1,789
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Reconsidering Vicarious Trauma

A Review of the Literature and Its' Limitations

&
Pages 1-21 | Received 01 Dec 2003, Accepted 28 Apr 2004, Published online: 16 Oct 2008

References

  • Arvay , M. J. and Uhlemann , M. R. 1996 . Counselor stress in the field of trauma: A preliminary study . Canadian Journal of Counseling , 30 : 193 – 210 .
  • Baird , S. and Jenkins , S. R. 2003 . Vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress and burnout in sexual assault and domestic violence agency staff . Violence and Victims , 18 : 71 – 86 .
  • Adams , Betts K.B. , Matto , H. C. and Harrington , D. 2001 . The traumatic stress institute belief scale as a measure of vicarious trauma in a national sample of clinical social workers . Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services , 82 : 363 – 371 .
  • Birk , A. 2002 . Secondary traumatization and burnout in professionals working with torture survivors . Traumatology , 7 : 85 – 90 .
  • Black , S. and Weinreich , P. 2000 . An exploration of counseling identity in counselors who deal with trauma . Traumatology , 6 Article 3. Retrieved April 18, 2003, from http://www.fsu.edu/∼trauma/art3v6i1.htm
  • Brady , J. L. , Guy , J. G. , Poelstra , P. L. and Brokaw , Fletcher B. 1999 . Vicarious traumatization, spirituality, and the treatment of sexual abuse survivors: A national survey of women psychotherapists . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 30 : 386 – 393 .
  • Cherniss , C. 1992 . Long-term consequences of burnout: An exploratory study . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 13 : 1 – 11 .
  • Chrestman , K. 1995 . “ Secondary exposure to trauma and self reported distress among therapists ” . In Secondary traumatic stress: Self care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators Edited by: Stamm , B. H. 29 – 36 .
  • Clark , M. L. and Gioro , S. 1998 . Nurses, indirect trauma, and prevention . Image Journal of Nursing Scholarship , 30 : 85 – 87 .
  • Cornille , T. A. and Meyers , T. W. 1999 . Secondary traumatic stress among child protective service workers: Prevalence, Severity, and predictive factors . Traumatology , 5 Article 2. Retrieved April 18, 2003, from http://www.fsu.edu/∼trauma/art2v5i1.htm
  • Coster , J. S. and Schwebel , M. 1997 . Well-functioning in professional psychologists . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 28 : 5 – 13 .
  • Cunningham , M. 1996 . Vicarious traumatization: Impact of trauma work on the clinician , Garden City, NY, , USA : Adelphi University School of Social Work . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Derogatis , L. 1983 . SCL-90R administration, scoring, and procedures manual , Towson, MD : Clinical Psychometric Research .
  • Deutsch , C. J. 1984 . Self reported sources of stress among psychotherapists . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 15 : 833 – 845 .
  • Elliott , D. M. and Briere , J. 1992 . Sexual abuse trauma among professional women: Validating the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40) . Child Abuse and Neglect , 16 : 391 – 398 .
  • Elliott , D. M. and Guy , J. D. 1993 . Mental health professionals versus non-mental health professionals: Childhood trauma and adult functioning . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 24 : 83 – 90 .
  • Farber , B. A. 1983 . Stress and burnout in the human service professions , New York : Pergamon .
  • Farber , B. A. and Heifetz , L. J. 1981 . The satisfactions and stresses of psychotherapeutic work: A factor analytic study . Professional Psychology , 12 : 621 – 630 .
  • Farber , B. A. and Heifetz , L. J. 1982 . The process and dimensions of burnout in psychotherapists . Professional Psychology , 13 : 293 – 301 .
  • Figley , C. R. 1983 . “ Catastrophes: An overview of family reactions ” . In Stress and the Family II: Coping with Catastrophe , Edited by: Figley , C. R. and McCubbun , H. I. 3 – 20 . New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Figley , C. R. 1995a . “ Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview ” . In Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized , Edited by: Figley , C. R. 1 – 20 . New York : Bunner/ Mazel .
  • Figley , C. R. 1995b . “ Compassion fatigue: Towards a new understanding of the costs of caring ” . In Secondary traumatic stress: Self care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators , Edited by: Stamm , B. H. 3 – 27 . Lutherville, MD : Sidran Press .
  • Follett , V. M. , Polusny , M. M. and Milbeck , K. 1994 . Mental health and law enforcement professionals: Trauma history, psychological symptoms and impact of providing services to child sex abuse survivors . Journal of Clinical & Consulting Psychology , 25 : 275 – 282 .
  • Freudenberger , H. J. 1974 . Staff burn-out . Journal of Social Issues , 30 : 159 – 165 .
  • Gamble , S. J. , Pearlman , L. A. , Lucca , A. M. and Allen , G. J. 1994 . Differential therapist stressors in psychotherapy with trauma vs. non-trauma clients . Paper presented at the New England Psychological Association Conference . October 1994 , Hamden, CT.
  • Genest , M. , Levine , J. , Ramsden , V. and Swanson , R. 1990 . The impact of providing help: Emergency workers and cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 3 : 305 – 313 .
  • Glidewell , R. S. 2001 . Burnout, vicarious traumatization, coping style, and empathy in long-term nursing personnel . Dissertation Abstracts International , 61 ( 9B ) (UMI No. 4982)
  • Goldenberg , J. 2002 . The impact on the interviewer of Holocaust survivor narratives: Vicarious trauma or transformation . Traumatology , 8 : 215 – 231 .
  • Haley , S. A. 1974 . When the patient reports atrocities . Archives of General Psychiatry , 30 : 191 – 196 .
  • Hellman , I. D. and Morrison , T. L. 1987 . Practice setting and type of caseload as factors in psychotherapist stress . Psychotherapy , 24 : 427 – 433 .
  • Hellman , I. D. , Morrison , T. L. and Abramowitz , S. I. 1987 . Therapist experience and the stresses of psychotherapeutic work . Psychotherapy , 245 : 171 – 177 .
  • Herman , J. L. 1992 . Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence from domestic abuse to political terror , New York : Basic Books .
  • Horowitz , M. J. , Wilner , N. and Alvarez , W. 1980 . Signs and symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 37 : 85 – 92 .
  • Iliffe , G. and Steed , L. G. 2000 . Exploring the counselor’s experience of working with perpetrators and survivors of domestic violence . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 15 : 393 – 412 .
  • Jacobs , T. J. 1991 . The use of self: Countertransference and communication in the analytic situation , Madison, CT : International Universities Press .
  • Janoff-Bulman , R. 1992 . Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma , New York : Free Press .
  • Jenkins , S. R. and Baird , S. 2002 . Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 15 : 423 – 432 .
  • Joinson , C. 1992 . Coping with compassion fatigue . Nursing , 22 : 116 – 112 .
  • Kadambi , M. A. and Truscott , D. 2003 . An investigation of vicarious traumatization among therapists working with sex offenders . Traumatology , 9 ( 4 ) : 216 – 230 .
  • Kassam-Adams , N. 1995 . “ The risks of treating sexual trauma: Stress and secondary trauma in psychotherapists ” . In Secondary traumatic stress: Self care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators , Edited by: Stamm , B. H. 37 – 48 . Lutherville, MD : Sidran Press .
  • Lowe , A. J. 2002 . On vicarious traumatization: The relationship between trauma, quality of attachment, and defensive style in the emergency room . Dissertation Abstracts International , 63 ( 1B ) (UMI No. 535)
  • Lugris , V. M. 2001 . Vicarious traumatization in therapists: Contributing factors, PTSD symptomatology and cognitive distortions . Dissertation Abstracts International , 61 ( 10B ) (UMI No. 5571)
  • Maroda , K. 1991 . The power of countertransference , New York : Guilford .
  • Maslach , C. 1982 . Burnout, the cost of caring , Englewood Cliffs : Prentice-Hall .
  • Maslach , C. , Jackson , S. E. and Leiter , M. P. 1996 . Maslach burnout inventory manual , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • McCann , I. L. and Pearlman , L. A. 1990 . Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 3 : 131 – 149 .
  • Moore , K. A. and Cooper , C. L. 1996 . Stress in mental health professionals: A theoretical overview . International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 42 : 82 – 89 .
  • Munroe , J. F. 1991 . Therapist traumatization from exposure to clients with combat related post-traumatic stress disorder: Implications for administration and supervision , Northeastern University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Neumann , D. A. and Gamble , S. J. 1995 . Issuesin the professional development of psychotherapists: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in the new trauma therapist . Psychotherapy , 32 : 341 – 347 .
  • Pearlman , L. A. 1996 . “ Psychometric review of TSI Belief Scale, Revision-L ” . In Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation , Edited by: Stamm , B. H. Lutherville, MD : Sidran Press .
  • Pearlman , L. A. and MacIan , P. S. 1995 . Vicarious traumatisation: An empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 26 : 558 – 565 .
  • Pearlman , L. A. and Saakvitne , K. W. 1995a . Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors , New York : W.W. Norton & Company .
  • Pearlman , L. A. and Saakvitne , K. W. 1995b . “ Treating therapists with vicarious traumatisation and secondary traumatic stress disorders ” . In Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized , Edited by: Figley , C. 150 – 177 . New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Pines , A. and Maslach , C. 1978 . Characteristics of staff burnout in mental health settings . Hospital & Community Psychiatry , 29 : 233 – 237 .
  • Pope , K. S. and Feldman-Summers , S. 1992 . National survey of psychologists’ sexual and physical abuse history and their evaluation of training and competence in these areas . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 23 : 353 – 361 .
  • Radeke , J. T. and Mahoney , M. J. 2000 . Comparing the personal lives of psychotherapists and research psychologists . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 31 : 82 – 84 .
  • Raquepaw , J. M. and Miller , R. S. 1989 . Psychotherapist burnout: A componential analysis . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 20 : 32 – 36 .
  • Rich , K. D. 1997 . “ Vicarious traumatization: A preliminary study ” . In Impact: Working with sexual abusers , Edited by: Bird , S. Edmundsm . 75 – 88 . Brandon, Vermont : Safer Society Press .
  • Robinson , J. R. and Clements , K. L. C. 2003 . Workplace stress among psychiatric nurses. Prevalence, distribution, correlates, and predictors . Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services , 41 : 32 – 41 .
  • Sabin-Farrell , R. and Turpin , G. 2003 . Vicarious traumatization: Implications for the mental health of workers . Clinical Psychology Review , 23 : 449 – 480 .
  • Savicki , V. and Cooley , E. 1987 . The relationship of work environment and client contact to burnout in mental health professionals . Journal of Counseling & Development , 65 : 249 – 252 .
  • Schauben , L. J. and Frazier , P. A. 1995 . Vicarious trauma: The effects on female counselors of work with sexual violence survivors . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 19 : 49 – 64 .
  • Sexton , L. 1999 . Vicarious traumatization of counselors and effects on their workplaces . British Journal of Guidance & Counseling , 27 : 393 – 414 .
  • Steed , L. G. and Downing , R. 1998 . A phenomenological study of vicarious traumatisation amongst psychologists and professional counselors working in the field of sexual abuse/assault. The . Australasian Journal of Disaster & Trauma Studies , 2 Retrieved October 20, 2002 from http://www.massey.ac.nz/∼trauma/issues/1998–2/steed.htm
  • Thoreson , R. W. , Miller , M. and Krauskopf , C. J. 1989 . The distressed psychologist: Prevalence and treatment considerations . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 20 : 153 – 158 .
  • Trippany , R. L. 2001 . Predictors of vicarious traumatization: Female therapists for adult survivors versus female therapists for child survivors of sexual victimization . Dissertation Abstracts International , 62 ( 3A ) (UMI No. 926)
  • Trudeau , L. S. , Russell , D. W. , de la Mora , A. and Schmitz , M. E. 2001 . Comparisons of marriage and family therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers in job-related measures and reactions to managed care in Iowa . Journal of Marital & Family Therapy , 27 : 501 – 507 .
  • Wasco , S. M. and Campbell , R. 2002 . Emotional reactions of rape victim advocates: A multiple case study of anger and fear . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 26 : 120 – 130 .
  • Wilson , J. P. and Lindy , J. D. 1994 . Countertransference in the treatment of PTSD , Edited by: Wilson , J. P. and Lindy , J. 5 – 30 . New York : Guilford Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.