Common Neural Adaptations and Bidirectional Influences of Stress and Addiction

References

• Paykel , E. S. and Tanner , J. 1976 . Life events, depressive relapse and maintenance treatment . Psychol Med , 6 ( 3 ) : 481 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger , D. R. 1987 . Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 44 ( 7 ) : 660 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsboer , F. 1988 . Implications of altered limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical (LHPA)-function for neurobiology of depression . Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl , 341 : 72 – 111 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreek , M. J. 1996 . Opioid receptors: some perspectives from early studies of their role in normal physiology, stress responsivity, and in specific addictive diseases . Neurochem Res , 21 ( 11 ) : 1469 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpicelli , J. , Balaraman , G. , Hahn , J. , Wallace , H. and Bux , D. 1999 . The role of uncontrollable trauma in the development of PTSD and alcohol addiction . Alcohol Res Health , 23 ( 4 ) : 256 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brady , K. T. and Sonne , S. C. 1999 . The role of stress in alcohol use, alcoholism treatment, and relapse . Alcohol Res Health , 23 ( 4 ) : 263 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Contoreggi , C. , Herning , R. I. , Na , P. , Gold , P. W. , Chrousos , G. Negro , P. J. 2003 . Stress hormone responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in substance abusers without severe comorbid psychiatric disease . Biol Psychiatry , 54 ( 9 ) : 873 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsgodt , K. H. , Lukas , S. E. and Elman , I. 2003 . Psychosocial stress and the duration of cocaine use in non-treatment seeking individuals with cocaine dependence . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse , 29 ( 3 ) : 539 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majewska , M. D. 1996 . Cocaine addiction as a neurological disorder: implications for treatment . NIDA Res Monogr , 163 : 1 – 26 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potenza , M. N. , Fiellin , D. A. , Heninger , G. R. , Rounsaville , B. J. and Mazure , C. M. 2002 . Gambling: an addictive behavior with health and primary care implications . J Gen Intern Med , 17 ( 9 ) : 721 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudriaan , A. E. , Oosterlaan , J. , de Beurs , E. and Van den Brink , W. 2004 . Pathological gambling: a comprehensive review of biobehavioral findings . Neurosci Biobehav Rev , 28 ( 2 ) : 123 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler , E. J. , Barrot , M. , DiLeone , R. J. , Eisch , A. J. , Gold , S. J. and Monteggia , L. M. 2002 . Neuro-biology of depression . Neuron , 34 ( 1 ) : 13 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise , R. A. , Bauco , P. , Carlezon , W. A. Jr. and Trojniar , W. 1992 . Self-stimulation and drug reward mechanisms . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 654 : 192 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob , G. F. and Le Moal , M. 1997 . Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation . Science , 278 ( 5335 ) : 52 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picciotto , M. R. 1998 . Common aspects of the action of nicotine and other drugs of abuse . Drug Alcohol Depend , 51 ( 1–2 ) : 165 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le , A. D. , Kiianmaa , K. , Cunningham , C. L. , Engel , J. A. , Ericson , M. Soderpalm , B. 2001 . Neurobiological processes in alcohol addiction . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 25 ( 5 Suppl ISBRA ) : 144S – 151S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeders , N. E. 2002 . Stress and cocaine addiction . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 301 ( 3 ) : 785 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinelli , M. and Piazza , P. V. 2002 . Interaction between glucocorticoid hormones, stress and psychostimulant drugs . Eur J Neurosci , 16 ( 3 ) : 387 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , L. , Shepard , J. D. , Scott Hall , F. and Shaham , Y. 2003 . Effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, reinstatement and discrimination in rats: a review . Neurosci Biobehav Rev , 27 ( 5 ) : 457 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , J. 2003 . Stress and relapse to drug seeking: studies in laboratory animals shed light on mechanisms and sources of long-term vulnerability . Am J Addict , 12 ( 1 ) : 1 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazza , P. V. , Rouge-Pont , F. , Deminiere , J. M. , Kharoubi , M. , Le Moal , M. and Simon , H. 1991 . Dopaminergic activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex and increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats predisposed to develop amphetamine self-administration . Brain Res , 567 ( 1 ) : 169 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz , J. , Fitzgerald , L. W. , Lane , S. , Terwilliger , R. and Nestler , E. J. 1996 . Biochemical adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine system in response to repeated stress . Neuropsychopharmacology , 14 ( 6 ) : 443 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang , E. , Chen , J. , Zagouras , P. , Magna , H. , Holland , J. Schaeffer , E. 2001 . Induction of nuclear factor-kappaB in nucleus accumbens by chronic cocaine administration . J Neurochem , 79 ( 1 ) : 221 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb , B. and Whishaw , I. Q. 1998 . Brain plasticity and behavior . Annu Rev Psychol , 49 : 43 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva-Gomez , A. B. , Rojas , D. , Juarez , I. and Flores , G. 2003 . Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons in postweaning social isolation rats . Brain Res , 893 ( 1–2 ) : 128 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crombag , H. S. , Gorny , G. , Li , Y. W. , Kolb , B. and Robinson , T. E. 2005 . Opposite Effects of Amphetamine Self-administration Experience on Dendritic Spines in the Medial and Orbital Prefrontal Cortex & Cereb Cortex , 15 ( 3 ) : 341 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Piazza , P. V. and Le Moal , M. 1998 . The role of stress in drug self-administration . Trends Pharmacol Sci , 19 ( 2 ) : 67 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saal , D. , Dong , Y. , Bonci , A. and Malenka , R. C. 2003 . Drugs of abuse and stress trigger a common synaptic adaptation in dopamine neurons . Neuron , 37 ( 4 ) : 577 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong , Y. , Saal , D. , Thomas , M. , Faust , R. , Bonci , A. Robinson , T. 2004 . Cocaine- in duced potentiation of synaptic strength in dopamine neurons: Behavioral correlates in GluRA(-/-) mice . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 10 : 4282 – 14287 .
   Google Scholar
• Moghaddam , B. 2002 . Stress activation of glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex: implications for dopamine-associated psychiatric disorders . Biol Psychiatry , 51 ( 10 ) : 775 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , L. W. , Ortiz , J. , Hamedani , A. G. and Nestler , E. J. 1996 . Drugs of abuse and stress increase the expression of GluR1 and NMDAR1 glutamate receptor subunits in the rat ventral tegmental area: common adaptations among cross-sensitizing agents . J Neurosci , 16 ( 1 ) : 274 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makatsori , A. , Duncko , R. , Schwendt , M. , Moncek , F. , Johansson , B. B. and Jezova , D. 2003 . Voluntary wheel running modulates glutamate receptor subunit gene expression and stress hormone release in Lewis rats . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 28 ( 5 ) : 702 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungless , M. A. , Singh , V. , Crowder , T. L. , Yaka , R. , Ron , D. and Bonci , A. 2003 . Corticotropin-re-leasing factor requires CRF binding protein to potentiate NMDA receptors via CRF receptor 2 in dopamine neurons . Neuron , 39 ( 3 ) : 401 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isovich , E. , Mijnster , M. J. , Flugge , G. and Fuchs , E. 2000 . Chronic psychosocial stress reduces the density of dopamine transporters . Eur J Neurosci , 12 ( 3 ) : 1071 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comings , D. E. , Comings , B. G. , Muhleman , D. , Dietz , G. , Shahbahrami , B. Tast , D. 1991 . The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders . Jama , 266 ( 13 ) : 1793 – 800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comings , D. E. and Blum , K. 2000 . Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders . Prog Brain Res , 126 : 325 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespi , F. , Corsi , M. , Reggiani , A. , Ratti , E. and Gaviraghi , G. 2000 . Involvement of cholecystokinin within craving for cocaine: role of cholecystokinin receptor ligands . Expert Opin Investig Drugs , 9 ( 10 ) : 2249 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodnar , R. J. and Hadjimarkou , M. M. 2003 . Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2002 . Pep-tides , 24 ( 8 ) : 1241 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolaños , C. A. , Perrotti , L. I. , Edwards , S. , Eisch , A. J. , Barrot , M. Olson , V. G. 2003 . Phospholipase Cgamma in distinct regions of the ventral tegmental area differentially modulates mood-related behaviors . J Neurosci , 23 ( 20 ) : 7569 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , B. , Tiefenbacher , S. , Platt , D. M. and Spealman , R. D. 2004 . Pharmacological blockade of alpha2-adrenoceptors induces reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in squirrel monkeys . Neuropsychopharmacology , 29 ( 4 ) : 686 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Chiara , G. , Tanda , G. , Bassareo , V. , Pontieri , F. , Acquas , E. Fenu , S. 1999 . Drug addiction as a disorder of associative learning. Role of nucleus accumbens shell/extended amygdala dopamine . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 877 : 461 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everitt , B. J. , Parkinson , J. A. , Olmstead , M. C. , Arroyo , M. , Robledo , P. and Robbins , T. W. 1999 . Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-ventral striatal subsystems . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 877 : 412 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spanagel , R. and Weiss , F. 1999 . The dopamine hypothesis of reward: past and current status . Trends Neurosci , 22 ( 11 ) : 521 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler , E. J. 2001 . Neurobiology. Total recall-the memory of addiction . Science , 292 ( 5525 ) : 2266 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez de Fonseca , F. and Navarro , M. 1998 . Role of the limbic system in dependence on drugs . Ann Med , 30 ( 4 ) : 397 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob , G. F. 1999 . The role of the striatopallidal and extended amygdala systems in drug addiction . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 877 : 445 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , F. , Ciccocioppo , R. , Parsons , L. H. , Katner , S. , Liu , X. Zorrilla , E. P. 2001 . Compulsive drug-seeking behavior and relapse. Neuroadaptation, stress, and conditioning factors . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 937 : 1 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• See , R. E. , Fuchs , R. A. , Ledford , C. C. and McLaughlin , J. 2003 . Drug addiction, relapse, and the amygdala . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 985 : 294 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob , G. F. 2003 . Neuroadaptive mechanisms of addiction: studies on the extended amygdala . Eur Neuropsychopharmacol , 13 ( 6 ) : 442 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalivas , P. W. and McFarland , K. 2003 . Brain circuitry and the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior . Psychopharmacology , 168 ( 1–2 ) : 44 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , F. and Koob , G. F. 2001 . Drug addiction: functional neurotoxicity of the brain reward systems . Neurotox Res , 3 ( 1 ) : 145 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McEwen , B. S. and Sapolsky , R. M. 1995 . Stress and cognitive function . Curr Opin Neurobiol , 5 ( 2 ) : 205 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magarinos , A. M. , McEwen , B. S. , Flugge , G. and Fuchs , E. 1996 . Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews . J Neurosci , 16 ( 10 ) : 3534 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen , B. S. 1996 . Gonadal and adrenal steroids regulate neurochemical and structural plasticity of the hippocampus via cellular mechanisms involving NMDA receptors . Cell Mol Neurobiol , 16 ( 2 ) : 103 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky , R. M. 1996 . Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Damage to the Nervous System: The Current State of Confusion . Stress , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuchs , E. , Flugge , G. , Ohl , F. , Lucassen , P. , Vollmann-Honsdorf , G. K. and Michaelis , T. 2001 . Psychosocial stress, glucocorticoids, and structural alterations in the tree shrew hippocampus . Physiol Behav , 73 ( 3 ) : 285 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman , J. and Das , G. D. 1965 . Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats . J Comp Neurol , 124 ( 3 ) : 319 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , E. and Flugge , G. 1998 . Stress, glucocorticoids and structural plasticity of the hippocampus . Neurosci Biobehav Rev , 23 ( 2 ) : 295 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould , E. and Tanapat , P. 1999 . Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis . Biol Psychiatry , 46 ( 11 ) : 1472 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaire , V. , Aurousseau , C. , Le Moal , M. and Abrous , D. N. 1999 . Behavioural trait of reactivity to novelty is related to hippocampal neurogenesis . Eur J Neurosci , 11 ( 11 ) : 4006 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei , E. , Loh , H. H. and Way , E. L. 1972 . Neuroanatomical correlates of morphine dependence . Science , 177 ( 49 ) : 616 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigall , W. A. 1983 . Opiates and the hippocampus: a review of the functional and morphological evidence . Pharmacol Biochem Behav , 18 ( 2 ) : 255 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison , G. and Switzer , R. C. 3rd. 1993 . Dissimilar patterns of degeneration in brain following four different addictive stimulants . Neuroreport , 5 ( 1 ) : 17 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paula-Barbosa , M. M. , Brandao , F. , Madeira , M. D. and Cadete-Leite , A. 1993 . Structural changes in the hippocampal formation after long-term alcohol consumption and withdrawal in the rat . Addiction , 88 ( 2 ) : 237 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu , L. , Bao , G. B. , Xu , N. J. , Ma , L. and Pei , G. 2002 . Hippocampal long-term potentiation is reduced by chronic opiate treatment and can be restored by re-exposure to opiates . J Neurosci , 22 ( 5 ) : 1914 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisch , A. J. , Barrot , M. , Schad , C. A. , Self , D. W. and Nestler , E. J. 2000 . Opiates inhibit neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 97 ( 13 ) : 7579 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrous , D. N. , Adriani , W. , Montaron , M. F. , Aurousseau , C. , Rougon , G. Le Moal , M. 2002 . Nicotine self-administration impairs hippocampal plasticity . J Neurosci , 22 ( 9 ) : 3656 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon , K. and Crews , F. T. 2002 . Binge ethanol exposure decreases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus . Journal of Neurochemistry , 83 ( 5 ) : 1087 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda , D. , Navarro , B. , Martinez-Serrano , A. , Guzman , M. and Galve-Roperh , I. 2002 . The endocannabinoid anandamide inhibits neuronal progenitor cell differentiation through attenuation of the RAP1/B-RAF/ERK pathway . J Biol Chem , 16 : 16
   Google Scholar
• Herrera , D. G. , Yague , A. G. , Johnsen-Soriano , S. , Bosch-Morell , F. , Collado-Morente , L. Muriach , M. 2003 . Selective impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis by chronic alcoholism: protective effects of an antioxidant . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 100 ( 13 ) : 7919 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisch , A. J. and Mandyam , C. D. 2004 . Drug dependence and addiction, II: Adult neurogenesis and drug abuse . Am J Psychiatry , 161 ( 3 ) : 426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandyam , C. D. , Norris , R. D. and Eisch , A. J. 2004 . Chronic morphine induces premature mitosis of proliferating cells in the adult mouse subgranular zone . J Neurosci Res , 76 ( 6 ) : 783 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisch , A. J. 2002 . Adult neurogenesis: implications for psychiatry . Progress in Brain Research , 138 : 315 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heine , V. M. , Maslam , S. , Joels , M. and Lucassen , P. J. 2004 . Prominent decline of newborn cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in the aging dentate gyrus, in absence of an age-related hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activation . Neurobiol Aging , 25 ( 3 ) : 361 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozorovitskiy , Y. and Gould , E. 2004 . Dominance hierarchy influences adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus . J Neurosci , 24 ( 30 ) : 6755 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron , H. A. and Gould , E. 1994 . Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus . Neuroscience , 61 ( 2 ) : 203 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould , E. , Woolley , C. S. , Cameron , H. A. , Daniels , D. C. and McEwen , B. S. 1991 . Adrenal steroids regulate postnatal development of the rat dentate gyrus: II. Effects of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids on cell birth . J Comp Neurol , 313 ( 3 ) : 486 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen , B. S. 2000 . Effects of adverse experiences for brain structure and function . Biol Psychiatry , 48 ( 8 ) : 721 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky , R. M. 2000 . The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death . Biol Psychiatry , 48 ( 8 ) : 755 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky , R. M. 2000 . Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 57 ( 10 ) : 925 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreek , M. J. and Koob , G. F. 1998 . Drug dependence: stress and dysregulation of brain reward pathways . Drug Alcohol Depend , 51 ( 1–2 ) : 23 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarnyai , Z. 1998 . Neurobiology of stress and cocaine addiction. Studies on corticotropin-releasing factor in rats, monkeys, and humans . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 851 : 371 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVries , A. C. , Taymans , S. E. , Sundstrom , J. M. and Pert , A. 1998 . Conditioned release of corticosterone by contextual stimuli associated with cocaine is mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor . Brain Res , 786 ( 1–2 ) : 39 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinelli , M. , Piazza , P. V. , Deroche , V. , Maccari , S. , Le Moal , M. and Simon , H. 1994 . Corticosterone circadian secretion differentially facilitates dopamine-mediated psy-chomotor effect of cocaine and morphine . J Neurosci , 14 ( 5 Pt 1 ) : 2724 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , A. J. , Lessov , C. N. and Phillips , T. J. 1995 . Critical role for glucocorticoid receptors in stress-and ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 275 ( 2 ) : 790 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molander , A. and Soderpalm , B. 2003 . Pre-and postsynaptic dopamine mechanisms after repeated nicotine: effects of adrenalectomy . Eur J Pharmacol , 481 ( 1 ) : 51 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreek , M. J. 1996 . Opiates, opioids and addiction . Mol Psychiatry , 1 ( 3 ) : 232 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beitner-Johnson , D. , Guitart , X. and Nestler , E. J. 1992 . Neurofilament proteins and the mesolimbic dopamine system: common regulation by chronic morphine and chronic cocaine in the rat ventral tegmental area . J Neurosci , 12 ( 6 ) : 2165 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreibich , A. S. and Blendy , J. A. 2004 . cAMP response element-binding protein is required for stress but not cocaine-induced reinstatement . J Neurosci , 24 ( 30 ) : 6686 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoaib , M. , Spanagel , R. , Stohr , T. and Shippenberg , T. S. 1995 . Strain differences in the rewarding and dopamine-releasing effects of morphine in rats . Psychopharmacology , 117 ( 2 ) : 240 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. E. 2003 . LTP may trigger addiction . Mol Interv , 3 ( 5 ) : 248 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piazza , P. V. , Deminiere , J. M. , le Moal , M. and Simon , H. 1990 . Stress-and pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration . Brain Res , 514 ( 1 ) : 22 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazza , P. V. and Le Moal , M. L. 1996 . Pathophysiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: role of an interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and dopaminergic neurons . Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , 36 : 359 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouge-Pont , F. , Marinelli , M. , Le Moal , M. , Simon , H. and Piazza , P. V. 1995 . Stress-induced sensitization and glucocorticoids. II. Sensitization of the increase in extracellular dopa-mine induced by cocaine depends on stress-induced corticosterone secretion . J Neurosci , 15 ( 11 ) : 7189 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Will , M. J. , Watkins , L. R. and Maier , S. F. 1998 . Uncontrollable stress potentiates morphine's rewarding properties . Pharmacol Biochem Behav , 60 ( 3 ) : 655 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantsch , J. R. , Saphier , D. and Goeders , N. E. 1998 . Corticosterone facilitates the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats: opposite effects of the type II glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 287 ( 1 ) : 72 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky , R. M. 1997 . McEwen-Induced Modulation of Endocrine History: A Partial Review . Stress , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 – 12 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrot , M. , Olivier , J. D. , Perrotti , L. I. , DiLeone , R. J. , Berton , O. Eisch , A. J. 2002 . CREB activity in the nucleus accumbens shell controls gating of behavioral responses to emotional stimuli . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 99 ( 17 ) : 11435 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valverde , O. , Mantamadiotis , T. , Torrecilla , M. , Ugedo , L. , Pineada , J. Bleckmann , S. 2004 . Modulation of anxiety-like behavior and morphine dependence in CREB-defi-cient mice . Neuropsychopharmacology , 29 ( 6 ) : 1122 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self , D. W. and Nestler , E. J. 1998 . Relapse to drug-seeking: neural and molecular mechanisms . Drug Alcohol Depend , 51 ( 1–2 ) : 49 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung , C. A. and Nestler , E. J. 2003 . Regulation of gene expression and cocaine reward by CREB and DeltaFosB . Nat Neurosci , 6 ( 11 ) : 1208 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsankova , N. M. , Kumar , A. and Nestler , E. J. 2004 . Histone modifications at gene promoter regions in rat hippocampus after acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizures . J Neurosci , 24 ( 24 ) : 5603 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuszewich , L. and Yamamoto , B. K. 2004 . Chronic stress augments the long-term and acute effects of methamphetamine . Neuroscience , 124 ( 3 ) : 637 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong , H. , Goico , B. , Martin , M. , Csernansky , C. A. , Bertchume , A. and Csernansky , J. G. 2004 . Modulation of hippocampal cell proliferation, memory, and amyloid plaque deposition in APPsw (Tg2576) mutant mice by isolation stress . Neuroscience , 127 ( 3 ) : 601 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten , A. F. and Shansky , R. M. 2004 . Adolescence: vulnerable period for stress-induced prefrontal cortical function? Introduction to part IV . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 1021 : 143 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaney , M. J. , Aitken , D. H. , Bodnoff , S. R. , Iny , L. J. , Tatarewicz , J. E. and Sapolsky , R. M. 1985 . Early postnatal handling alters glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in selected brain regions . Behav Neurosci , 99 ( 4 ) : 765 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky , R. M. , Meaney , M. J. and McEwen , B. S. 1985 . The development of the gluco-corticoid receptor system in the rat limbic brain. III. Negative-feedback regulation . Brain Res , 350 ( 1–2 ) : 169 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim , C. , Newport , D. J. , Bonsall , R. , Miller , A. H. and Nemeroff , C. B. 2001 . Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse . Am J Psychiatry , 158 ( 4 ) : 575 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , E. F. , Myers , M. G. and McIninch , J. L. 1999 . Stress-coping and temptation-coping as predictors of adolescent substance use . Addict Behav , 24 ( 6 ) : 769 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten , T. A. , Miserendino , M. J. and Kehoe , P. 2000 . Enhanced acquisition of cocaine self-administration in adult rats with neonatal isolation stress experience . Brain Res , 875 ( 1–2 ) : 44 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sircar , R. , Mallinson , K. , Goldbloom , L. M. and Kehoe , P. 2001 . Postnatal stress selectively upregulates striatal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in male rats . Brain Res , 904 ( 1 ) : 145 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe , C. L. , Kramer , M. , Czeh , B. , Gould , E. , Reeves , A. J. Kirschbaum , C. 2003 . Prenatal stress diminishes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of juvenile rhesus monkeys . Biol Psychiatry , 54 ( 10 ) : 1025 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaire , V. , Koehl , M. , Le Moal , M. and Abrous , D. N. 2000 . Prenatal stress produces learning deficits associated with an inhibition of neurogenesis in the hippocampus . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 97 ( 20 ) : 11032 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirescu , C. , Peters , J. D. and Gould , E. 2004 . Early life experience alters response of adult neurogenesis to stress . Nat Neurosci , 7 ( 8 ) : 841 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolaños , C. A. , Barrot , M. , Berton , O. , Wallace-Black , D. and Nestler , E. J. 2003 . Methyl-phenidate treatment during pre-and periadolescence alters behavioral responses to emotional stimuli at adulthood . Biol Psychiatry , 54 ( 12 ) : 1317 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , S. L. , Arvanitogiannis , A. , Pliakas , A. M. , LeBlanc , C. and Carlezon , W. A. Jr. 2002 . Altered responsiveness to cocaine in rats exposed to methylphenidate during development . Nature Neuroscience , 5 ( 1 ) : 13 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon , C. L. , Marinelli , M. and White , F. J. 2003 . Adolescent exposure to methylphenidate alters the activity of rat midbrain dopamine neurons . Biol Psychiatry , 54 ( 12 ) : 1338 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlezon , W. A. Jr. , Mague , S. D. and Andersen , S. L. 2003 . Enduring behavioral effects of early exposure to methylphenidate in rats . Biol Psychiatry , 54 ( 12 ) : 1330 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehl , M. , Lemaire , V. , Mayo , W. , Abrous , D. N. , Maccari , S. Piazza , P. V. 2002 . Individual vulnerability to substance abuse and affective disorders: role of early environmental influences . Neurotox Res , 4 ( 4 ) : 281 – 96 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutton , M. A. , Schmidt , E. F. , Choi , K. H. , Schad , C. A. , Whisler , K. Simmons , D. 2003 . Extinction-induced upregulation in AMPA receptors reduces cocaine-seeking behaviour . Nature , 421 ( 6918 ) : 70 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couceyro , P. and Douglass , J. 1995 . Precipitated morphine withdrawal stimulates multiple activator protein-1 signaling pathways in rat brain . Mol Pharmacol , 47 ( 1 ) : 29 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self , D. W. 1998 . Neural substrates of drug craving and relapse in drug addiction . Ann Med , 30 ( 4 ) : 379 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob , G. F. 1999 . Stress, corticotropin-releasing factor, and drug addiction . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 897 : 27 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob , G. F. 2000 . Neurobiology of addiction . Toward the development of new therapies. Ann N Y Acad Sci , 909 : 170 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X. and Weiss , F. 2003 . Stimulus conditioned to foot-shock stress reinstates alcohol-seeking behavior in an animal model of relapse . Psychopharmacology , 168 ( 1–2 ) : 184 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. 2002 . Does abstinence make the heart grow fonder? . Int J Adolesc Med Health , 14 ( 2 ) : 89 – 90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shalev , U. , Morales , M. , Hope , B. , Yap , J. and Shaham , Y. 2001 . Time-dependent changes in extinction behavior and stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking following withdrawal from heroin in rats . Psychopharmacology , 156 ( 1 ) : 98 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorel , S. R. , Liu , X. , Hayes , R. J. , Spector , J. A. and Gardner , E. L. 2001 . Relapse to cocaine- seeking after hippocampal theta burst stimulation . Science , 292 ( 5519 ) : 1175 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland , S. T. , Hargrave , D. , Pepin , J. L. , Amat , J. , Watkins , L. R. and Maier , S. F. 2003 . Stressor controllability modulates stress-induced dopamine and serotonin efflux and morphine-induced serotonin efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex . Neuropsychopharmacology , 28 ( 9 ) : 1589 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeders , N. E. 2003 . The impact of stress on addiction . Eur Neuropsychopharmacol , 13 ( 6 ) : 435 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , J. 2000 . Pathways to relapse: the neurobiology of drug- and stress-induced relapse to drug-taking . J Psychiatry Neurosci , 25 ( 2 ) : 125 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev , U. , Grimm , J. W. and Shaham , Y. 2002 . Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review . Pharmacol Rev , 54 ( 1 ) : 1 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries , T. J. , Shaham , Y. , Homberg , J. R. , Crombag , H. , Schuurman , K. Dieben , J. 2001 . A cannabinoid mechanism in relapse to cocaine seeking . Nat Med , 7 ( 10 ) : 1151 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , B. , Luo , F. , Ge , X. C. , Fu , A. H. and Han , J. S. 2002 . Effects of lesions of various brain areas on drug priming or footshock-induced reactivation of extinguished conditioned place preference . Brain Res , 950 ( 1–2 ) : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capriles , N. , Rodaros , D. , Sorge , R. E. and Stewart , J. 2003 . A role for the prefrontal cortex in stress- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats . Psychopharma-cology , 168 ( 1–2 ) : 66 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racz , I. , Bilkei-Gorzo , A. , Toth , Z. E. , Michel , K. , Palkovits , M. and Zimmer , A. 2003 . A critical role for the cannabinoid CB1 receptors in alcohol dependence and stress-stimulated ethanol drinking . J Neurosci , 23 ( 6 ) : 2453 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev , U. , Marinelli , M. , Baumann , M. H. , Piazza , P. V. and Shaham , Y. 2003 . The role of corticosterone in food deprivation-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in the rat . Psychopharmacology , 168 ( 1–2 ) : 170 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalivas , P. W. , McFarland , K. , Bowers , S. , Szumlinski , K. , Xi , Z. X. and Baker , D. 2003 . Gluta-mate transmission and addiction to cocaine . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 1003 : 169 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , J. and See , R. E. 2003 . Selective inactivation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral amygdala attenuates conditioned-cued reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior in rats . Psychopharmacology , 168 ( 1–2 ) : 57 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard , J. D. , Bossert , J. M. , Liu , S. Y. and Shaham , Y. 2004 . The anxiogenic drug yohimbine reinstates methamphetamine seeking in a rat model of drug relapse . Biol Psychiatry , 55 ( 11 ) : 1082 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , B. , Tiefenbacher , S. , Platt , D. M. and Spealman , R. D. 2003 . Role of the hypothalamic-pitu-itary-adrenal axis in reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in squirrel monkeys . Psychopharmacology , 168 ( 1–2 ) : 177 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , D. H. and Preston , K. L. 2003 . The reinstatement model and relapse prevention: a clinical perspective . Psychopharmacology , 168 ( 1–2 ) : 31 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouquereau , E. , Fernandez , A. , Mullet , E. and Sorum , P. C. 2003 . Stress and the urge to drink . Addict Behav , 28 ( 4 ) : 669 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaham , Y. , Shalev , U. , Lu , L. , De Wit , H. and Stewart , J. 2003 . The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings . Psychopharmacology , 168 ( 1–2 ) : 3 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha , R. 2001 . How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? . Psycho-pharmacology , 158 ( 4 ) : 343 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leri , F. , Tremblay , A. , Sorge , R. E. and Stewart , J. 2004 . Methadone maintenance reduces heroin- and cocaine-induced relapse without affecting stress-induced relapse in a rodent model of poly-drug use . Neuropsychopharmacology , 29 ( 7 ) : 1312 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Highfield , D. A. , Mead , A. N. , Grimm , J. W. , Rocha , B. A. and Shaham , Y. 2002 . Reinstatement of cocaine seeking in 129X1/SvJ mice: effects of cocaine priming, cocaine cues and food deprivation . Psychopharmacology , 161 ( 4 ) : 417 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong , I. E. and de Kloet , E. R. 2004 . Glucocorticoids and vulnerability to psychostimulant drugs: toward substrate and mechanism . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 1018 : 192 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilligan , P. J. and Li , Y. W. 2004 . Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonists: recent advances and exciting prospects for the treatment of human diseases . Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel , 7 ( 4 ) : 487 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar