Optimizing Ischemic Stroke Outcomes: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Poststroke Rehabilitation in Acute Care

REFERENCES

• Sweeny PJ, Furlan AJ. �Stroke�: origin of the term. Stroke. 1986;3:559.
   Google Scholar
• Bronstein KS, Popovich JM, Stewart-Amidei C. Promoting Stroke Recovery. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Year Book; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Ozer MN, Materson RS, Caplan LR. Management of Persons with Stroke. St. Louis, Mo: CV Mosby; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• National Stroke Association. National Health Profile for All Americans. Englewood, Colo: National Stroke Association; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• National Stroke Association. NSA Newsletter. 1994;11(3):1.
   Google Scholar
• National Stroke Association. NSA Newsletter. 1994; 11(4):3.
   Google Scholar
• Hahn RA, et al. Excess deaths from nine chronic diseases in the United States. JAMA. 1990;264:2,654.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett HJM, Stein BM, Mohr JP, Yatsu FM. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Ebrahim S. Clinical Epidemiology of Stroke. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• National Stroke Association. Cost of stroke. Stroke Clini-cal Updates. 1994;5(3):9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Stineman MG, Granger CV. Epidemiology of stroke related disability and rehabilitation outcomes. Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am. 1991;2:457.
   Google Scholar
• Hacke W, Hennerici M, Gelmers HJ, Kramer G. Cerebral Ischemia. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Hickey JV. The Clinical Practice of Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Brass LM, Fayad PB. Intraoperative monitoring with doppler ultrasonography during cardiac surgery and interventions. In: Babikian VL, Wechsler LR, eds. Trans-cranial Doppler Ultrasonagraphy. St. Louis, Mo: CV Mosby; 1993:222–231.
   Google Scholar
• Fox HM, Rizzo NI, Gifford S. Psychological observa-tions of patients undergoing mitral surgery. Psychosom Med. 1994;16:186–208.
   Google Scholar
• Stump DA, etal. Validity and reliability of an ultrasound device for detecting carotid emboli. J Neur. 1991;1�18.
   Google Scholar
• Miller JD, Bell BA. Cerebral blood flow variations with perfusion pressure and metabolism. In: Wood JH, ed. Cerebral Blood Flow: Physiologic and Clinical Aspects. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1987: 119-130.
   Google Scholar
• Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia. The ischemic penumbra. Stroke. 1981;12:723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien MD. The window of opportunity for the treatment of cerebral ischaemia. In: Hartmann A, Yatsu F, Kuschinsky W, eds. Cerebral Ischemia and Basic Mechanisms. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1994:1�5.
   Google Scholar
• Heiss WD, Fink GR, Huber M, Herholz K, Pietrzyk U. Uncoupling flow and metabolism in early ischemic stroke. In: Hartmann A, Yatsu F, Kuschinsky W, eds. Cerebral Ischemia and Basic Mechanisms. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1994:9�17.
   Google Scholar
• Allison M. Searching for moving targets: metabolic effects of brain injury. Headlines. 1993; January/February: 3�8.
   Google Scholar
• Symon L, Taylor DL, Obrenovitch TP. Aspects of acidbase homeostasis in ischemia. In: Hartmann A, Yatsu F, Kuschinsky W, eds. Cerebral Ischemia and Basic Mechanisms. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1994: 52�57.
   Google Scholar
• Candelise L. New treatments for acute ischemic stroke. In: Adams HP, ed. Handbook of Cerebrovascular Diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993:415�432.
   Google Scholar
• Marler JR. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. In: Adams HP, ed. Handbook of Cerebrovascular Diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993:401-414.
   Google Scholar
• Sussman BJ. Thrombolysis with fibrinolysin in cerebral arterial occlusion. JAMA. 1958;167: 1,705–1,709.
   Google Scholar
• Wardlaw JM, Warlow CP. A meta-analysis of all published data on the use of thrombolytic therapy to treat acute ischemic stroke. In: del Zoppo GJ, Mori E, Hacke W, eds. Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke II. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1993:275�277.
   Google Scholar
• The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rT-PA Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995; 353(24):1, 581�1,587.
   Google Scholar
• Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Post-Stroke Rehabilitation. Clinical practice guideline, number 16. Rockville, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1995. AHCPR publication 95–0662.
   Google Scholar
• St. Anthony DRG Guidebook, 1996. Reston, VA: St. Anthony Publishing; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Wojner AW. Outcomes management: an interdisciplinary search for best practice. AACN Clin Issues Crit Care Nurs. 1996; 7(1):133–145.
   Google Scholar
• Wojner AW. Outcomes management: driving enhance-ment of interdisciplinary practice with outcomes re-search. Sem Perioper Nurs. 1996;5(1):3–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clagett GP, Anderson FA, Levine MN, Salzman EW, Wheeler HB. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 1992; 102 (suppl 4):391–407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Logemann J. Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Hedberg A-M, Wojner AW. Incorporating Nutrition Care into Critical Pathways for Improved Outcomes. Columbus, OH: Ross Products Division Abbott Laboratories; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Butterworth CE. Iatrogenic malnutrition: the skeleton in the hospital closet. Nutrition Today. 1974;March/ April:4–8.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson G, Goldstein M, Levine GM. Impact of nutri-tional status on DRG length of stay. J Parenter Enter Nutr. 1987;11:49–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haycock DA, Hill GL. Impaired wound healing in surgi-cal patients with varying degrees of malnutrition. J Parenter Enter Nutr. 1986;10:550–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahm TW, Zadrozny DB, Harrington T. The benefits of early jejunal hyperalimentation in the head-injured pa-tient. Neurosurgery. 1989 ;25 (5): 729–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner RL, Stephens N, Wheeler WE, Hawes MC. Effect of admission nutritional status on length of hospi-tal stay. Gastroenterol Nurs. 1991; Spring:202–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brocklehurst JC, Andrews K, Richards B, Laycock PJ. Incidence and correlates of incontinence in stroke pa-tients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33(8):540–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reding MJ, Winter SW, Hochrein SA, Simon HB, Th-ompson MM. Urinary incontinence after unilateral hemi-spheric stroke: a neurologic-epidemiologic perspective. J Neurol Rehabil. 1987;1:25–30.
   Google Scholar
• Stone SP, Wilson B, Wroot A, et al. The assessment of visuo-spatial neglect after acute stroke. J Neurol Neuro-surg Psychiatry. 1991;54(4):345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman LA. Secondary neuropsychiatric complica-tions in stroke: implications for acute care. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(10):877–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris PLP, Robinson RG, Adrzejewski P, Samuels J, Price TR. Association of depression with 10-year post-stroke mortality. Am J Psychiatiy. 1993;150:124–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galski T, Bruno RL, Zorowitz R, Walker J. Predicting length of stay, functional outcome, and aftercare in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. The dominant role of higher-order cognition. Stroke. 1993 ;24 (12) : 1,794–1,800.
   Google Scholar
• Evans RL, Matlock AL, Bishop DS, Stranahan S, Peder-son C. Family intervention after stroke: does counseling or education help? Stroke. 1988;19(10):1,243-1,249.7
   Google Scholar