The Paradox of Protestantism and Women in Elected Office in the United States

REFERENCES

• Arceneaux , Kevin . 2001 . The 'Gender Gap' in State Legislative Representation: New Data to Tackle an Old Question. . Political Research Quarterly , 54 : 143 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey , John M. , G. Niemi , Richard and Lynda , W. Powell . 1998 . “ Are Women State Legislators Different?” In ” . In Women in Elected Office: Past, Present and Future Edited by: Sue , Thomas and Clyde , Wilcox . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , Elizabeth Adell . 1994 . “ Voter Responsesto Women Candidates.” In ” . In The Year of the Woman: Myths and Realities Edited by: Adell Cook , Elizabeth , Thomas , Sue and Wilcox , Clyde . Bolder, CO : Westview. .
   Google Scholar
• Dolan , Kathleen . 1998 . Voting for Women in the 'Year of the Woman'. . American Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 1 ) : 272 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand , Laurie and William , Eckert . 1981 . The Impact of Candidate Sex on Voter Choice. . The Western Political Science Quarterly , 34 ( 1 ) : 78 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Elazar , Daniel J. 1966 . American Federalism: A View from the States. New York : Crowell. .
   Google Scholar
• Encyclopedia BETA. 2006 . State Religion. October 16, 2006 - last update. <http://experts.about.com/e/s/st/State_religion.htm> (August 14, 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , Michael J. , Niemi , Richard G. and Powell , Lynda W. 2005 . “ Do Men and Women State Legislators Differ?” In ” . In Women and Elective Office: Past, Present and Future, , 2nd edition Sue Thomas and Clyde Wilcox. New York: Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• Erikson , Robert S. , Wright , Gerald C. and John , P. McIver . 1993 . Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States. New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , Richard L. and Oxley , Zoe M. 2003 . Gender Stereotyping State Executive Elections: Candidate Selection and Success. . Journal of Politics , 65 ( 3 ) : 833 – 850 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , Richard L. and Zoe , M. Oxley . 2004 . Women in Executive Office: Variation across American States. . Political Research Quarterly , 57 ( 1 ) : 113 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadaway , C. Kirk , Long Marler , Penny and Chaves , Mark . 1993 . What the Polls Don't Show: A Closer Look at Church Attendance. . American Sociological Review , 58 : 741 – 752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann , Rene . 2002 . “ Religion in Europe. ” . In Secular Nation 3 <http://www.ibka. org/en/infos/europe.html> (August 15, 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Huddy , Leonie . 1994 . The Political Significance of Voters' Gender Stereotypes. . Research in Micropolitics , 4 : 169 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Huddy , Leonie and Terkildsen , Nayda . 1993 . The Consequences of Gender Stereotypes for Women Candidatesat Different Levels and Types of Office. . Political Research Quarterly , 46 ( 3 ) : 503 – 525 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart , Ronald . 1997 . Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Countries. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart , Ronald and Pippa , Norris . 2003 . Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. New York, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Women's Policy Research. 2002 . The Status of Women in the States. Washington, D.C. : Institute for Women's Policy Research. .
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Women's Policy Research. 2004 . The Status of Women in the States. Washington, D.C. : Institute for Women's Policy Research. .
   Google Scholar
• Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2005 . Women in Parliaments: World and Regional Averages. September 30, 2005 - last update. Inter-Parliamentary Union <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm> (October 28, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Kawachi , Ichiro . 2000 . Income Inequality. July 20, 2000 - last update. University of California, San Francisco <http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Social%20Environment/notebook/inequality.html> (October 28, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Kosmin , Barry , Egon , Mayer and Ariela , Keysar . 2001 . American Religious Identification Survey 2001. New York : The Graduate Center of the City University of New York. .
   Google Scholar
• Lottes , Ilsa L. and Peter , J. Kuriloff . 1992 . The Effects of Gender, Race, Religion, and Political Orientation on the Sex Role Attitudes of College Freshmen. . Adolescence , 27 ( 107 ) : 675 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden , George . 1980 . Fundamentalism and American Culture. New York : Abington. .
   Google Scholar
• Masci , David . 2004 . CQ Researcher: Religion and Politics. Washington, D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press .
   Google Scholar
• McDermott , Monika . 1997 . Voting Cues in Low Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections. . American Journal of Political Science , 41 ( 1 ) : 270 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott , Monika . 1998 . Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections. . Political Research Quarterly , 51 ( 4 ) : 895 – 918 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney , William . 1998 . Mainline Protestantism 2000. . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Americans and Religions in the Twenty-First Century , 558 : 57 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• McLoughlin , William . 1968 . The American Evangelicals, 1800–1900. New York : Harper & Row. .
   Google Scholar
• Mead , Frank S. and Samuel , S. Hill . 2001 . Handbook of Denominations in the United States., , 11th ed. Nashville, Tennessee : Abingdon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nechemias , Carol . 1987 . Changes in the Election of Women to U.S. State Legislative Seats. . Legislative Studies Quarterly , 12 ( 1 ) : 125 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norrander , Barbara and Clyde , Wilcox . 1998 . “ The Geography of Gender Power: Women in State Legislatures.” In ” . In Women and Elective Office: Past, Present and Future Edited by: Sue , Thomas and Clyde , Wilcox . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , Pippa and Ronald , Inglehart . 2005 . “ Women as Political Leaders Worldwide: Cultural Barriers and Opportunities.” In ” . In Women and Elective Office, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Thomas , Sue and Wilcox , Clyde . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oldmixon , Elizabeth Anne . 2005 . Uncompromising Positions: God, Sex and the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. : Georgetown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Paglin , Morton . 1975 . The Measurement and Trend of Inequality: A Basic Revision. . The American Economic Review , 65 ( 4 ) : 598 – 609 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolino , Phillip . 1995 . Group-Salient Issues and Group Representation: Support for Women Candidates in the 1992 Senate Elections. . American Journal of Political Science , 39 ( 2 ) : 294 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2004 . Reprinted in John Cochrane. “Finding Faith in the Center. . C Q Weekly. , 63 ( 10, March 7, 2005 ) : 562 – 569 .
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2004 . Religion and the Presidential Vote: Bush Gains Broad-Based. December 6, November 2, 2005 — last update. Pew Research Center. <http://people-press.org/commentary/display.php3?AnalysisID-103> (October 28, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Religion Facts. 2004–2006 . Comparison Chart of Facts and Stats of Christian Denominations. April 18, 2005 - last update <http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/ charts/denominations_stats.htm> (August 14, 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , Andrew . 1999 . Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling. . World Politics , 51 ( 4 ) : 547 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 (1973)
   Google Scholar
• Rule , Wilma . 1981 . Why Women Don't Run: The Critical Contextual Actors in Women's Legislative Recruitment. . The Western Political Quarterly , 34 : 60 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Rule , Wilma . 1987 . Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women's Opportunities for Parliament in 23 Democracies. . Western Political Quarterly , 40 : 477 – 498 .
   Google Scholar
• Rule , Wilma . 1990 . Why More Women are State Legislators: A Research Note. . The Western Political Quarterly , 43 ( 2 ) : 437 – 448 .
   Google Scholar
• Rule , Wilma . 1993 . “ Why Are More Women State Legislators?” In ” . In Women in Politics: Outsiders or Insiders? Edited by: Lois , Lovelace Duke . Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall. .
   Google Scholar
• Sanbonmatsu , Kira . 2002 . Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice. . American Journal of Political Science , 46 ( 1 ) : 20 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroedel , Jean Reith and Bruce , Snyder . 1994 . “ Patty Murray: The Mom in Tennis Shoes Goes to the Senate.” In ” . In The Year of the Woman: Myths and Realities Edited by: Elizabeth , Adell Cook , Sue , Thomas and Clyde , Wilcox . Bolder, CO : Westview. .
   Google Scholar
• Schroedel , Jean Reith and Marcia , Godwin . 2005 . “ Prospects for Cracking the Political Glass Ceiling: The Future of Women Officeholders in the Twenty-first Century.” In ” . In Women and Elective Office, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Sue , Thomas and Clyde , Wilcox . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schroedel , Jean Reith , Jennifer , Merolla and Pamela , Foerstel . 2005 . Women's Relative Lack of Electoral Success in the United States. . Human Rights Global Focus , 2 ( 3 ) : 5 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , Jeffrey D. , West , John G. and Maclean , Iain . 1999 . Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics. Phoenix, Arizona : Oryx Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sharkansky , Ira . 1969 . The Utility of Elazar's Political Culture. . Polity , 2 : 66 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smidt , Corwin E. 1988 . Evangelicals Within Contemporary American Politics: Differentiating Between Fundamentalist and Non-Fundamentalist Evangelicals. . Western Political Quarterly , 41 ( 3 ) : 601 – 604 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Huston . 1986 . The World's Religions. San Francisco : Harper Collins. .
   Google Scholar
• Stammer , Larry B. Jne 10, 1998 . A Wife's Role is ‘to Submit,’ Baptists Declare. . Los Angeles Times , A1, A26, and A27
   Google Scholar
• Strong , Gregory S. 1999 . “ Reformation.” In ” . In Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics Edited by: Schultz , Jeffrey D. , West , John G. and Maclean , Iain . Phoenix, Arizona : Oryx Press .
   Google Scholar
• Swatos , William H. and Kevin , J. Christiano . 2001 . Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept. . Sociology of Religion , 60 ( 3 ) : 209 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swers , Michele L. and Carin , Larson . 2005 . “ Women in Congress: Do They Act as Advocates for Women's Issues?” In ” . In Women and Elective Office, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Sue , Thomas and Clyde , Wilcox . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , Sue . 1994 . How Women Legislate. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. 2004 . Gini Ratios by State: 1969, 1979, 1989, 1999. May 13, 2005 — last update. United States Census Bureau. <http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/state/state4.html> (October 28, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Vandenbosch , Sue . 1996 . A Negative Relationship between Religion and the Percentage of Women State Legislators in the United States. . The Journal of Legislative Studies , 2 ( 4 ) : 322 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Wald , Kenneth D. , Owen , Dennis E. and Hill , Samuel S. 1988 . Churches as Political Communities. . American Political Science Review , 82 ( 2 ) : 531 – 548 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , Max . 1930 . The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York : Scribner. .
   Google Scholar
• Wegner , David . 1998 . The Impact of Feminists: An Interview with World Magazine Editor, Marvin Olasky. . Journal for Biblical Manhood and Womanhood , 3 ( 4 ) : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox , Clyde . 1988 . The Christian Right in Twentieth Century America: Continuity and Change. . The Review of Politics , 50 : 659 – 681 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox , Clyde and Barbara , Norrander . 2005 . “ Change in Continuity in the Geography of Women Legislators.” In ” . In Women in Elective Office, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Sue , Thomas and Clyde , Wilcox . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yust , Karen Marie . 1999 . “ Women in Religion and Politics.” In ” . In Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics Edited by: Schultz , Jeffrey D. , West , John G. and Iain , Maclean . Phoenix, Arizona : Oryx Press .
   Google Scholar