motion in the cervical spine: a randomized controlled trial. J Manip Physiol Ther 1992; 15: 570–575
  • Vernon H T, Aker P, Burns S, Viljakaanen S, Short L. Pressure pain threshold evaluation of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a pilot study. J Manip Physiol Ther 1990; 13: 13–16
  • Ceccherellia F, Altafini L, Lo Castro G, Avila A, Ambrosio F, Giron G P. Diode laser in cervical myofascial pain: a double-blind study versus placebo. Clin J Pain 1989; 5: 301–304
  • Foley-Nolan D, Barry C, Coughlan R J, O'Connor P, Roden D. Pulsed high frequency (27mhz) electromagnetic therapy for persistent pain: a double blind, placebo-controlled study of 20 patients. Orthopaedics 1990; 13: 445–451
  • Loy T T. Treatment of cervical spondylosis: electroacupuncture versus physiotherapy. Med J Aust 1983; 2: 32–34
  • Petrie J P, Langley G B. Acupuncture in the treatment of chronic cervical pain: a pilot study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1983; 1: 333–335
  • Takala E P, Viikari-Juntura E, Tynkkynen E M. Does group gymnastics at the workplace help in neck pain?. Scand J Rehab Med 1994; 26: 17–20
  • Levoska S, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S. Active or passive physiotherapy for occupational cervicobrachial disorders? A comparison of two treatment methods with a 1-year follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1993; 74: 425–430
  • Brodin H. Cervical pain and mobilization. Int J Rehab Research 1984; 7: 190–191
  • Brodin H. Cervical pain and mobilization. Man Med 1985; 2: 18–22
  • Jonsson H, Cesarini K, Sahlstedt B, Rauschning W. Findings and outcomes in whiplash-type neck distortions. Spine 1994; 19: 2733–2743
  • Fricton J R. Myofascial pain and whiplash:. Spine: State of the Art Reviews 1993; 7: 403–422
  • Basmajian J V. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride effect on skeletal muscle spasm in the lumbar region and neck: two double-blind controlled clinical and laboratory results. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1978; 59: 58–63
  • Bercel N A. Cyclobenzaprine in the treatment of skeletal muscle spasm in osteoarthritis of the cervical and lumbar spine. Curr Ther Res 1977; 22: 462–468
  • Coletta R, Maggiolo F, Di Trizio S. Etofenamate and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation treatment of painful spinal syndromes. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1988; 8: 295–298
  • Dubbs V, Lauretti W J. A risk assessment of cervical manipulation vs. NSAIDs for the treatment of neck pain. J Man Physiol Ther 1995; 18: 530–536
  • Byrn C, Olsson I, Falkheden L, Lindh M, Hosterey U, Fogelberg M, Linder L E, Bunketorp O. Subcutaneous sterile water injections for chronic neck and shoulder pain following whiplash injuries. Lancet 1993; 341: 449–452
  • Barnsley L, Lord S M, Wallis B J, Bogduk N. Lack of effect of intra-articular corticosteroids for chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain. New Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1047–1050
  • Algers G, Pettersson K, Hildingsson C, Toolanen G. Surgery for chronic symptoms after whiplash injury. Follow-up of 20 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1993; 64: 654–656
  • De Palma A F, Rothman R H, Levitt R L, Hamond N L. The natural history of severe cervical disc degeneration. Acta Orthop Scand 1972; 43: 392–396
  • Kikuchi S, Macnab I, Moreau P. Localization of the level of symptomatic cervical disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg 1981; 63B: 272–277
  • Whitecloud T S, Seago R A. Cervical discogenic syndrome. Results of operative intervention in patients with positive discography. Spine 1987; 12: 313–316
  • Lord S M, Barnsley L, Wallis B J, McDonald G J, Bogduk N. Percutaneous radio-frequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1721–1726

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.