Dissociative Pathways to Homicide: Clinical and Forensic Implications

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, , 4th ed., text revision. Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Blair , R. J.R. 2003 . Neurobiological basis of psychopathy. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 182 ( 1 ) : 5 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bliss , E. L. 1980 . Multiple personalities: A report of 14 cases with implications for schizophrenia and hysteria. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 37 : 1388 – 1397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner , J. D. , Southwick , S. , Brett , E. , Fontana , A. , Rosenheck , R. and Charney , D. S. 1992 . Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 328 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinded , P. M.J. , Simpson , A. I.F. , Laidlaw , T. M. , Fairley , N. and Malcolm , F. 2001 . Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in New Zealand prisons: A national study. . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 35 : 166 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , L. M. 2000 . Dissociative tendencies and violent behavior in a male forensic psychiatric population. . Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering , 60 ( 8-B ) : 4206 US: University Microfilms International
   Google Scholar
• Carlier , I. V.E. , Lamberts , R. D. , Fouwels , A. J. and Gersons , B. P.R. 1996 . PTSD in relation to dissociation in traumatized police officers. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 1325 – 1328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlisle , A. L. 1991 . Dissociation and violent criminal behavior. . Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , 7 ( 4 ) : 273 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlisle , A. L. 1993 . The divided self: Toward an understanding of the dark side of the serial killer. . American Journal of Criminal Justice , 17 ( 2 ) : 23 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. B. and Putnam , F. W. 1986 . Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 174 : 727 – 733 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. B. and Putnam , F. W. 1993 . An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. . Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders , 6 : 16 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. B. , Putnam , F. W. , Ross , C. A. , Torem , M. , Coons , P. , Bowman , E. S. , Chu , J. , Dill , D. L. , Loewenstein , R. J. and Braun , B. G. 1993 . Validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in screening for multiple personality disorder: A multicenter study. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 1030 – 1036 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , J. E. and Tan , E. K. 1976 . In search of the true Amok: Amok as viewed within the Malay culture. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 133 : 1295 – 1299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrion , V. G. and Steiner , H. 2000 . Trauma and dissociation in delinquent adolescents. . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 353 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright , D. 2001 . The role of psychopathology and personality in rage-type homicide: A review. . South African Journal of Psychology , 31 ( 3 ) : 12 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-A. , Forth , A. E. , Hare , R. D. , Strachan , C. , Lidberg , L. and Thorell , L.-H. 1996 . Remembering details of emotional events: A comparison between psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. . Personality & Individual Differences , 20 : 437 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleckley , H. 1941 . The mask of sanity, , 1st ed. St. Louis, MO : CV Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Cleckley , H. 1950 . The mask of sanity, , 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO : CV Mosby. .
   Google Scholar
• Cleckley , H. 1976 . The mask of sanity, , 5th ed. St. Louis, MO : CV Mosby. .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , D. J. and Michie , C. 2001 . Refining the construct of psychopath: Towards a hierarchical model. . Psychological Assessment , 13 : 171 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell , P. F. and Eisenhower , J. W. 1990 . Adolescent multiple personality disorder. . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 29 : 359 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz , P. E. , Hazelwood , R. R. and Warren , J. 1990 . The sexually sadistic criminal and his offenses. . Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law , 18 ( 2 ) : 163 – 178 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eronen , M. , Angermeyer , M. C. and Schulze , B. 1998 . The psychiatric epidemiology of violent behaviour. . Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology. , 33 ( Suppl 1 ) : S13 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felthous , A. R. , Bryant , S. G. , Wingerter , C. B. and Barratt , E. 1991 . The diagnosis of intermittent explosive disorder in violent men. . Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law , 19 ( 1 ) : 71 – 79 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forth , A. E. 1994 . Psychopathy and young offenders: Prevalence, family background, and violence (Program Branch Users Report). Ottawa, Ontario : Ministry of the Solicitor-General of Canada. .
   Google Scholar
• Forth , A. E. 1995 . Psychopathy in adolescent offenders: Assessment, family background, and violence. . Issues in Criminological & Legal Psychology. No , 24 : 42 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich , W. N. , Gerber , P. N. , Koplin , B. , Davis , M. , Giese , J. , Mykelbust , C. and Franckowiak , D. 2001 . Multimodal assessment of dissociation in adolescents: In-patients and juvenile sex offenders. . Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research & Treatment , 13 ( 3 ) : 167 – 177 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaw , A. C. and Bernstein , R. L. 1992 . Classification of Amok in DSM-IV. . Hospital & Community Psychiatry , 43 : 789 – 793 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilligan , J. 1996 . Violence: Our deadly epidemic and its causes. New York : G.P. Putnam's Sons. .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , K. R. 1993 . Toward a better understanding and treatment of sex offenders. . International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology , 37 ( 1 ) : 41 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , A. F. , Coles , C. J. and Johnson , E. H. 1994 . Psychopathology and anger in interpersonal violence offenders. . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 50 : 906 – 912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , P. E. 1989 . Multiple personality disorder and homicide: Professional and legal issues. . Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders , 2 ( 2 ) : 110 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Hare , R. D. 1980 . A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. . Personality & Individual Differences , 1 : 111 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare , R. D. 1991 . The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto : Multi-Health Systems. .
   Google Scholar
• Hare , R. D. , Forth , A. E. and Kosson , D. S. 1994 . The Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version Vancouver, British Columbia : University of British Columbia. . (Unpublished test manual)
   Google Scholar
• Harpur , T. J. , Hakstein , A. R. and Hare , R. D. 1988 . Factor structure of the psychopathy checklist. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 56 : 741 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpur , T. J. , Hare , R. D. and Hakstein , A. R. 1989 . Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. . Psychological Assessment , 1 : 6 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , S. D. , Hare , R. D. and Forth , A. E. 1994 . “ Psychopathy as a risk marker for violence: Development and validation of a Screening Version of the Revised Psychopathy Checklist. ” . In Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment Edited by: Monahan , J. and Steadman , H. J. 81 – 98 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hatta , S. M. 1996 . A Malay crosscultural worldview and forensic review of Amok. . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 30 : 505 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intrator , J. , Hare , R. , Stritzke , P. , Brichtswein , K. , Dorfman , D. , Harpur , T. , Bernstein , D. , Handelsman , L. , Schaefer , C. and Keilp , J. 1997 . A brain imaging (single photon emission computerized tomography) study of semantic and affective processing in psychopaths. . Biological Psychiatry , 42 ( 2 ) : 96 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes , D. 1981 . The minds of Billy Milligan. New York : Random House. .
   Google Scholar
• Kiehl , K. A. , Smith , A. M. , Hare , R. D. , Mendrek , A. , Forster , B. B. , Brink , J. and Liddle , P. F. 2001 . Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. . Biological Psychiatry , 50 : 677 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschner , D. and Nagel , L. 1996 . Catathymic violence, dissociation, and adoption pathology: Implications for the mental status defense. . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 40 : 204 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. 1987 . First-rank symptoms as a diagnostic clue to multiple personality disorder. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 293 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. 1994 . “ Multiple personality disorder: Observations on the etiology, natural history, recognition, and resolution of a long-neglected condition. ” . In Psychological concepts and dissociative disorders Edited by: Klein , R. M. and Doane , B. K. 9 – 50 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. .
   Google Scholar
• Koivisto , H. and Haapasalo , J. 1996 . Childhood maltreatment and adulthood psychopathy in light of file-based assessments among mental state examinees. . Studies on Crime & Crime Prevention , 5 ( 1 ) : 91 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Kopelman , M. D. 1987 . Crime and amnesia: A review. . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 5 : 323 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Kruger , C. and Mace , C J . 2002 . Psychometric validation of the State Scale of Dissociation (SSD). . Psychology & Psychotherapy. , 75 ( Pt 1 ) : 33 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lane , P. J. and Kling , J. S. 1979 . Construct validation of the Overcontrolled Hostility scale of the MMPI. . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 47 : 781 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , J. and Fox , J. A. 1985 . Mass murder: America's growing menace. New York : Plenum Publishing. .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , D. O. 1998 . Guilty by reason of insanity: A psychiatrist explores the minds of killers. New York : Ballantine Books. .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , D. O. , Yeager , C. A. , Swica , Y. , Pincus , J. H. and Lewis , M. 1997 . Objective documentation of child abuse and dissociation in 12 murderers with dissociative identity disorder. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 1703 – 1710 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link , B. G. , Monahan , J. , Stueve , A. and Cullen , F. T. 1999 . Real in their consequences: A sociological approach to understanding the association between psychotic symptoms and violence. . American Sociological Review , 64 : 316 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link , B. G. and Stueve , A. 1994 . “ Psychotic symptoms and the violent/illegal behavior of mental patients compared to community controls. ” . In Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment Edited by: Monahan , J. and Steadman , H. J. 137 – 159 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , R. J. and Putnam , F. W. 1990 . The clinical phenomenology of males with MPD: A report of 21 cases. . Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders , 3 ( 3 ) : 135 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• MacCulloch , M. , Gray , N. and Watt , A. 2000 . Brittain's Sadistic Murderer Syndrome reconsidered: An associative account of the aetiology of sadistic sexual fantasy. . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 11 : 401 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCulloch , M. J. , Snowden , P. R. , Wood , P. J.W. and Mills , H. E. 1983 . Sadistic fantasy, sadistic behaviors and offending. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 20 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmar , C. R. , Weiss , D. S. and Metzler , T. J. 1997 . “ The Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire. ” . In Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD Edited by: Wilson , J. P. and Keane , T. M. 412 – 428 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• McSherry , B. 1998 . Getting away with murder? Dissociative states and criminal responsibility. . International Journal of Law & Psychiatry , 21 ( 2 ) : 139 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Megargee , E. I. 1966 . Undercontrolled and overcontrolled personality types in extreme antisocial aggression. . Psychological Monographs , 80 ( 611 ) : 1 – 29 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Megargee , E. I. , Cook , P. and Mendelsohn , G. A. 1967 . Development and validation of an MMPI Scale of assaultiveness in overcontrolled individuals. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 72 : 519 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloy , J. R. 1988 . The psychopathic mind: Origins, dynamics, and treatment. Northvale, NJ : Jason Aronson. .
   Google Scholar
• Meloy , J. R. 2000 . The nature and dynamics of sexual homicide: An integrative review. . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 5 ( 1 ) : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloy , J. R. , Hempel , A. G. , Mohandie , K. , Shiva , A. A. and Gray , B. T. 2001 . Offender and offense characteristics of a nonrandom sample of adolescent mass murderers. . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 : 719 – 728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merckelbach , H. , Horselenberg , R. and Muris , P. 2001 . The Creative Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ): A brief self-report measure of fantasy proneness. . Personality and Individual Differences , 31 : 987 – 995 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merckelbach , H. , Horselenberg , R. and Schmidt , H. 2002 . Modeling the connection between self-reported trauma and dissociation in a student sample. . Personality & Individual Differences , 32 : 695 – 705 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merckelbach , H. , Rassin , E. and Muris , P. 2000 . Dissociation, schizotypy, and fantasy proneness in undergraduate students. . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 188 : 428 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller , A. A. and Hell , D. 2003 . Affective disorder and ‘psychopathy’ in a sample of younger male delinquents. . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 107 ( 3 ) : 203 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan , J. 1992 . Mental disorder and violent behavior: Perceptions and evidence. . American Psychologist , 47 : 511 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , A. 2001 . The prevalence of dissociation in offender, psychiatric, and substance abuse populations: A pilot study (Unpublished data)
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , A. 2003 . Dissociation and violence: A review of the literature. . Trauma, Violence, and Abuse: A Review Journal , (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Muris , P. , Merckelbach , H. and Peeters , E. 2003 . The links between the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES), fantasy proneness, and anxiety symptoms. . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 191 : 18 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumaerker , K. J. , Dudeck , U. and Plaza , P. 1989 . Borrelia encephalitis and catatonia in adolescence. . Nervenarzt , 60 ( 2 ) : 115 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick , C. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Lang , P. J. 1993 . Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 102 : 82 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick , C. J. and Zempolich , K. A. 1998 . Emotion and aggression in the psychopathic personality. . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 3 : 303 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. , Angelini , F. and Kumar , V. K. 2001 . The importance of fantasy-prone-ness in dissociation: A replication. . Contemporary Hypnosis , 18 : 204 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Pekala , R. J. , Kumar , V. K. , Ainslie , G. , Elliott , N. C. , Mullen , K. J. , Salinger , M. M. and Masten , E. 1999 . Dissociation as a function of child abuse and fantasy proneness in a substance abuse population. . Imagination, Cognition & Personality , 19 ( 2 ) : 105 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Pham , T. H. , Philippot , P. and Rime , B. 2000 . Subjective and autonomic responses to emotion induction in psychopaths. . Encephale , 26 ( 1 ) : 45 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , M. L. , Medford , N. , Senior , C. , Bullmore , E. T. , Suckling , J. , Brammer , M. J. , Andrew , C. , Sierra , M. , Williams , S. C.R. and David , A. S. 2001 . Depersonalization disorder: Thinking without feeling. . Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 108 ( 3 ) : 145 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , S. 1996 . Without conscience or without active conscience? The etiology of psychopathy revisited. . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 1 ( 2 ) : 179 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , S. , Birt , A. R. , Yuille , J. C. and Herve , H. F. 2001 . Memory for murder: A psychological perspective on dissociative amnesia in legal contexts. . International Journal of Law & Psychiatry , 24 ( 1 ) : 23 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentky , R. A. , Burgess , A. W. , Rokous , F. , Lee , A. , Hartman , C. , Ressler , R. K. and Douglas , J. E. 1989 . The presumptive role of fantasy in serial sexual homicide. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 146 : 887 – 891 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 1989 . Diagnosis and treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. , Guroff , J. J. , Silberman , E. K. , Barban , L. and Post , R. K. 1986 . The clinical phenomenology of multiple personality disorder: Review of 100 recent cases. . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 47 : 285 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinsey , V. L. , Maguire , A. and Varney , G. W. 1983 . Assertion and overcontrolled hostility among mentally disordered murderers. . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 51 : 550 – 556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffles , T. S. 1965 . The history of Java. vol. 1. Kaula Lampur : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rauschenberger , S. L. and Lynn , S. J. 1995 . Fantasy proneness, DSM-III-R Axis I psychopathology, and dissociation. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 104 : 373 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ressler , R. K. , Burgess , A. W. and Douglas , J. E. 1988 . Sexual homicide: Patterns and motives. Lexington, MA : Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Company. .
   Google Scholar
• Ressler , R. K. and Shachtman , T. 1992 . Whoever fights monsters. New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rhue , J. W. and Lynn , S. J. 1987 . Fantasy proneness: Developmental antecedents. . Journal of Personality , 55 ( 1 ) : 121 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivard , J. M. , Dietz , P. , Martell , D. and Widawski , M. 2002 . Acute dissociative responses in law enforcement officers involved in critical shooting incidents: The clinical and forensic implications. . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 47 : 1093 – 1100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , M. 1980 . The role of the term schizophrenia in the decline of the diagnosis of multiple personality. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 37 : 1383 – 1385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. A. , Miller , S. D. , Reagor , P. , Bjornson , L. , Fraser , G. A. and Anderson , G. 1990 . Schneiderian symptoms in multiple personality disorder and schizophrenia. . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 31 : 111 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. 1986 . Amnesia and crime: How much do we really know? . American Psychologist , 41 : 286 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , L. B. 1996 . The catathymic crisis, 1912-present: A review and clinical study. . Aggression & Violent Behavior , 1 : 307 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serin , R. C. 1996 . Violent recidivism in criminal psychopaths. . Law and Human Behavior , 20 : 207 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra , M. and Berrios , G. E. 1998 . Depersonalization: Neurobiological perspectives. . Biological Psychiatr , 44 : 898 – 908 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra , M. , Senior , C. , Dalton , J. , McDonough , M. , Bond , A. , Phillips , M. L. , O'Dwyer , A. M. and David , A. S. 2002 . Autonomic response in depersonalization disorder. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 59 ( 9 ) : 833 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , J. A. , Derecho , D. V. , Leong , G. B. , Weinstock , R. and Ferrari , M. M. 2001 . A classification of psychological factors leading to violent behavior in posttraumatic stress disorder. . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 46 : 309 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeon , D. , Guralnik , O. , Schmeidler , J. , Sirof , B. and Knutelska , M. 2001 . The role of childhood interpersonal trauma in depersonalization disorder. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 1027 – 1033 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneti , S. , Scott , E. C. and Murphy , C. M. 2000 . Dissociative experiences in partner-assaultive men. . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 15 : 1262 – 1283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeem , J. L. , Mulvey , E. P. and Grisso , T. 2003 . Applicability of traditional and revised models of psychopathy to the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. . Psychological Assessment , 15 : 41 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow , M. S. , Beckman , D. and Brack , G. 1996 . Results of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a jail population. . Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders , 9 : 98 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer , C. , Dudeck , M. , Liss , H. , Orlob , S. , Gillner , M. and Freyberger , H. J. 2001 . Post-traumatic stress disorder in forensic inpatients. . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 12 ( 1 ) : 63 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton , B. R. , David , A. S. , Cleare , A. J. , Sierra , M. , Lambert , M. V. , Phillips , M. L. , Porter , R. J. , Gallagher , P. and Young , A. H. 2001 . Basal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with depersonalization disorder. . Psychiatry Research , 104 ( 1 ) : 85 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , A. 2000 . Dissociation and crime: Abuse, mental illness, and violence in the lives of incarcerated men. . Dissertation Abstracts International, A (Humanities and Social Sciences) , 61 ( 4-A ) : 1626 US: University Microfilms International
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , M. 1994 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D), Revised. Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , M. 1995 . Handbook for the assessment of dissociation: A clinical guide. Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steiner , H. , Garcia , I. G. and Matthews , Z. 1997 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated juvenile delinquents. . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 357 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stueve , A. and Link , B. G. 1997 . Violence and psychiatric disorders: Results from an epidemiological study of young adults in Israel. . Psychiatric Quarterly , 68 : 327 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swihart , G. , Yuille , J. and Porter , S. 1999 . The role of state-dependent memory in “red-outs.” . International Journal of Law & Psychiatry , 22 ( 3–4 ) : 199 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanay , E. 1969 . Psychiatric study of homicide. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 125 ( 9 ) : 146 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Thigpen , C. H. and Cleckley , H. M. 1957 . The three faces of Eve. New York : McGraw Hill. .
   Google Scholar
• Tiihonen , J. , Hakola , P. , Eronen , M. , Vartiainen , H. and Ryynanen , O. P. 1996 . Risk of homicidal behavior among discharged forensic psychiatric patients. . Forensic Science International , 79 ( 2 ) : 123 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verona , E. and Carbonell , J. L. 2000 . Female violence and personality: Evidence for a pattern of overcontrolled hostility among one-time violent female offenders. . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 27 ( 2 ) : 176 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldo , T. G. and Merritt , R. D. 2000 . Fantasy proneness, dissociation, and DSM-IV Axis II symptomatology. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 ( 3 ) : 555 – 558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , A. 2002 . Dissociation in incarcerated juvenile male offenders: A pilot study in Australia. . Journal of Psychiatry, Psychology, and the Law , 9 ( 1 ) : 56 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiler , B. L. and Widom , C. S. 1996 . Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults. . Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health , 6 : 253 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , J. M. A. , Lambert , J. W. and Blackman , N. 1960 . The sudden murderer. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 2 : 669 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , A. J. and Heilburn , K. 1995 . The classification of overcontrolled hostility: Comparison of two diagnostic methods. . Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health , 5 ( 2 ) : 106 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , S. C. and Barber , T. X. 1983 . “ Vivid fantasy and hallucinatory abilities in the life histories of excellent hypnotic subjects (“somnambules”): Preliminary report with female subjects. ” . In Imagery: vol. 2. Concepts, results, and applications Edited by: Klinger , E. 133 – 149 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Woodward , M. , Nursten , J. , Williams , P. and Badger , D. 2000 . Mental disorder and homicide: A review of epidemiological research. . Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale , 9 ( 3 ) : 171 – 189 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodworth , M. and Porter , S. 2002 . In cold blood: Characteristics of criminal homicides as a function of psychopathy. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 111 : 436 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar