Gender Issues in the Effects of Exposure to Violence on Children

References

• Achenbach , T. 1991 . Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist , Burlington, VT : University Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Augustyn , M. , Parker , S. , Groves , B. M. and Zuckerman , B. 1995 . Children who witness violence . Contemporary Pediatrics , 12 : 35 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basic Behavioral Science Task Force of the National Advisory Mental Health Council . 1996 . Basic behavioral science research for mental health: Vulnerability and resilience . American Psychologist , 51 : 22 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute B. C. on Family Violence . 1992 . Current and future effects on children witnessing parental violence: An overview and annotated bibliography , Series on Interpersonal Violence Report No. 1
   Google Scholar
• Billings , A. G. and Moos , R. H. 1981 . The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 4 : 139 – 157 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birns , B. , Cascardi , M. and Meyer , S. L. 1994 . Sex-role socialization: Developmental influences on wife abuse . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 64 : 50 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blechman , E. A. , Prinz , R. J. and Dumas , J. E. 1995 . Coping, competence, and aggression prevention: Part 1. Developmental model . Applied and Preventive Psychology , 4 : 211 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block , J. H. 1983 . Differential premises arising from differential socialization of the sexes: Some conjectures . Child Development , 54 : 1335 – 1354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody , L. R. 1985 . Gender differences in emotional development: A review of theories and research . Journal of Personality , 53 : 102 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody , L. R. , Hay , D. H. and Vandewater , E. 1990 . Gender, gender role identity, and children's reported feelings toward the same and opposite sex . Sex Roles , 23 : 363 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge , P. L. 1981 . Parental child-rearing sex-role attitudes related to social issue sex-role attitudes and selected demographic variables . Home Economics Research , 9 : 193 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Chodorow , N. J. 1989 . Feminism and psychoanalytic theory , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Christopoulos , C. , Cohn , D. A. , Shaw , D. S. , Joyce , S. , Sullivan-Hanson , J. , Kraft , S. P. and Emery , R. E. 1987 . Children of abused women: I. Adjustment at time of shelter residence . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 49 : 611 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn , L. D. 1991 . Sex differences in the course of personality development: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 252 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , P. A. , Cowan , C. P. and Kerig , P. K. 1993 . “ Mothers, fathers, sons, and daughters: Gender differences in family formation and parenting style ” . In Family, self and society: Toward a new agenda for family research , Edited by: Cowan , P. A. , Field , D. , Hansen , D. , Skolnick , A. M. and Swanson , G. 165 – 195 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Crockenberg , S. and Covey , S. L. 1991 . “ Marital conflict and externalizing behavior in children ” . In Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology. Vol 3: Models and integrations , Edited by: Cicchetti , D. and Toth , S. L. 235 – 260 . Rochester : University of Rochester Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. , Ballard , M. , El-Sheikh , M. and Lake , M. 1991 . Resolution and child's responses to interadult anger . Developmental Psychology , 27 : 462 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. and Cummings , J. S. 1988 . A process-oriented approach to children's coping with adults' angry behavior . Developmental Review , 8 : 296 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. and Davies , P. T. 1994 . Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. , Davies , P. T. and Simpson , K. S. 1994 . Marital conflict, gender, and children's appraisals and coping efficacy as mediators of child adjustment . Journal of Family Psychology , 8 : 141 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. and El-Sheikh , M. 1991 . “ Children's coping with angry environments: A process-oriented approach ” . In Lifespan developmental psychology: Perspectives on stress and coping , Edited by: Cummings , E. M. , Greene , A. L. and Karraker , K. H. 131 – 150 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. , Iannotti , R. J. and Zahn-Waxler , C. 1985 . The influence of conflict between adults on emotions and aggression of young children . Developmental Psychology. , 21 : 495 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. , Vogel , D. , Cummings , J. and El-Sheikh , M. 1989 . Children's responses to different forms of anger between adults . Child Development , 60 : 1392 – 1404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , P. T. and Cummings , E. M. 1994 . Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 116 : 387 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depner , C. E. , Leino , E. V. and Chun , A. 1992 . Interparental conflict and child adjustment: A decade review and meta-analysis . Family and Conciliation Courts Review , 30 : 323 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Emery , R. E. 1982 . Interparental conflict and the children of discord and divorce . Psychological Bulletin , 92 : 310 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantuzzo , J. W. and Boruch , R. Domestic violence and children: Prevalence and risk in five major US cities . Paper presented at the First National Conference on Children Exposed to Violence . Austin, Texas. June ,
   Google Scholar
• Fantuzzo , J. W. , DePaola , L. M. , Lambert , L. , Martino , T. , Anderson , G. and Sutton , S. 1991 . Effects of interparental violence on the psychological adjustment and competencies of young children . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 : 258 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilligan , C. 1977 . In a different voice: Women's conceptions of self and of morality . Harvard Educational Review , 47 : 481 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjerde , P. F. , Block , J. and Block , J. H. 1988 . Depressive symptoms and personality during late adolescence: Gender differences in the externalization-internalization of symptom expression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 97 : 475 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grych , J. H. and Fincham , F. 1990 . Marital conflict and children's adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework . Psychological Bulletin , 108 : 267 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grych , J. H. and Fincham , F. 1993 . Children's appraisals of interparental conflict: Initial investigations of the cognitive-contextual framework . Child Development , 64 : 215 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grych , J. H. , Seid , M. and Fincham , F. 1992 . Assessing marital conflict from the child's perspective: The Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale . Child Development , 63 : 558 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetherington , E. M. , Stanley-Hagen , M. and Anderson , E. R. 1989 . Marital transitions: A child's perspective . American Psychologist , 44 : 303 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden , G. W. and Ritchie , K. L. 1991 . Linking extreme marital discord, childrearing, and child behavior problems: Evidence from battered women . Child Development , 62 : 311 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson , W. W. and McIntosh , S. R. 1981 . The assessment of spouse abuse: Two quantifiable dimensions . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 43 : 873 – 885 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , H. M. , Parkinson , D. and Vargo , M. 1989 . Witnessing spouse abuse and experiencing physical abuse: A “double whammy”? . Journal of Family Violence , 4 : 197 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobvitz , D. B. and Bush , N. F. 1996 . Reconstructions of family relationships: Parent-child alliances, personal distress, and self-esteem . Developmental Psychology , 32 : 732 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe , P. G. , Suderman , M. and Reitzel , D. 1992 . “ Child witnesses of marital violence ” . In Assessment of family violence: A clinical and legal sourcebook , Edited by: Ammerman , R. T. and Hersen , M. 313 – 331 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe , P. G. , Wolfe , D. A. and Wilson , S. K. 1990 . Children of battered women , Newbury Park : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe , P. G. , Wolfe , D. , Wilson , S. K. and Zak , L. 1986 . Family violence and child adjustment: A comparative analyses of girls' and boys' behavioral symptoms . American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 74 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , J. R. , Campbell , L. E. and Mayes , S. S. 1985 . Latency children in post-separation and divorce disputes . Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 24 : 563 – 574 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jouriles , E. N. and LeCompte , S. H. 1991 . Husbands' aggression toward wives and mothers' and fathers' aggression toward children: Moderating effects of child gender . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 : 190 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouriles , E. N. , Murphy , C. M. and O'Leary , K. D. 1989 . Interspousal aggression, marital discord, and child problems . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 57 : 453 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouriles , E. N. and Norwood , W. D. 1995 . Physical aggression toward boys and girls in families characterized by the battering of women . Journal of Family Psychology , 9 : 69 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , L. F. and Gottman , J. M. 1993 . Patterns of marital conflict predict children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors . Developmental Psychology , 29 : 940 – 950 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanagh , K. and Hops , H. 1994 . “ Good girls? Bad boys? Gender and development as contexts for diagnosis and treatment ” . In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology , Edited by: Ollendick , T. H. and Prinz , R. J. 45 – 79 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kerig , P. K. 1995 . Triangles in the family circle: Effects of family structure on marriage, parenting, and child adjustment . Journal of Family Psychology , 9 : 28 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerig , P. K. 1996 . Assessing the links between marital conflict and child development: The Conflicts and Problem-Solving Scales . Journal of Family Psychology , 10 : 454 – 473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerig , P. K. Marital conflict and children's adjustment: Risk and protective mechanisms in family subsystems . Symposium presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development . Washington, DC. Gender and children's coping efforts as moderators of the effects of interparental conflict on adjustment , Edited by: Lindahl , K. M. and Katz , L. F. Chairs . April ,
   Google Scholar
• Kerig , P. K. Assessing the impact of exposure to violence on children: Risk and protective factors in children, families, and communities . Keynote panel presented at the Second International Conference on Children Exposed to Family Violence . London, Ontario. Gender differences in mediators of the effects of exposure to violence on children , June ,
   Google Scholar
• Kerig , P. K. 1998 . Gender and appraisals as mediators of the effects of exposure to violence on children's adjustment . Journal of Family Violence , 15 : 345 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerig , P. K. , Cowan , P. A. and Cowan , C. P. 1993 . Marital quality and gender differences in parent-child interaction . Developmental Psychology , 29 ( 6 ) : 931 – 939 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerig , P. K. , Fedorowicz , A. E. , Brown , C. A. , Patenaude , R. L. and Warren , M. 1998 . When warriors are worriers: Gender and children's strategies for coping with exposure to violence . Journal of Emotional Abuse , 1 ( 2 )
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, appraisal, and coping , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lips , H. 1993 . Sex and gender , Mountain View, CA : Mayfield .
   Google Scholar
• Margolin , G. The effects of domestic violence on children . Paper presented at the Conference on Violence Against Children in the Family and Community . Los Angeles, CA. January ,
   Google Scholar
• Margolin , G. and Burman , B. 1993 . Wife abuse versus marital violence: Different terminologies, explanations, and solutions . Clinical Psychology Review , 13 : 59 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , L. 1992 . Development of the severity of violence against women scales . Journal of Family Violence , 7 : 103 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey , L. A. , Figueredo , A. J. and Koss , M. P. 1995 . The effects of systemic family violence on children's mental health . Child Development , 66 : 1239 – 1261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minuchin , S. 1974 . Families and family therapy , Cambridge, MA : Harvard U. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , T. and Pepler , D. Children exposed to family violence: Gender differences . Paper presented at the First National Conference on Children Exposed to Family Violence . Austin, Texas. March ,
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. , Girgus , J. S. and Seligman , M. E. P. 1991 . Sex differences in depression and explanatory style in children . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 20 : 233 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , M. 1994 . Linking marital violence, mother-child/father-child aggression, and child behavior problems . Journal of Family Violence , 9 : 63 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osofsky , J. D. 1995 . Children who witness domestic violence: The invisible victims . Social Policy Report: Society for Research in Child Development , 9 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , B. and O'Leary , R. E. 1980 . Marital discord and childhood behavior problems . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 8 : 287 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabenstein , S. Intervention strategies in helping children deal with trauma of exposure to violence: The London, Canada experience . Workshop presented at the Second International Conference on Children Exposed to Family Violence . London, Ont. Parent-child group therapy , Edited by: Marshall , L. Chair . June ,
   Google Scholar
• Reid , W. and Crisafulli , A. 1990 . Marital discord and child behavior problems: A meta-analysis . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 18 : 105 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , C. and Richmond , B. 1978 . What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 6 : 271 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossman , B. B. R. and Rosenberg , M. 1992 . Family stress and functioning in children: The moderating effects of children's beliefs about their control over parental conflict . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 33 : 699 – 715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1990 . “ Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms ” . In Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology , Edited by: Rolf , J. , Masten , A. S. , Cicchetti , D. , Nuechterlein , K. H. and Weintraub , S. 181 – 214 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg , K. J. , Lamb , M. E. , Greenbaum , C. , Cicchetti , D. , Dawud , S. , Cortes , R. M. , Krispin , O. and Lorey , F. 1993 . Effects of domestic violence on children's behavior problems and depression . Developmental Psychology , 29 : 44 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus , M. A. , Gelles , R. J. and Steinmetz , S. 1980 . Behind closed doors , New York : Anchor .
   Google Scholar
• Surrey , J. L. 1991 . “ The “self in relation”: A theory of women's development ” . In Women's growth in connection , Edited by: Jordon , J. V. , Kaplan , A. G. , Miller , J. B. , Stiver , I. P. and Surrey , J. L. 51 – 66 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Tolman , R. M. 1989 . The development of a measure of psychological maltreatment of women by their male partners . Violence and Victims , 4 : 159 – 177 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomkins , A. J. , Mohamed , S. , Steinman , M. , Macolini , R. M. , Kenning , M. K. and Afrank , J. 1994 . The plight of children who witness woman battering: Psychological knowledge and policy implications . Law and Psychology Review , 18 : 137 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , D. A. and Jaffe , P. 1991 . Child abuse and family violence as determinants of child psychopathology . Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , 23 : 282 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , D. A. , Jaffe , P. , Wilson , S. and Zak , L. 1985 . Children of battered women: The relation of child behavior to family violence and maternal stress . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 53 : 657 – 665 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , D. A. , Jaffe , P. , Wilson , S. and Zak , L. 1988 . “ A multivariate investigation of children's adjustment to family violence ” . In Family abuse and its consequences , Edited by: Hotaling , G. T. , Finkelhor , D. , Kirkpatrick , J. T. and Straus , M. A. 228 – 241 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Zahn-Waxler , C. 1993 . Warriors and worriers: Gender and psychopathology . Development & Psychopathology , 5 : 79 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar