Twitch-Obtaining Intramuscular Stimulation: Observations in the Management of Radiculopathic Chronic Low Back Pain

REFERENCES

• Gunn C C. Treatment of chronic pain. Intramuscular stimulation for myofascial pain of radiculopathic origin. Churchill Livingston, LondonUK 1996
   Google Scholar
• Travell J G, Simons D G. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction. The Trigger Point Manual. Upper half of Body, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1999; Vol 1
   Google Scholar
• Travell J G, Simons D G. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction. The Trigger Point Manual. The Lower Extremities, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1992; Vol. 2
   Google Scholar
• Boissevain B, McCain G A. Toward an integrated understanding of the fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain 1991; 45: 227–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn C C. Neuropathic pain: A new theory for chronic pain of intrinsic origin. Ann Roy Coll Phys Surg (Canada). 1989; 22(5)327–330
   Google Scholar
• Simons D G. Myofascial pain syndrome due to trigger points. Rehabilitation Medicine., J Goodgold. C.V. Mosby Co., St Louis 1988; 686–723, Ch 45
   Google Scholar
• Simons D G. Myofascial trigger points: The critical experiment. J Musculoske Pain 1997; 5(4)113–118
   Google Scholar
• Chu J. Dry needling (Intramuscular Stimulation) in myofascial pain related to lumbosacral radiculopathy. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil 1995; 5(4)106–121
   Google Scholar
• Chu J. Does EMG (dry needling) reduce myofascial pain due to cervical radiculopathy. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997; 37: 259–272
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu J. Twitch-Obtaining Intramuscular Stimulation (TOIMS): Effective for long-term treatment of myofascial pain related to cervical radiculopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 78(1042)
   Google Scholar
• Chu J. Myofascial pain syndrome-trigger points. J Musculoske Pain 1997; 5(1)133–135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu J. The twitch response in myofascial trigger points. J Musculoske Pain 1998; 6(4)99–110
   Google Scholar
• Simons D G. Clinical and etiological update of myofascial pain from trigger points. J Musculoske Pain 1996; 4(1/2)97–125
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Smythe H A, Yunus M B, Bennett R M, Bombardier C, Goldenberg D L, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicentre Criteria Committee. Arthr Rheum, 33: 160–172, 1990
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu-Andrews J, Johnson R J. Notes on the Electrodiagnostic Features of Commonly Encountered Clinical Situation. In:. Electrodiagnosis: An Anatomical and Clinical Approach. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia 1986; 248
   Google Scholar
• Gunn C C, Milbrandt W E. Dry needling of muscle motor points for chronic low back pain. A randomized clinical trial with long-term follow-up. Spine 1980; 5: 279–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchthal F. The general concept of the motor unit. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1961; 38: 3–30
   Google Scholar
• Axelsson J, Thesleff S. A study of supersensitivity in denervated mammalian skeletal muscle. J Physiol 1959; 147: 178–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon W B, Rosenblueth A. The Supersensitivity of Denervated Structures: A Law of Denervation. The MacMillan Co., New York 1949
   Google Scholar
• Chu J. Twitch-Obtaining Intramuscular Stimulation (TOIMS) in acute partial radial nerve palsy. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Simons D G, Travell J G. Myofascial trigger points, a possible explanation. Pain 1981; 10: 106–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson A, Hendriksson K G, Larsson J. Reduced high energy phosphate levels in the painful muscles of patients with primary fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1986; 29(817)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell I J. Neurochemical pathogenesis of fibromyalgia syndrome. J Musculoske Pain 1996; 4(1/2)61–92
   Google Scholar
• Simons D G. Clinical and etiological update of myofascial pain from trigger points. J Musculoske Pain 1996; 4(1/2)97–125
   Google Scholar
• Hong C-Z, Hsueh T-C. Difference in pain relief after trigger point injections in myofascial pain patients with and without fibromyalgia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77(11)1161–1166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong C-Z, Torigoe Y. Electrophysiological characteristics of localized twitch responses in responsive taut bands of rabbit skeletal muscle. J Musculoske Pain 1994; 2(2)17–43
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard D R, Berkoff G M. Myofascial trigger points show spontaneous needle EMG activity. Spine 1993; 18: 1803–1807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons D G, Hong C-Z, Simons L S. Prevalence of spontaneous electrical activity at trigger spots and control sites in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Musculoske Pain 1995; 3(1)35–48
   Google Scholar
• Gilliat R W. Acute compression block. The Physiology of Peripheral Nerve Disease., A J Sumner. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1980; 287–315
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann M, Sanders K. Abnormal Nerves and Muscles as Impulse Generators. Responses of nerve axons and receptor endings to heat, ischemia, and algesic substances. Abnormal excitability of regenerating nerve endings. In:, W J Culp, J Ochoa. Oxford University Press, New York 1982; 513–532
   Google Scholar
• Felson D T, Goldenberg D L. The natural history of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1986; 29(1522)
   Google Scholar
• Ledingham J, Doherty S, Doherty M. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome-An outcome study. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32(2)139–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hong C-Z. Persistence of local twitch response with loss of conduction to and from the spinal cord. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994; 75: 12–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong C-Z, Torigoe Y, Yu J. The localized twitch responses in responsive taut bands of rabbit skeletal muscle fibers are related to the reflexes at spinal cord level. J Musculoske Pain 1995; 3(1)15–34
   Google Scholar
• Ballard H J, Cotterell D, Karim F. Venous adenosine content and vascular responses in dog hind-limb skeletal muscles during twitch contraction. Q J Exp Physiol 1987; 72(4)461–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson J R, Kapoor S C. Contribution of prostaglandins to exercise-induced vasodilation in humans. Am J Physiol 1993; 265(1 Pt2)H171
   Google Scholar
• Lewit K, Simons D G. Myofascial pain: Relief by post-isometric relaxation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984; 65: 452–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewit K. Postisometric relaxation in combination with other methods of muscular facilitation and inhibition. Manual Med 1986; 2: 101–104
   Google Scholar
• Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia: Trigger Point Management., E S Rachlin. Mosby, St. Louis 1994; 188
   Google Scholar
• Hollinshead W H. Functional Anatomy of the Limbs and Back., 3rd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1969; 222–224
   Google Scholar
• Chu J. Automated twitch-obtaining intramuscular stimulation (ATOIMS) in the management of regional and diffuse myofascial pain (fibromyalgia). J Musculoske Pain 1998; 6(2)48
   Google Scholar