132
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Traumatic Stress in Prostitutes

A Within-Subject Comparison of PTSD Symptom Levels Across Sexual and Non-Sexual Traumatic Experiences

, &
Pages 51-70 | Received 01 Sep 2002, Accepted 01 Oct 2003, Published online: 15 Oct 2008

References

  • American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
  • Amir , M. , Kaplan , Z. and Kotler , M. 1996 . Type of trauma, severity of posttraumatic stress disorder core symptoms, and associated features . Journal of General Psychology , 123 ( 2 ) : 341 – 351 .
  • Arata , C. M. , Saunders , B. E. and Kilpatrick , D. G. 1991 . Concurrent validity of a crime-related post-traumatic stress disorder scale for women with the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised . Violence and Victims , 6 ( 2 ) : 191 – 199 .
  • Astin , M. C. , Ogland-Hand , S. M. , Coleman , E. M. and Foy , D. W. 1995 . Posttraumatic stress disorder and childhood abuse in battered women: Comparisons with maritally distressed women . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 63 ( 2 ) : 308 – 312 .
  • Becker , J. V. , Skinner , L. J. , Abel , G. C. and Treacy , E. C. 1982 . Incidence and types of sexual dysfunctions in rape and incest victims . Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 8 ( 2 ) : 65 – 74 .
  • Bernat , J. A. , Ronfeldt , H. M. , Calhoun , K. S. and Arias , I. 1998 . Prevalence of traumatic events and peritraumatic predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a non-clinical sample of college students . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 11 ( 2 ) : 645 – 664 .
  • Blanchard , E. B. , Hickling , E. J. , Taylor , A. E. , Buckley , T. C. , Loos , W. R. and Walsh , J. 1998 . Effects of litigation settlements on posttraumatic stress symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 11 ( 2 ) : 337 – 354 .
  • Brannigan , A. and Gibbs Van Brunschot , E. 1997 . Youthful prostitution and sexual trauma . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 20 ( 2 ) : 337 – 354 .
  • Breslau , N. , Davis , G. C. , Andreski , P. and Peterson , E. 1991 . Traumatic events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an urban population of young adults . Archives of General Psychiatry , 48 : 216 – 222 .
  • Breslau , N. , Davis , G. C. , Peterson , E. L. and Schultz , L. 1997 . Psychiatric sequelae of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in women . Archives of General Psychiatry , 54 : 81 – 87 .
  • Briere , J. 1996 . “ A self-trauma model for treating adult survivors of severe child abuse ” . In The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment , Edited by: Briere , J. , Berliner , L. , Bulkley , J. A. , Jenny , C. and Reid , T. 140 – 157 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
  • Briere , J. and Elliott , D. 1997 . Psychological assessment of interpersonal victimization effects in adults and children . Psychotherapy , 34 ( 2 ) : 353 – 364 .
  • Brunet , A. , Boyer , R. , Brillon , P. , Ehrensaft , E. and Stephenson , R. 1998 . Lifetime exposure to traumatic events among a sample of city bus drivers . Psychological Reports , 83 : 1155 – 1160 .
  • Burgess , A. W. and Holstrom , L. L. 1979 . Adaptive strategies and recovery from rape . American Journal of Psychiatry , 136 ( 2 ) : 1278 – 1282 .
  • Cooper , B. S. 1999 . Post-traumatic stress and dissociative autobiographical memories: Overview and exploratory study in a sample of prostitutes , Vancouver, , British Columbia, Canada : University of British Columbia . Unpublished Masters Thesis
  • Cooper , B. S. , Hervé , H. F. and Yuille , J. C. 2002 . Memory for mayhem: Preliminary West Coast findings . Paper presented at the Canadian Psychology Association's 2002 Annual Convention . June 2002 , Vancouver, British Columbia.
  • Cooper , B. S. , Kennedy , M. A. and Yuille , J. C. 1999 . Post-traumatic stress and dissociative memories in prostitutes . Poster presented at the 1st meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society/European Association Of Law and Psychology's international conference . July 1999 , Dublin, Ireland.
  • Cooper , B. S. , Kennedy , M. A. and Yuille , J. C. 2000 . Dissociative perspectives in narrative memories of prostitutes . Poster presented at the Canadian Psychology Association's 2000 Annual Convention . June 2000 , Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Cooper , B. S. , Yuille , J. C. and Kennedy , M. A. 2002 . Divergent perspectives in prostitute's autobiographical memories: Trauma and dissociation . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 3 ( 2 ) : 75 – 95 .
  • Darves-Bornoz , J. M. 1997 . Rape-related psychotraumatic syndromes . European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology , 71 : 59 – 65 .
  • Darves-Bornoz , J. M. , Pierre , F. , Lepine , J. P. , Degiovanni , A. and Gaillard , P. 1998 . Screening for psychologically traumatized rape victims . European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology , 77 : 71 – 75 .
  • Douglas , K. S. and Koch , W. J. 2001 . “ Psychological injuries and tort litigation: Sexual victimization and motor vehicle accidents ” . In Introduction to psychology and the law: Canadian perspectives , Edited by: Schuller , R. A. and Ogloff , J. 405 – 426 . ON, , Canada : University of Toronto Press .
  • Dutton , D. G. 1995 . The domestic assault of women , Vancouver : UBC press .
  • Ellenberger , H. F. 1970 . The discovery of the unconscious: The history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry , New York : Basic Books .
  • Elliott , D. M. and Briere , J. 1995 . Posttraumatic stress associated with delayed recall of sexual abuse: A general population study . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 ( 2 ) : 629 – 647 .
  • Farley , M. , Baral , I. , Kiremire , M. and Sezgin , U. 1998 . Prostitution in five countries: Violence and posttraumatic stress disorder . Feminism & Psychology , 8 ( 2 ) : 405 – 426 .
  • Farley , M. and Barkan , H. 1998 . Prostitution, violence against women, and posttraumatic stress disorder . Women & Health , 27 ( 2 ) : 37 – 49 .
  • Fisher , R. P. 1995 . Interviewing victims and witnesses of crime . Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law , 1 ( 2 ) : 732 – 764 .
  • Foa , E. B. 1997 . Trauma and women: Course, predictors, and treatment . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 58 ( 2 ) : 25 – 28 .
  • Foa , E. and Hearst-Ikeda , D. 1996 . “ Emotional dissociation in response to trauma: An information-processing approach ” . In Handbook of dissociation: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical perspectives , Edited by: Michelson , L. K. and Ray , W. 207 – 224 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Frazier , P. A. 1990 . Victim attributions and post-rape trauma . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 ( 2 ) : 298 – 304 .
  • Gershuny , B. S. and Thayer , J. F. 1999 . Relations among psychological trauma, dissociative phenomena, and trauma-related distress: A review and integration . Clinical Psychology Review , 19 ( 2 ) : 631 – 657 .
  • Gidycz , C. A. and Koss , M. P. 1991 . Predictors of long-term sexual assault trauma among a national sample of victimized college women . Violence and Victims , 6 ( 2 ) : 175 – 190 .
  • Harvey , A. G. , Byrant , A. G. and Dang , S. T. 1998 . Autobiographical memory in acute stress disorder . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 ( 2 ) : 500 – 506 .
  • Helzer , J. E. , Robins , L. N. and McEvoy , L. 1987 . Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population: Findings of the epidemiological catchment area survey . New England Journal of Medicine , 317 : 1630 – 1634 .
  • Herman , J. 1996 . “ Crime and memory ” . In Trauma and Self , Edited by: Strozier , C. B. and Flynn , M. 3 – 17 . New York, NY : Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. .
  • Herman , J. 1997 . Trauma and recovery , New York : Basic Books .
  • Hervé , H. F. , Yuille , J. C. , Cooper , B. S. and Daylen , J. 2002 . A biopsychosocial model of eyewitness memory . Paper presented at the Canadian Psychological Association's Annual Convention . June 2002 , Vancouver, British Columbia.
  • Horowitz , M. J. , Wilner , H. and Alvarez , W. 1979 . Impact of Events Scale: A measure of subjective distress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 41 ( 2 ) : 209 – 218 .
  • Janoff-Bulman , R. 1979 . Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: Inquiries into depression and rape . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 ( 2 ) : 1798 – 1809 .
  • Jones , D. P. H. 1996 . Editorial: Interviewing children who may have been traumatized . Child Abuse & Neglect , 20 ( 2 ) : 1249 – 1250 .
  • Joseph , S. 2000 . Psychometric evaluation of Horowitz's impact of event scale: A review . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 13 ( 2 ) : 101 – 113 .
  • Kendall-Tackett , K. A. , Williams , L. M. and Finkelhor , D. 1993 . Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies . Psychological Bulletin , 113 ( 2 ) : 164 – 180 .
  • Kilpatrick , D. G. , Resick , P. A. and Veronen , L. J. 1981 . Effects of a rape experience: A longitudinal study . Journal of Social Issues , 37 ( 2 ) : 105 – 122 .
  • Kilpatrick , D. G. , Veronen , L. J. and Resick , P. A. 1979 . The aftermath of rape: Recent empirical findings . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 49 ( 2 ) : 658 – 669 .
  • Koopman , C. , Classen , C. and Spiegel , D. A. 1994 . Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif., firestorm . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 ( 2 ) : 888 – 894 .
  • Kozaric-Kovacic , D. , Marusic , A. and Ljubin , T. 1999 . Combat-experienced soldiers and tortured prisoners of war differ in the clinical presentation of post-traumatic stress disorder . Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , 53 : 11 – 15 .
  • Lebowitz , L. , Harvey , M. H. and Herman , J. L. 1993 . A stage-by-dimension model of recovery from sexual trauma . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 8 ( 2 ) : 378 – 391 .
  • Lees-Haley , P. R. , Price , J. R. , Williams , C. W. and Betz , B. P. 2001 . Use of the Impact of Events Scale in the assessment of emotional distress and PTSD may produce misleading results . Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology , 2 ( 2 ) : 45 – 52 .
  • Lowman , J. and Fraser , L. 1995 . Violence against persons who prostitute: The experience in British Columbia , Ottawa, ON : Department of Justice Canada . (Report No. TR1996–14e)
  • Marmar , C. R. , Weiss , D. S. , Schlenger , W. E. , Fairbank , J. A. , Jordan , B. K. , Kulka , R. A. and Hough , R. L. 1994 . Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 ( 2 ) : 902 – 907 .
  • Marshall , G. N. , Orlando , M. , Jaycox , L. H. , Foy , D. W. and Belzberg , H. 2002 . Development and validation of a modified version of the peritraumatic dissociative experiences questionnaire . Psychological Assessment , 14 ( 2 ) : 123 – 134 .
  • Masson , J. M. 1984 . Freud and the seduction theory: A challenge to the foundation of psychoanalysis . The Atlantic Monthly , February : 33 – 60 .
  • McDonald , A. S. 1997 . Factor structure of the Impact of Events Scale in a non-clinical sample . Personality and Individual Differences , 23 ( 2 ) : 419 – 424 .
  • Miller , T. W. and Veltkamp , L. J. 1998 . “ Clinical theories of adult abuse ” . In Clinical handbook of adult exploitation and abuse , Edited by: Miller , T. W. and Veltkamp , L. J. 21 – 41 . Madison, Connecticut : International Universities Press, Inc. .
  • North , C. S. , Smith , E. M. and Spitznagel , E. L. 1997 . One-year follow-up of survivors of a mass shooting . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 ( 2 ) : 1696 – 1702 .
  • Op den Velde , W. , Aarts , P. G. H. , Falger , P. R. J. , Hovens , J. E. , Frey-Wouters , E. and Van Duijn , H. 1996 . Prevalence and course of posttraumatic stress disorder in Dutch veterans of the civilian resistance during World War II: An overview . Psychological Reports , 78 : 519 – 529 .
  • O'Toole , B. I. , Marshall , R. P. , Schureck , R. J. and Dobson , M. 1999 . Combat, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam veterans . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 12 ( 2 ) : 625 – 640 .
  • Pollock , P. H. 1999 . When the killer suffers: Post-traumatic stress reactions following homicide . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 4 : 185 – 202 .
  • Porter , S. , Yuille , J. C. and Bent , A. 1995 . A comparison of the eyewitness accounts of deaf and hearing children . Child Abuse & Neglect , 19 ( 2 ) : 51 – 61 .
  • Resnick , H. S. , Kilpatrick , D. G. , Dansky , B. S. , Saunders , B. E. and Best , C. L. 1993 . Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 ( 2 ) : 984 – 991 .
  • Reynolds , M. and Brewin , C. R. 1999 . Intrusive memories in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder . Behavior Research and Therapy , 37 : 201 – 215 .
  • Rind , B. , Tromovitch , P. and Bauserman , R. 1998 . A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples . Psychological Bulletin , 124 ( 2 ) : 22 – 53 .
  • Ross , C. A. , Anderson , G. , Heber , S. and Norton , G. R. 1990 . Dissociation and abuse among multiple-personality patients, prostitutes, and exotic dancers . Hospital and Community Psychology , 41 ( 2 ) : 328 – 330 .
  • Rowan , A. B. , Foy , D. W. , Rodriguez , N. and Ryan , S. 1994 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in a clinical sample of adults sexually abused as children . Child Abuse and Neglect , 18 : 51 – 61 .
  • Ruch , L. O. and Chandler , S. M. 1983 . Sexual assault trauma during the acute phase: An exploratory model and multivariate analysis . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 24 : 174 – 185 .
  • Saunders , B. E. , Kilpatrick , D. G. , Hanson , R. F. , Resnick , H. S. and Walker , M. E. 1999 . Prevalence, case characteristics, and long-term psychological correlates of child rape among women: A national survey . Child Maltreatment , 4 ( 2 ) : 187 – 200 .
  • Schwarz , E. D. and Kowalski , J. M. 1991 . Malignant memories: PTSD in children and adults after a school shooting . Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry , 30 ( 2 ) : 936 – 944 .
  • Spiegel , D. and Cardeña , E. 1991 . Disintegrated experience: The dissociative disorders revisited . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 ( 2 ) : 366 – 378 .
  • Spitzer , C. , Spelsberg , B. , Grabe , H. J. , Mundt , B. and Freyberger , H. J. 1999 . Dissociative experiences and psychopathology in conversion disorders . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 46 ( 2 ) : 291 – 294 .
  • Strachey , J. 1966 . Freud and Breuer: Studies on hysteria , New York : Avon Books .
  • Sudderth , L. K. 1998 . “It'll come right back at me”: The interactional context of discussing rape with others . Violence Against Women , 4 ( 2 ) : 572 – 584 .
  • Sulloway , F. J. 1992 . Freud: Biologist of the mind , London : Harvard University Press .
  • Terr , L. C. 1991 . Childhood traumas: An outline and overview . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 ( 2 ) : 10 – 20 .
  • Tromp , S. , Koss , M. P. , Figueredo , A. J. and Tharan , M. 1995 . Are rape memories different? A comparison of rape, other unpleasant, and pleasant memories among employed women . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 ( 2 ) : 607 – 627 .
  • Tucker , P. , Dickson , W. , Pfefferbaum , B. , McDonald , N. B. and Allen , G. 1997 . Traumatic reactions as predictors of posttraumatic stress six months after the Oklahoma City bombing . Psychiatric Services , 48 ( 2 ) : 1191 – 1194 .
  • Ullman , S. E. 1996 . Do social reactions to sexual assault victims vary by support provider? . Violence and Victims , 11 ( 2 ) : 143 – 157 .
  • Valentiner , D. P. , Foa , E. B. , Riggs , D. S. and Gershuny , B. S. 1995 . Coping strategies and posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of sexual and non-sexual assault . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 105 ( 2 ) : 455 – 458 .
  • van der Kolk , B. A. 1997 . The psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 58 : 16 – 22 .
  • Weissman , M. M. and Bothwell , S. 1976 . Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report . Archives of General Psychiatry , 33 ( 2 ) : 1111 – 1115 .
  • Yuille , J. C. 1990 . Adult “step-wise” assault interview protocol , Vancouver, , British Columbia, Canada : University of British Columbia . Unpublished manuscript
  • Yuille , J. C. and Daylen , J. 1998 . “ The impact of traumatic events on eyewitness memory ” . In Eyewitness memory: Theoretical and applied perspectives , Edited by: Thompson , C. , Hermann , D. , Read , D. , Payne , D. and Toglia , M. 155 – 178 . New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Yuille , J. C. , Marxsen , D. and Cooper , B. S. 1999 . Training investigative interviewers: Adherence to the spirit, as well as to the letter . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 22 ( 2 ) : 323 – 336 .
  • Zoellner , L. A. , Foa , E. B. and Brigidi , B. D. 1999 . Interpersonal friction and PTSD in female victims of sexual and nonsexual assault . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 12 ( 2 ) : 689 – 700 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.