REFERENCES
- Abenhaim , L. 1992 . Study of civilian victims of terrorist attacks (France 1982–1987) . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 45 : 103 – 109 .
- American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, , 4th ed. Washington, DC : Author .
- Amir , M. , Weil , G. , Kaplan , Z. , Tocker , T. and Witztum , E. 1998 . Debriefing with brief group psychotherapy in a homogenous group of non-injured victims of a terrorist attack: A prospective study . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 98 : 237 – 242 .
- Curran , P. S. , Bell , P. , Murray , A. , Loughrey , G. , Roddy , R. and Rocke , L. G. 1990 . Psychological consequences of the Enniskillen bombing . British Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 479 – 482 .
- Epstein , R. , Fullerton , C. and Ursano , R. 1998 . Posttraumatic stress disorder following an air disaster: A prospective study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 934 – 938 .
- Galea , S. , Ahern , J. , Resnick , H. , Kilpatrick , D. , Bucuvalis , M. , Gold , J. and Vlahov , D. 2002 . Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City . New England Journal of Medicine , 346 : 982 – 987 .
- Grace , M. C. , Green , B. L. , Lindy , J. L. and Leonard , A. C. 1993 . “ The Buffalo Creek Disaster: A 14-year follow-up. ” . In International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes Edited by: Wilson , J. P. and Raphael , B. 441 – 449 . New York : Plenum Press .
- Groenjian , A. K. , Steinberg , A. M. , Najarian , L. M. , Fairbanks , L. A. , Tashjian , M. and Pynoos , R. S. 2000 . Prospective study of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions after earthquake and political violence . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 911 – 916 .
- Johnson , S. D. , North , C. S. and Smith , E. M. 2002 . Psychiatric disorders among victims of a courthouse shooting spree: A three-year follow-up study . Community Mental Health Journal , 38 : 181 – 194 .
- McFarlane , A. 1988 . The longitudinal course of posttraumatic morbidity: The range of outcomes and their predictors . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 176 : 30 – 39 .
- North , C. S. , McCutcheon , V. , Spitznagel , E. L. and Smith , E. M. 2002 . Three-year follow-up of survivors of a mass shooting episode . Journal of Urban Health , 79 : 383 – 391 .
- North , C. S. , Nixon , S. J. , Shariat , S. , Mallonee , S. , McMillen , J. C. , Spitznagel , E. L. and Smith , E. M. 1999 . Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing . Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 : 755 – 762 .
- North , C. S. , Smith , E. M. and Spitznagel , E. L. 1997 . One-year follow-up of survivors of a mass shooting . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 1696 – 1702 .
- North , C. S. , Tivis , L. , McMillen , J. C. , Pfefferbaum , B. , Spitznagel , E. L. , Cox , J. , Nixon , S. , Bunch , K. P. and Smith , E. M. 2002 . Psychiatric disorders in rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 : 857 – 859 .
- Rubonis , A. V. and Bickman , L. 1991 . Psychological impairment in the wake of disaster: The disaster-psychopathology relationship . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 384 – 399 .
- Schlenger , W. E. , Caddell , J. M. , Ebert , L. , Jordan , B. K. , Rourke , K. M. , Wilson , D. , Thalji , L. , Dennis , J. M. , Fairbank , J. A. and Kulka , R. A. 2002 . Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11 . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 581 – 588 .
- Shalev , A. Y. 1992 . Posttraumatic stress disorder among injured survivors of a terrorist attack: Predictive value of early intrusion and avoidance symptoms . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 180 : 505 – 509 .
- Steinglass , P. and Gerrity , E. 1990 . Natural disasters and posttraumatic stress disorder: Short-term vs. long-term recovery in two disaster-affected communities . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 20 : 1746 – 1765 .
- Ursano , R. J. , Fullerton , C. S. , Kao , T. and Bhartiya , V. R. 1995 . Longitudinal assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after exposure to traumatic death . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 183 : 36 – 42 .
- Vlahov , D. , Galea , S. , Resnick , H. , Ahern , J. , Boscarino , J. A. , Bucavalas , M. , Gold , J. and Kilpatrick , D. 2002 . Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan, New York, residents after the September 11th terrorist attacks . American Journal of Epidemiology , 155 : 988 – 996 .
- Wang , X. , Gao , L. , Shinfuku , N. , Zhang , H. , Zhao , C. and Shen , Y. 2000 . Longitudinal study of earthquake-related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in north China . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 1260 – 1266 .
- Weisaeth , L. 1985 . “ Post-traumatic stress disorder after an industrial disaster. ” . In Psychiatry-The state of the art Edited by: Pichot , P. , Berner , P. , Wolf , R. and Thau , K. 299 – 307 . New York : Plenum Press .