46
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Whiplash Mechanics in Low Speed Rear-End Automobile Collisions

&
Pages 69-86 | Received 07 Oct 1998, Published online: 16 Jan 2010

REFERENCES

  • Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Special Issue: Whiplash Injuries 1995; 30: 8
  • Carroll S. Report DB-139-ICJ, RAND Corp. 1992
  • Barnsley L. Clinical review: Whiplash injury. Pain 1994; 58: 283–307
  • Martin R D. Secondary gain, everybody's rationalization. J Occup Med 1974; 16: 800–801
  • Hendler E, O'Rourke J, Schulman M, Katzeff M, Domzalski L, Rodgers S. Effect of head and body position and muscular tensing on response to, impact. SAE 741184
  • Shapiro A P, Roth R. The effect of litigation on recovery from whiplash injury. Spine: State of the Art Reviews 1993; 7: 531–556
  • Spitzer W O, Skovron M L, Salmi L R, Cassidy D J, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E. Scientific Monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Redefining “Whiplash” and its Management. 1995, Spine 20S: (8S), 2S-73S
  • Swartzman L C, Teasell R W, Shapiro A P, McDermid A J. The effect of litigation status on adjustment to whiplash injury. Spine 1996; 21: 53–57
  • Ewing C L, Thomas D J, Beeler G W, Jr., Patrick L M, Gillis D B. Dynamic response of the head and neck of the living human to—Gx impact acceleration., SAE 680792
  • Matsushita T, Sato T B, Hirabayashi K, Fujimura S, Asazuma T. Takatori X-ray study of the human neck motion due to head inertia loading., SAE 942208
  • McConnell W E, Howard R P, Guzman H M, Bomar J B, Raddin J H, Benedict J V, et al. Analysis of human test subject kinematic responses to low velocity rear end impacts., SAE 930889
  • Mertz H J, Patrick L M. Strength and response of the human neck., SAE 710855
  • Prasad P, Mital N, King A I, Patrick L M. Dynamic response of the spine during + Gx acceleration., SAE 751172
  • Schmidt G, Kallieris D, Barz J, Mattern R, Klaiber J. Neck and thorax tolerance levels of belt protected occupants in head-on collisions., SAE 751149
  • Siegmund G P, King D J, Lawrence J M, Wheeler J B, Brault J R, Smith T A. Head/neck kinematic response of human subjects in low speed rear-end collisions., SAE 973341
  • Tencer A F, Martin D, Goodwin V, Schaefer G, Mirza S. Do Initial Head Rotation or Head CG Distance Above the Head Restraint Affect Head Kinematics in Response to a Rear-End Impact? Presented at SAE Whiplash 98 conference. Phoenix, AZ Nov, 1988
  • White A A, Panjabi M M. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine, 2nd Ed. JP Lip-pincott, Philadelphia, PA 1990; 47, (Table 1–8)
  • McConnell W E, Howard R P, Van Poppel J, Krause R, Guzman H M, Bomar J B, et al. Human head and neck kinematics after low velocity rear-end impacts-understanding “whiplash.”, SAE 952724
  • Severy D M, Mathewson J H, Bechtol C O. Canadian Services Medical Journal. 1955, 727–759
  • Panjabi M M, Grauer J N, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Babat L B, Dvorak J. Whiplash trauma: a biomechanical viewpoint. Whiplash injuries: Current concepts in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the cervical whiplash syndrome., R Gunzburg, M. Szpalski. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 1998; 79–87
  • Ono K, Kaneoka K, Wittek A, Kajzer J. Cervical injury mechanism based on the analysis of human cervical vertebral motion and head-neck-torso kinematics during low speed rear impacts., SAE 973340
  • Mertz H J, Patrick L M. Investigation of the kinematics and kinetics of whiplash., SAE 670919
  • Tencer A F, Moore K V, Mirza S K. Presented at the Whiplash Associated Disorders, World Congress. The relationship of arm and low back symptoms in victims of actual low damage rear-end vehicle impacts. Vancouver, BC Feb, 1999
  • Peterson K, Hildingsson C, Toolanen G, Fagerlund M, Bjornebrink J. Disc pathology after whiplash injury, a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and clinical investigation. Spine 1997; 22: 283–288
  • Clemens H J, Burow K. Experimental investigation on injury mechanisms of cervical spine at frontal and rear-front vehicle impacts., SAE 720960
  • Siegmund G P, King D J, Montgomery D T. Using barrier impact data to determine speed change in aligned, low speed vehicle-to-vehicle collisions, SAE 960887
  • Szabo T J, Welcher J. Dynamics of low speed crash tests with energy absorbing bumpers., SAE 921573
  • Antonetti V W. Estimating the coefficient of restitution of vehicle-to-vehicle bumper impacts., SAE 980552
  • Howard R P, Bomar J, Bare C. Vehicle restitution response in low velocity collisions., SAE 931842
  • King D J, Bowler J J, Ptucha S J. Determination of bumper characteristics using prototype moving barriers., SAE 970956
  • Malmsbury R N, Eubanks J J. Damage and/or impact absorber [isolator] movements observed in low speed crash tests involving Ford Escorts., SAE 940912
  • Siegmund G P, Bailey M N, King D J. Characteristics of specific automobile bumpers in low velocity impacts., SAE 940916
  • Dempster W T, Gaughran G RL. Properties of body segments based on size and weight. Am J Anatomy 1962; 120: 33–54
  • Muzzy W H, III, Seeman M R, Willems G C, Lustick L S, Bittner A C, Jr. The effect of mass distribution parameters on head/neck dynamic response., SAE 861886
  • Walker L B, Harris E H, Pontius U R. Mass, volume, center of mass and mass moment of inertia of head and head and neck of human body, SAE 730985
  • Foust D R, Chaffin D B, Snyder R G, Baum J K. Cervical spine range of motion and dynamic response and strength of cervical muscles., SAE 730975
  • Stapp J P. Human tolerance to deceleration. Am J Surg 1957; 93: 734–740
  • Szabo T J, Welcher J B. Human subject kinematics and electromyographic activity during low speed rear impacts., SAE 962432
  • Pope M H, Aleksiev A, Hasselquist L, Magnusson M L, Spratt K, Szpalski M. Neurophysiologic mechanisms of low velocity non-head-contact cervical acceleration. Whiplash injuries: Current concepts in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the cervical whiplash syndrome., R Gunzburg, M. Szpalski. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 1998; 89–93
  • Benson B R, Smith G C, Kent R W, Monson C R. Effect of seat stiffness in out of position occupant response in rear end collisions., SAE 962434
  • Svensson M Y, Lovsund P, Haland Y, Larsson S. Rear-end collisions-A study of the influence of backrest properties on head-neck motion using a new dummy neck., SAE 930343
  • Severy D M, Brink H M, Baird J D. Backrest and head restraint design for rear-end collision protection., SAE 680079
  • Ewing C L, Thomas D J, Lustick L, Muzzy W H, III, Willems G, Majewski P L. The effect of duration, rate of onset and peak sled acceleration on the dynamic response of the human head and neck, SAE 760800
  • Portnoy H D. Intracranial pressure and head acceleration during whiplash., SAE 700900
  • Berton R J. Whiplash: tests of influential variables., SAE 680080
  • Melvin J W, McElhaney J H. Occupant protection in rear-end collisions., SAE 720033
  • Lundell B, Jakobsson L, Alfredsson B, Jernstrom C, Isakkson-Hellman I. Guidelines for and the design of a car seat concept for improved protection against neck injuries in rear end car impacts., SAE 980301
  • Wiklund K, Larsson H. SAAB active head restraint [SAHR] seat design to reduce the risk of neck injuries in rear impacts., SAE 980297
  • Armstrong R W, Waters H P. Testing programs and research on restraint systems., SAE 690247
  • Chandler R F, Christian R A. Crash testing of humans in automobile seats., SAE 700361
  • Gadd C W, Culver C C, Nahum A M. A study of the responses and tolerances of the neck., SAE 710856
  • Glenn T H. Anthropomorphic dummy and human volunteer tests of advanced and/or passive belt restraint systems., SAE 740579
  • Kallieris D, Mattern R, Miltner E, Schmidt G, Stein K. Considerations for a neck injury criterion., SAE 912916
  • Patrick L M, Levine R S. Injury to unembalmed belted cadavers in simulated collisions., SAE 751144
  • Szabo T J, Welcher J B, Anderson R D, Rice M M, Ward J A, Paulo L R, Carpenter N J. Human occupant kinematic response to low speed rear end impacts., SAE 940532
  • van der Horst M J, Thunnissen J GM, Happee R, van Haaster R MHP, Wismans J SHM. The influence of muscle activity on head-neck response during impact., SAE 973346
  • West D H, Gough J P, Harper G TK. Low speed rear-end collision testing using human subjects. Accident Reconstruction Journal 1993; May/June: 22–26
  • Wismans J, Spenny C H. Head-neck response in frontal flexion., SAE 841666
  • Pincemaille Y, Trosseile X, Mack P, Tarriere C, Breton F, Renault B. Some new data related to human tolerance obtained from volunteer boxers., SAE 892435

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.