Bipolar Disorder and Substance Abuse

References

• Regier , D. A. , Farm , M. E. and Rae , D. S. 1990 . Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study . JAMA , 264 : 2511 – 2518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann , A. C. 1997 . Manic-depressive illness and substance abuse . Psychiatr Ann , 27 : 507 – 511 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski , S. M. and DelBello , M. P. 2000 . The co-occurrence of bipolar and substance use disorders . Clin Psychol Rev , 20 ( 2 ) : 191 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville , B. J. , Anton , S. F. , Carroll , K. , Budde , D. , Prusoff , B. A. and Gawin , F. 1991 . Psychiatric diagnoses of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 48 : 43 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salloum , I. M. and Thase , M. E. 2000 . Impact of substance abuse on the course and treatment of bipolar disorder . Bipolar Disord , 2 ( 3 Pt 2 ) : 269 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye , M. A. , Altshuler , L. L. , McElroy , S. L. , Suppes , T. , Keck , P. E. Denicoff , K. 2003 . Gender differences in prevalence, risk, and clinical correlates of alcoholism comorbidity in bipolar disorder . Am J Psychiatry , 160 ( 5 ) : 883 – 889 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winokur , G. , Turvey , C. , Akiskal , H. , Coryell , W. , Solomon , D. Leon , A. 1998 . Alcoholism and drug abuse in three groups-bipolar I, unipolars and their acquaintances . J Affective Disord , 50 ( 2–3 ) : 81 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soutullo , C. A. , DelBello , M. P. , Ochsner , J. E. , McElroy , S. L. , Taylor , S. A. Strakowski , S. M. 2002 . Severity of bipolarity in hospitalized manic adolescents with history of stimulant or antidepressant treatment . J Affect Disord , 70 ( 3 ) : 323 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonne , S. C. , Brady , K. T. and Morton , W. A. 1994 . Substance abuse and bipolar affective disorder . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 182 : 349 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. F. , Zandi , P. P. , Gershon , E. , Nurnberger , J. I. Jr. , Reich , T. and DePaulo , J. R. 2003 . Rapid switching of mood in families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 60 ( 9 ) : 921 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier , W. , Lichtermann , D. , Minges , J. , Delmo , C. and Heun , R. 1995 . The relationship between bipolar disorder and alcoholism: a controlled family study . Psychol Med , 25 ( 4 ) : 787 – 796 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DelBello , M. P. , Soutullo , C. A. , Hendricks , W. , Niemeier , R. T. , McElroy , S. L. and Strakowski , S. M. 2001 . Prior stimulant treatment in adolescents with bipolar disorder: association with age at onset . Bipolar Disord , 3 ( 2 ) : 53 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soutullo , C. A. , DelBello , M. P. , Ochsner , J. E. , McElroy , S. L. , Taylor , S. A. Strakowski , S. M. 2002 . Severity of bipolarity in hospitalized manic adolescents with history of stimulant or antidepressant treatment . J Affect Disord , 70 ( 3 ) : 323 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski , S. M. , McElroy , S. L. , Keck , P. E. Jr. and West , S. A. 1996 . The effects of antecedent substance abuse on the development of first-episode psychotic mania . J Psychiatr Res , 30 ( 1 ) : 59 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , K. C. , Burke , J. D. Jr. , Regier , D. A. and Rae , D. S. 1990 . Age at onset of selected mental disorders in five community populations . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 47 : 511 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , T. D. , Mundo , E. , Parikh , S. V. and Kennedy , J. L. 2003 . Early age at onset as a risk factor for poor outcome of bipolar disorder . J Psychiatr Res , 37 ( 4 ) : 297 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlis , R. H. , Miyahara , S. , Marangell , L. B. , Wisniewski , S. R. , Ostacher , M. DelBello , M. P. 2004 . Long-Term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder STEP-BD . Biol Psychiatry , 55 ( 9 ) : 875 – 881 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , R. D. , Kolodziej , M. , Griffin , M. L. , Najavits , L. M. , Jacobson , L. M. and Greenfield , S. F. 2004 . Substance use and perceived symptom improvement among patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence . J Affect Disord , 79 ( 1–3 ) : 279 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DelBello , M. P. , Strakowski , S. M. , Sax , K. W. , McElroy , S. L. , Keck , P. E. Jr. West , S. A. 1999 . Familial rates of affective and substance use disorders in patients with first-episode mania . J Affect Disord , 56 ( 1 ) : 55 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey , K. B. , Carey , M. P. and Simons , J. S. 2003 . Correlates of substance use disorder among psychiatric outpatients: focus on cognition, social role functioning, and psychiatric status . J Nerv Ment Dis , 191 ( 5 ) : 300 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy , F. , Ahearn , E. P. and Carroll , B. J. 2001 . Substance abuse in bipolar disorder . Bipolar Disord , 3 ( 4 ) : 181 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post , R. M. , Denicoff , K. D. , Leverich , G. S. , Altshuler , L. L. , Frye , M. A. Suppes , T. M. 2003 . Morbidity in 258 bipolar outpatients followed for 1 year with daily prospective ratings on the NIMH life chart method . J Clin Psychiatry , 64 ( 6 ) : 680 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pini , S. , Dell'Osso , L. , Mastrocinque , C. , Marcacci , G. , Papasogli , A. Vignoli , S. 1999 . Axis I comorbidity in bipolar disorder with psychotic features . Br J Psychiatry , 175 : 467 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent , D. A. , Perper , J. A. , Moritz , G. , Baugher , M. , Schweers , J. and Roth , C. 1994 . Suicide in affectively ill adolescents: a case-control study . J Affect Disord , 31 ( 3 ) : 193 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isometsa , E. T. , Henriksson , M. M. , Aro , H. M. and Lonnqvist , J. K. 1994 . Suicide in bipolar disorder in Finland . Am J Psychiatry , 151 : 1020 – 1024 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tondo , L. , Baldessarini , R. J. , Hennen , J. , Minnai , G. P. , Salis , P. Scamonatti , L. 1999 . Suicide attempts in major affective disorder patients with comorbid substance use disorders . J Clin Psychiatry , 60 ( Suppl 2 ) : 63 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent , D. A. , Perper , J. A. , Moritz , G. , Allman , C. , Friend , A. Roth , C. 1993 . Psychiatric risk factors for adolescent suicide: a case-control study . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 32 ( 3 ) : 521 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marttunen , M. J. , Aro , H. M. , Henriksson , M. M. and Lonnqvist , J. K. 1991 . Mental disorders in adolescent suicide. DSM-III-R axes in suicides among 13- to 19-year-olds in Finland . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 48 : 834 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maser , J. D. , Akiskal , H. S. , Schettler , P. , Scheftner , W. , Mueller , T. Endicott , J. 2002 . Can temperament identify affectively ill patients who engage in lethal or near-lethal suicidal behavior? A 14-year prospective study . Suicide Life Threat Behav , 32 ( 1 ) : 10 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , J. F. , Garno , J. L. , Portera , L. , Leon , A. C. , Kocsis , J. H. and Whiteside , J. E. 1999 . Correlates of sucidal ideation in dysphoric mania . J Affect Disord , 56 ( 1 ) : 75 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilsaver , S. C. , Chen , Y. R. , Swann , A. C. , Shoaib , A. M. and Krajewski , K. J. 1995 . Suicidality in patients with pure and depressive mania . Am J Psychiatry , 151 : 1312 – 1315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski , S. M. , McElroy , S. L. , Keck , P. E. Jr. and West , S. A. 1996 . Suicidality among patients with mixed and manic bipolar disorder . Am J Psychiatry , 153 ( 5 ) : 674 – 676 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann , A. C. , Dougherty , D. M. , Pazzaglia , P. J. , Pham , M. and Moeller , F. G. 2004 . Impulsivity: A link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse . Bipolar Disord , 6 : 204 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady , K. T. , Myrick , H. and McElroy , S. 1998 . The relationship between substance use disorders, impulse control disorders, and pathological aggression . Am J Addict , 7 ( 3 ) : 221 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , J. J. and Bailey , S. L. 1990 . Relationship of mood disorders to violence . J Nerv Ment Dis , 178 : 44 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman , L. S. , Haywood , T. W. , Cavanaugh , J. L. , Davis , J. M. and Lewis , D. A. 1995 . State psychiatric hospital patients with past arrests for violent crimes . Psychiatr Serv , 46 ( 8 ) : 790 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quanbeck , C. D. , Stone , D. C. , Scott , C. L. , McDermott , B. E. , Altshuler , L. L. and Frye , M. A. 2004 . Clinical and legal correlates of inmates with bipolar disorder at time of criminal arrest . J Clin Psychiatry , 65 ( 2 ) : 198 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanable , P. A. , Carey , M. P. , Carey , K. B. and Maisto , S. A. 2003 . Smoking among psychiatric outpatients: relationship to substance use, diagnosis, and illness severity . Psychol Addict Behav , 17 ( 4 ) : 259 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziedonis , D. , Williams , J. M. and Smelson , D. 2003 . Serious mental illness and tobacco addiction: a model program to address this common but neglected issue . Am J Med Sci , 326 ( 4 ) : 223 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leon , J. , Diaz , F. J. , Rogers , T. , Browne , D. and Dinsmore , L. 2002 . Initiation of daily smoking and nicotine dependence in schizophrenia and mood disorders . Schizophr Res , 56 ( 1–2 ) : 47 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard , S. , Adler , L. E. , Benhammou , K. , Berger , R. , Breese , C. R. Drebing , C. 2001 . Smoking and mental illness . Pharmacol Biochem Behav , 70 ( 4 ) : 561 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oquendo , M. A. , Galfalvy , H. , Russo , S. , Ellis , S. P. , Grunebaum , M. F. Burke , A. 2004 . Prospective study of clinical predictors of suicidal acts after a major depressive episode in patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder . Am J Psychiatry , 161 ( 8 ) : 1433 – 1441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. B. 1990 . Mania after nicotine withdrawal . Am J Psychiatry , 147 ( 9 ) : 1254 – 1255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benazzi , F. 1989 . Severe mania following abrupt nicotine withdrawal . Am J Psychiatry , 146 ( 12 ) : 1641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greeman , M. and McClellan , T. A. 1991 . Negative effects of a smoking ban on an inpatient psychiatry service . Hosp Community Psychiatry , 42 ( 4 ) : 408 – 412 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swann , A. C. , Koslow , S. H. , Katz , M. M. , Maa , J. W. , Javaid , J. Secunda , S. K. 1987 . Lithium carbonate treatment of mania . Cerebrospinal fluid and urinary monoamine metabolites and treatment outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry , 44 : 345 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Anand , A. , Verhoeff , P. , Seneca , N. , Zoghbi , S. S. , Seibyl , J. P. Charney , D. S. 2000 . Brain SPECT imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in euthymic bipolar disorder patients . Am J Psychiatry , 157 ( 7 ) : 1108 – 1114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller , F. G. , Barratt , E. S. , Dougherty , D. M. , Schmitz , J. M. and Swann , A. C. 2001 . Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity . Am J Psychiatry , 158 : 1783 – 1793 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capuron , L. , Ravaud , A. , Neveu , P. J. , Miller , A. H. , Maes , M. and Dantzer , R. 2002 . Association between decreased serum tryptophan concentrations and depressive symptoms in cancer patients undergoing cytokine therapy . Mol Psychiatry , 7 ( 5 ) : 468 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post , R. M. , Rubinow , D. R. and Ballenger , J. C. 1986 . Conditioning and sensitization in the longitudinal course of affective illness . Br J Psychiatry , 149 : 191 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , T. E. and Berridge , K. C. 1993 . The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sen-sitization theory of addiction . Brain Research Reviews , 18 : 247 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , T. E. and Becker , J. B. 1986 . Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis . Brain Res , 396 ( 2 ) : 157 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sax , K. W. and Strakowski , S. M. 2001 . Behavioral sensitization in humans . J Addict Dis , 20 ( 3 ) : 55 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski , S. M. , Sax , K. W. , Rosenberg , H. L. , DelBello , M. P. and Adler , C. M. 2001 . Human response to repeated low-dose d-amphetamine: evidence for behavioral enhancement and tolerance . Neuropsychopharmacology , 25 ( 4 ) : 548 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duka , T. , Gentry , J. , Malcolm , R. , Ripley , T. L. , Borlikova , G. Stephens , D. N. 2004 . Consequences of multiple withdrawals from alcohol . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 28 ( 2 ) : 233 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish , E. W. , DeBold , J. F. and Miczek , K. A. 2002 . Repeated alcohol: behavioral sensitization and alcohol-heightened aggression in mice . Psychopharmacology Berl. , 160 ( 1 ) : 39 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domino , E. F. 2001 . Nicotine induced behavioral locomotor sensitization . Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 25 ( 1 ) : 59 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , S. L. and Izenwasser , S. 2004 . Chronic nicotine differentially alters cocaine-induced locomotor activity in adolescent vs. adult male and female rats . Neuropharmacology , 46 ( 3 ) : 349 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horger , B. A. , Giles , M. K. and Schenk , S. 1992 . Preexposure to amphetamine and nicotine predisposes rats to self-administer a low dose of cocaine . Psychopharmacol , 107 ( 2–3 ) : 271 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , P. B. , Swann , A. C. and Dafny , N. 2003 . Chronic pretreatment with methylphenidate induces cross-sensitization with amphetamine . Life Sci , 73 ( 22 ) : 2899 – 2911 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonate , P. L. , Swann , A. and Silverman , P. B. 1997 . Context-dependent cross-sensitization between cocaine and amphetamine . Life Sci , 60 : PL1 – PL7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessov , C. N. and Phillips , T. J. 2003 . Cross-sensitization between the locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol and those of morphine and cocaine in mice . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 27 ( 4 ) : 616 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itzhak , Y. and Martin , J. L. 1999 . Effects of cocaine, nicotine, dizocipline and alcohol on mice locomotor activity: cocaine-alcohol cross-sensitization involves upregulation of striatal dopamine transporter binding sites . Brain Res , 818 ( 2 ) : 204 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington , H. E. III and Miczek , K. A. 2001 . Repeated social-defeat stress, cocaine or morphine. Effects on behavioral sensitization and intravenous cocaine self-administration “binges.” . Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 158 ( 4 ) : 388 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikulina , E. M. , Covington , H. E. III , Ganschow , L. , Hammer , R. P. Jr. and Miczek , K. A. 2004 . Long-term behavioral and neuronal cross-sensitization to amphetamine induced by repeated brief social defeat stress: Fos in the ventral tegmental area and amygdala . Neu-roscience , 123 ( 4 ) : 857 – 865 .
   Google Scholar
• Post , R. M. , Leverich , G. S. , Xing , G. and Weiss , R. B. 2001 . Developmental vulnerabilities to the onset and course of bipolar disorder . Dev Psychopathol , 13 ( 3 ) : 581 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim , C. , Newport , D. J. , Heit , S. , Graham , Y. P. , Wilcox , M. Bonsall , R. 2000 . Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood . JAMA , 284 ( 5 ) : 592 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelhoch , J. M. and Garfinkel , M. E. 1986 . Sources of lithium resistance in mixed mania . Psychopharmacol Bull , 22 : 613 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann , A. C. , Secunda , S. K. , Katz , M. M. , Koslow , S. H. , Maas , J. W. Chang , S. 1986 . Lithium treatment of mania: Clinical characteristics, specificity of symptom change, and outcome . Psychiatry Res , 18 : 127 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann , A. C. , Bowden , C. L. , Morris , D. , Calabrese , J. R. , Petty , F. Small , J. G. 1997 . Depression during mania: Treatment response to lithium or divalproex . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 54 : 37 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini , R. J. , Hennen , J. , Wilson , M. , Calabrese , J. , Chengappa , R. and Keck , P. E. Jr. 2003 . et al . Olanzapine versus placebo in acute mania: treatment responses in subgroups. J Clin Psychopharmacol , 23 ( 4 ) : 370 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Swann , A. C. , Bowden , C. L. , Calabrese , J. R. , Dilsaver , S. C. and Morris , D. D. 1999 . Differential effect of number of previous episodes of affective disorder on response to lithium or divalproex in acute mania . Am J Psychiatry , 156 : 1264 – 1266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , J. F. , Garno , J. L. , Leon , A. C. , Kocsis , J. H. and Portera , L. 1999 . A history of substance abuse complicates remission from acute mania in bipolar disorder . J Clin Psychiatry , 60 ( 11 ) : 733 – 740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , J. F. and Whiteside , J. E. 2002 . The association between substance abuse and anti-depressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder: a preliminary study . J Clin Psychiatry , 63 ( 9 ) : 791 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady , K. T. , Sonne , S. C. , Anton , R. and Ballenger , J. C. 1995 . Valproate in the treatment of acute bipolar affective episodes complicated by substance abuse: a pilot study . J Clin Psychiatry , 56 ( 3 ) : 118 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , E. S. , Nejtek , V. A. , Perantie , D. C. , Orsulak , P. J. and Bobadilla , L. 2003 . Lamotrigine in patients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence . J Clin Psychiatry , 64 ( 2 ) : 197 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller , B. , Cooper , T. B. , Sun , K. , Zimerman , B. , Frazier , J. Williams , M. 1998 . Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 37 ( 2 ) : 171 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood , T. W. , Kravitz , H. M. , Grossman , L. S. , Cavanaugh , J. L. Jr. , Davis , J. M. and Lewis , D. A. 1995 . Predicting the “revolving door” phenomenon among patients with schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and affective disorders . Am J Psychiatry , 152 : 856 – 861 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusalic , M. and Engelsmann , F. 1998 . Predictors of lithium treatment responsiveness in bipolar patients . A two-year prospective study. Neuropsychobiology , 37 ( 3 ) : 146 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Connell , R. A. , Mayo , J. A. , Flatow , L. , Cuthbertson , B. and O'Brien , B. E. 1991 . Outcome of bipolar disorder on long-term treatment with lithium . Br J Psychiatry , 159 : 123 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , N. M. , Otto , M. W. , Weiss , R. D. , Bauer , M. S. , Miyahara , S. , Wisniewski , S. R. , Thase , M. E. , Kogan , J. , Frank , E. , Nierenberg , A. A. , Calabrese , J. R. , Sachs , G. S. , Pollack , M. H. and the STEP-BD investigators. 2004 . Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Disorder and Comorbid Conditions: Baseline Data From STEP-BD . J Clin Psychopharmacol , 24 ( 5 ) : 512 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granholm , E. , Anthenelli , R. , Monteiro , R. , Sevcik , J. and Stoler , M. 2003 . Brief integrated outpatient dual-diagnosis treatment reduces psychiatric hospitalizations . Am J Addict , 12 ( 4 ) : 306 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz , J. M. , Averill , P. , Sayre , S. L. , McCleary , P. , Moeller , F. G. and Swann , A. C. 2002 . Cognitive-behavioral treatment of bipolar disorder and substance abuse: A preliminary randomized study . Addictive Disorders and Their Treatment , 1 : 17 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , R. D. , Griffin , M. L. , Greenfield , S. F. , Najavits , L. M. , Wyner , D. Soto , J. A. 2000 . Group therapy for patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence: results of a pilot study . J Clin Psychiatry , 61 ( 5 ) : 361 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , B. A. , Ait-Daoud , N. , Bowden , C. L. , DiClemente , C. C. , Roache , J. D. Lawson , K. 2003 . Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial . Lancet , 361 ( 9370 ) : 1677 – 1685 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan-Sarin , S. , Meandzija , B. and O'Malley , S. 2003 . Naltrexone and nicotine patch smoking cessation: a preliminary study . Nicotine Tob Res , 5 ( 6 ) : 851 – 857 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohsenow , D. J. 2004 . What place does naltrexone have in the treatment of alcoholism? . CNS Drugs , 18 ( 9 ) : 547 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltieri , D. A. and De Andrade , A. G. 2004 . Acamprosate in alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled efficacy study in a standard clinical setting . J Stud Alcohol , 65 ( 1 ) : 136 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lhuintre , J. P. , Moore , N. , Tran , G. , Steru , L. , Langrenon , S. Daoust , M. 1990 . Acamprosate appears to decrease alcohol intake in weaned alcoholics . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 25 : 613 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , K. , Lehert , P. and Morgan , M. Y. 2004 . The efficacy of acamprosate in the maintenance of abstinence in alcohol-dependent individuals: results of a meta-analysis . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 28 ( 1 ) : 51 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , B. J. 2003 . Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment for alcohol dependence: an evidence-based risk-benefits assessment . Eur Neuropsychopharmacol , 13 ( 6 ) : 469 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , A. J. , Neeser , K. , Weiss , C. , Brandt , A. , Comte , S. and Fox , M. 2000 . The long-term cost-effectiveness of improving alcohol abstinence with adjuvant acamprosate . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 35 ( 5 ) : 478 – 492 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonne , S. C. and Brady , K. T. 2000 . Naltrexone for individuals with comorbid bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence . J Clin Psychopharmacol , 20 ( 1 ) : 114 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheseaux , M. , Monnat , M. and Zullino , D. F. 2003 . Topiramate in benzodiazepine withdrawal . Hum Psychopharmacol , 18 ( 5 ) : 375 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzi , G. , Conte , G. and De Risio , S. 2000 . Combined use of trazodone-naltrexone versus clonidine-naltrexone in rapid withdrawal from methadone treatment. A comparative inpatient study . Drug Alcohol Depend , 59 ( 3 ) : 287 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zullino , D. F. , Cottier , A. C. and Besson , J. 2002 . Topiramate in opiate withdrawal . Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 26 ( 6 ) : 1221 – 1223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chengappa , K. N. , Gershon , S. and Levine , J. 2001 . The evolving role of topiramate among other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder . Bipolar Disord , 3 ( 5 ) : 215 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkevi , A. , Stefanis , N. , Anastasopoulou , E. and Kostogianni , C. 1998 . Personality disorders in drug abusers: prevalence and their association with AXIS I disorders as predictors of treatment retention . Addictive Behaviors , 23 ( 6 ) : 841 – 853 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller , F. G. , Dougherty , D. M. , Barratt , E. S. , Schmitz , J. M. , Swann , A. C. and Grabowski , J. 2001 . The impact of impulsivity in cocaine use and retention in treatment . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 21 : 193 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejoyeux , M. and Ades , J. 1993 . Evaluation of lithium treatment in alcoholism . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 28 ( 3 ) : 273 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halikas , J. A. , Crosby , R. D. , Pearson , V. L. and Graves , N. M. 1997 . A randomized double-blind study of carbamazepine in the treatment of cocaine abuse . Clin Pharmacol Ther , 62 ( 1 ) : 89 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler , G. , Adler , J. , Schneck , M. and Armbruster , B. 1990 . Influence of stimulation parameters on auditory stimulus processing in schizophrenia and major depression: an auditory evoked potential study . Acta Psychiatr Scand , 81 ( 5 ) : 453 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller , T. I. , Stout , R. L. , Rudden , S. , Brown , R. A. , Gordon , A. Solomon , D. A. 1997 . A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of carbamazepine for the treatment of alcohol dependence . Alcoholism, Clinical& Experimental Research , 21 ( 1 ) : 86 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reoux , J. P. , Saxon , A. J. , Malte , C. A. , Baer , J. S. and Sloan , K. L. 2001 . Divalproex sodium in alcohol withdrawal: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 25 ( 9 ) : 1324 – 1329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. N. , Perkel , C. , Singh , P. , Anand , O. and Miner , C. R. 1998 . A pilot open randomized trial of valproate and phenobarbital in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal . Am J Addict , 7 ( 3 ) : 189 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longo , L. P. , Campbell , T. and Hubatch , S. 2002 . Divalproex sodium Depakote. for alcohol withdrawal and relapse prevention . J Addict Dis , 21 ( 2 ) : 55 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , F. R. , McDowell , D. , Evans , S. M. , Nunes , E. , Akerele , E. Donovan , S. 2004 . Pharmacotherapy for marijuana dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of divalproex sodium . Am J Addict , 13 ( 1 ) : 21 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick , H. , Henderson , S. , Brady , K. T. , Malcom , R. and Measom , M. 2001 . Divalproex loading in the treatment of cocaine dependence . J Psychoactive Drugs , 33 ( 3 ) : 283 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guardia , J. , Segura , L. , Gonzalvo , B. , Iglesias , L. , Roncero , C. Cardus , M. 2004 . A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine in the treatment of alcohol-dependence disorder . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 28 ( 5 ) : 736 – 745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carta , M. G. , Hardoy , M. C. , Hardoy , M. J. , Grunze , H. and Carpiniello , B. 2003 . The clinical use of gabapentin in bipolar spectrum disorders . J Affect Disord , 75 ( 1 ) : 83 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , W. S. 1986 . Psychiatric indications for clonidine: the neuropharmacologic and clinical basis . J Clin Psychopharmacol , 6 ( 2 ) : 81 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael , N. , Erfurth , A. and Bergant , V. 2004 . A case report of mania related to discontinuation of bupropion therapy for smoking cessation . J Clin Psychiatry , 65 ( 2 ) : 277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar