Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Dissociative Symptoms in Children and Adolescents

References

• Albini , T. K. and Pease , T. E. 1989 . Normal and pathological dissociations of early childhood . Dissociation , 2 : 144 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Allers , C. T. , White , J. F. and Mullis , F. 1997 . The treatment of dissociation in an HIV-infected sexually abused adolescent male . Psychotherapy , 34 : 201 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . 1998 . Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 37 ( 10 ) : 4s – 26s .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children . 1997 . Guidelines for the clinical evaluation of suspected sexual abuse in children , Chicago : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, , 4th ed. , Washington, D.C. : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association . 1998 . Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association . 2000 . Criteria for Evaluating Treatment Guidelines , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , J. , Putnam , F. W. , Carlson , E. , Libero , D. and Smith , S. 1997 . Development and validation of a measure of adolescent dissociation: The Adolescent Dissociative Experience Scale . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 185 : 491 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlas , J. , Weissman , K. and Liebowitz , S. 1997 . Adolescent inpatients' history of abuse and dissociative identity disorder . Psychological Reports , 80 : 1086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barach , P. 1991 . Multiple personality as an attachment disorder . Dissociation , 4 : 117 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin , L. R. and Benjamin , R. 1993 . Interventions with children in dissociative families: A family treatment model . Dissociation , 7 : 47 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Bidrose , S. and Goodman , G. S. 2000 . Testimony and evidence: A scientific case study of memory for child sexual abuse . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 14 : 197 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boat , B. W. 1991 . “ Caregivers as surrogate therapists in treatment of a ritualistically abused child ” . In Casebook of Sexual Abuse Treatment , Edited by: Friedrich , W. N. 1 – 26 . New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , E. S. , Blix , S. F. and Coons , P. M. 1985 . Multiple personality in adolescence: Relationship to incestual experience . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 24 : 109 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand , B. 1998 . “ Supportive group therapy for adolescents with dissociative disorders ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 219 – 230 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Braun , B. G. 1985 . “ The transgenerational incidence of dissociation and multiple personality disorder: A preliminary report ” . In Childhood Antecedents of Multiple Personality Disorder , Edited by: Kluft , R. P. 127 – 150 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Briere , J. 1996 . The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Briere , J. , Berliner , L. , Bulkey , J. A. , Jenny , C. and Reid , T. 1996 . The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Brunner , R. , Parzer , P. , Schuld , V. and Resch , F. 2000 . Dissociative symptomatology and traumatogenic factors in adolescent psychiatric patients . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 188 : 71 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess , A. W. , Hartman , C. R. and Baker , T. 1995 . Memory presentation of childhood sexual abuse . Journal of Psychosocial Nursing , 33 : 9 – 16 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cagiada , S. , Camaido , L. and Pennan , A. 1997 . Successful integrated hypnotic and psychopharmacological treatment of a war-related post-traumatic psychological and somatoform dissociative disorder of two years duration (psychogenic coma) . Dissociation , 10 : 182 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. A. 1998 . A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation . Child Development , 69 : 1107 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrion , V. G. and Steiner , H. 2000 . Trauma and dissociation in delinquent adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 353 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. A. and Mannarino , A. P. 1993 . A treatment model for sexually abused preschoolers . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 8 : 115 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coons , P. M. 1985 . “ Children of parents with multiple personality disorder ” . In Childhood Antecedents of Multiple Personality Disorder , Edited by: Kluft , R. P. 151 – 165 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coons , P. M . 1994 . Confirmation of childhood abuse in childhood and adolescent cases of multiple personality disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 182 : 461 – 464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coons , P. M. 1996 . Clinical phenomenology of 25 children and adolescents with dissociative disorders . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 5 : 361 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corwin , D. and Olafson , E. 1997 . Videotaped discovery of a reportedly unrecallable memory of child abuse. Comparison with a childhood interview taped 11 years before . Child Maltreatment , 2 : 91 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Coulborn-Faller , K. and Everson , M. D. 1998 . Child interviewing, Part II . Child Maltreatment , 1 : 187 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Deblinger , E. and Heflin , A. H. 1996 . Treating Sexually Abused Children and Their Nonoffending Parents , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dell , P. F. and Eisenhower , J. W. 1990 . Adolescent multiple personality disorder: A preliminary study of eleven cases . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 29 : 359 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , D. M. and McIntyre , D. 1990 . Healing the Hurt Child , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Duggal , S. and Sroufe , L. A. 1998 . Recovered memory of childhood sexual trauma: A documented case from a longitudinal study . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 11 : 301 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers-Szostak , M. and Sanders , S. 1992 . The Children's Perceptual Alteration Scale (CAPS): A measure of children's dissociation . Dissociation , 5 : 91 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Everson , M. D. 1997 . Understanding bizarre, improbable and fantastic elements in children's accounts of abuse . Child Maltreatment , 2 : 134 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Fagan , J. and McMahon , P. P. 1984 . Incipient multiple personality in children . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 172 : 26 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fivush , R. , Pipe , M. E. , Murachver , T. and Reese , E. 1997 . “ Events spoken and unspoken: Implications of language and memory development for the recovered memory debate ” . In Recovered Memories and False Memories , Edited by: Conway , M. 34 – 63 . Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fivush , R. and Schwarzmueller , A. 1995 . Say it once again: Effects of repeated questions on children's event recall . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 : 555 – 580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyd , J. 1996 . Betrayal Trauma , Boston : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich , W. 1991 . Hypnotherapy with traumatized children . The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , 39 : 67 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich , W. N. 1996 . Psychotherapy with Sexually Abused Boys , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gil , E. 1991 . The Healing Power of Play , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Gil , E. 1996 . Treating Abused Adolescents , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , G. S. and Bottoms , B. L. 1993 . Child Victims, Child Witnesses , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin , J. 1998 . “ Childhood DID: The Male Population ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment, & Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 69 – 84 . Lutherville, MD : Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grabe , H. , Spitzer , C. and Freyberger , H. J. 1999 . Relationship of dissociation to temperament and character in men and women . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 1811 – 1813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , D. 1998 . “ The pediatric management of the dissociative child ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 297 – 314 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hornstein , N. L. 1998 . “ Complexities of psychiatric differential diagnosis in children with dissociative symptoms and disorders ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. 27 – 45 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hornstein , N. L. and Putnam , F. W. 1992 . Clinical phenomenology of child and adolescent dissociative disorders . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 : 1077 – 1085 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornstein , N. L. and Putnam , F. W. 1996 . “ Abuse and the development of dissociative symptoms and dissociative identity disorder ” . In Severe Stress and Mental Disturbance in Children , Edited by: Pfeffer , C. R. Washington, D. C. : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hornstein , N. L. and Tyson , S. 1991 . Inpatient treatment of children with multiple personality/dissociation and their families . The Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 4 : 631 – 648 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , D. 1998 . Building the Bonds of Attachment , Northvale, New Jersey : Jason Aronson .
   Google Scholar
• International Society for the Study of Dissociation . 1997 . Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) in Adults , North-brook, IL : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , T. 1995 . Case study: Is selective mutism a manifestation of dissociative identity disorder? . Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 : 1077 – 1085 .
   Google Scholar
• James , B. 1989 . Treating Traumatized Children , New York : Free Press/Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• James , B. 1994 . Handbook for Treatment of Attachment-Trauma Problems in Children , New York : Free Press/Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Jang , K. L. , Paris , J. , Zweig-Frank , H. and Livelsley , W. J. 1998 . Twin study of dissociative experience . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 186 : 345 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , D. P . 1986 . Individual psychotherapy for the sexually abused child . Child Abuse and Neglect , 10 : 377 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller , R. and Shaywitz , B. A. 1986 . Amnesia or fugue state: A diagnostic dilemma . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 7 : 131 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. 1984 . M.P.D. in Childhood . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 7 : 9 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. 1985 . Hypnotherapy of childhood multiple personality disorder . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 27 : 201 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. 1996 . Outpatient treatment of dissociative identity disorder and allied forms of dissociative disorders not otherwise specified in children and adolescents . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 5 : 471 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. 2000 . The psychoanalytic psychotherapy of dissociative identity disorder in the context of trauma therapy . Psychoanalytic Inquiry , 20 : 259 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. and Schultz , R. 1993 . “ Multiple personality in adolescence ” . In Adolescent Psychiatry , Edited by: Feinstein , S. C. and Marohn , R. C. Vol. 19 , 259 – 279 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Laporta , L. D. 1992 . Childhood trauma and multiple personality disorder: The case of a 9-year-old girl . Child Abuse & Neglect , 16 : 615 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , D. O. 1996 . Diagnostic evaluation of the child and adolescent with dissociative identity disorder/multiple personality disorder . Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North American , 5 : 303 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liotti , G. 1999 . “ Disorganization of attachment as a model of understanding dissociative psychopathology ” . In Attachment Disorganization , Edited by: Solomon , J. and George , C. 291 – 317 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Mann , B. J. and Sanders , S. 1994 . Child dissociation and the family context . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 22 : 373 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , P. P. and Fagan , J. 1993 . “ Play therapy with children with multiple personality disorder ” . In Clinical Perspectives on Multiple Personality Disorder , Edited by: Kluft , R. P. and Fine , C. G. 253 – 276 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nader , K. O. 1997 . “ Assessing traumatic experiences in children ” . In Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD , Edited by: Wilson , J. P. and Keane , T. M. 291 – 248 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Nemzer , E. 1998 . “ Psychopharmacological Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Dissociative Disorders ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. 231 – 272 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis , E. , Spinhoven , P. , Van Dyck , R. , Van der Hart , O. and Vanderlinden , J. 1996 . The development of the psychometric characteristics of the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 184 : 688 – 694 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa , J. R. , Sroufe , L. A. , Weinfield , N. S. , Carlson , E. A. and Egeland , B. 1997 . Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample . Development and Psychopathology , 9 : 855 – 979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornstein , P. A . 1995 . Children's long-term retention of salient personal experiences . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 : 581 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce , J. W. and Pezzot-Pearce , T. D. 1997 . Psychotherapy of abused and neglected children , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , G. 1991 . Children coping with trauma: Diagnosis of “Dissociation Identity Disorder.” . Dissociation , 4 : 152 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , G. 1996 . “ Treatment of Early Onset ” . In Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder , Edited by: Spira , J. E. 135 – 181 . San Francisco : Jossey/Bass, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , G. 1998 . “ Diagnostic taxonomy: Past to future ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management, , 2nd edition , Edited by: Silberg , J. 4 – 26 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , C. and Biggs , M. 1997 . Interviewing children about trauma: Problems with specific questions . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 10 : 279 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior , S. 1997 . Object Relations in Severe Trauma , Northvale, N.J. : Jason Aronson .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 1991 . Dissociative disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental perspectives . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 7 : 31 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 1997 . Dissociation in Children and Adolescents , New York : Guil-ford .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. , Helmers , K. and Trickett , P. K. 1993 . Development, reliability and validity of a child dissociation scale . Child Abuse & Neglect , 17 : 731 – 742 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. , Hornstein , N. L. and Peterson , G. 1996 . Clinical phenomenology of child and adolescent dissociative disorders: Gender and age effects . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 5 : 303 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. and Peterson , G. 1994 . Further validation of the Child Dissociation Checklist . Dissociation , 7 : 204 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Rhue , J. W. , Lynn , S. J. and Sandberg , D. 1995 . Dissociation, fantasy and imagination in childhood: A comparison of physically abused, sexually abused, and non-abused children . Contemporary Hypnosis , 12 : 131 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Riley , R. L. and Mead , J. 1988 . The development of symptoms of multiple personality in a child of three . Dissociation , 1 : 41 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Saigh , P. A. , Yasik , A. E. , Oberfield , R. A. , Green , B. L. , Halmandaris , P. V. , Rubenstein , H. , Nester , J. , Resko , J. , Hetz , B. and McHugh , M. 2000 . The Children's PTSD Inventory: Development and reliability . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 13 : 369 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , B. and Giolas , M. H. 1991 . Dissociation and childhood trauma in psychologically disturbed adolescents . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 50 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirar , L. 1996 . Dissociative Children , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Siegel , D. J. 1996 . Cognition, memory and dissociation . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 5 : 509 – 533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , D. J. 1999 . The Developing Brain , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Silberg , J. L. 1998a . “ Afterword ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 331 – 347 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Silberg , J. L. 1998b . Dissociative symptomatology in children and adolescents as displayed in psychological testing . Journal of Personality Assessment , 71 : 421 – 439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberg , J. L. 1998c . “ Interviewing Strategies for assessing dissociative disorders in children and adolescents ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 47 – 68 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Silberg , J. L. 2000 . Fifteen years of dissociation in maltreated children: Where do we go from here? . Child Maltreatment , 5 ( 2 ) : 119 – 136 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silberg , J. L. “ Treating maladaptive dissociation in a young teenage girl ” . In Handbook of Conceptualization and Treatment of Child Psychopathology , Edited by: Orvaschel , H. , Faust , J. and Hersen , M. Oxford, , UK : Elsevier Science LTD . (In press)
   Google Scholar
• Silberg , J. L. , Stipic , D. and Tagizadeh , F. 1997 . “ Dissociative disorders in children and adolescents ” . In The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Edited by: Noshpitz , J. Vol. III , 329 – 355 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Silberg , J. L and Waters , F. W. 1998 . “ Factors associated with positive therapeutic outcome ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 105 – 112 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Simeon , D. , Gross , S. , Guralnik , O. , Stein , D. J. , Schmeidler , J. and Hollander , E. 1997 . Feeling unreal: 30 cases of depersonalization disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 1107 – 1113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S. R and Carlson , E. B. 1996 . Reliability and validity of the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale . Dissociation , 9 ( 2 ) : 125 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Sobol , B. and Schneider , K. 1998 . “ Art as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of children who dissociate ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment & Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 219 – 230 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , M. 1994 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Dissociative Disorders-Revised (SCID-D-R) , Washington : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , M. and Steinberg , A. 1995 . Using the SCID-D to assess dissociative identity disorder in adolescents: Three case studies . Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic , 59 ( 2 ) : 221 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stien , P. and Waters , F. S. Chronic traumatic stress in children as an etiological factor in the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Workshop Presented at the Fifteenth International Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress . Miami, Fla.
   Google Scholar
• Terr , L. C. 1991 . Childhood Traumas: An outline and overview . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 10 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinker , R. H. and Wilson , S. A. 1999 . Through the Eyes of a Child , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Trujillo , K. , Lewis , P. , Oyeager , C. A. and Gidlow , B. 1996 . Imaginary companions of school boys and boys with dissociative identity disorder: A normal to pathological continuum . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 5 : 373 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. 1997 . “ The complexity of adaptation to trauma ” . In Traumatic Stress , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. A. 182 – 213 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Vanderlinden , J. , Van Dyck , R. , Vandereycken , V. , Vertommen , H. and Verkes , R. J. 1993 . The Dissociation Questionnaire: Development and characteristics of a new self-reporting questionnaire . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 1 : 21 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Waterbury , M. 1998 . “ School interventions for dissociative children ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 315 – 330 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , F. W. 1998 . “ Parents as partners in the treatment of dissociative children ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 273 – 296 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , F. W. and Silberg , J. L. 1998a . “ Promoting integration in dissociative children ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 167 – 190 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , F. W. and Silberg , J. L. 1998b . “ Therapeutic phases in the treatment of dissociative children ” . In The Dissociative Child: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management, , 2nd ed , Edited by: Silberg , J. L. 135 – 156 . Lutherville, MD : The Sidran Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wieland , S. 1997 . Hearing the Internal Trauma , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wieland , S. 1998 . Techniques and Issues in Abuse-Focused Therapy , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. T. and Velazquez , L. 1996 . The use of hypnosis in children with dissociative disorders . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 5 : 495 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeager , C. A. and Lewis , D. O. 1996 . The intergenerational transmission of violence and dissociation . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 5 : 393 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar