REFERENCES
- Carr A, Cooper D. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. 2000;356:1423–1430.
- Blanco F, Carr A. Lipodystrophy syndrome: diagnostic, clinic and therapeutic aspects. AIDS Rev. 2001;3: 98–105.
- Brinkmann K, ter Hofstede H, Burger D, Smeitink J, Koopmans P. Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as a common pathway. AIDS. 1998;12:1735–1744.
- White A. Mitochondrial toxicity and HIV therapy. Sex Trans-mit Inf. 2001;77:158–173.
- Sanders R. Another surprise from the mitochondria! ge-nome. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:609–611.
- Moyle G. Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis during antiretroviral therapy: causes, management and possible etiologies. AIDS Rev. 2001;3:150–156.
- Kakuda T. Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondria! tox-icity. Clin Ther. 2000;22:685–708.
- John M, Moore C, James I, et al. Chronic hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 200115: 717–723.
- Boubaker K, Flepp M, Sudre P, et al. Hyperlactatemia and antiretroviral therapy: the Swiss Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1931–1937.
- Moyle GJ, Datta D, Mandalia S, Morlese J, Asboe D, Gazzard B. Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis during antiretroviral therapy: relevance, reproducibility and pos-sible risk factors. AIDS. 200216: 1341–1349.
- Gopinath R, Hutcheon M, Cheemer-Dhadli S, Halperin M. Chronic lactic acidosis in a patient with AIDS and mito-chondrial myopathy: biochemical studies. J Am Soc NephroL 1992;3:1212–1219.
- Chattha G, Arieff A, Cummings C, Tierney L Jr. Lactic acidosis complicating the acquired immunodeficiency syn-drome. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:37–39.
- Brinkman K, Hofstede H. Mitochondrial toxicity of nucleo-side analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: lactic acido-sis, risk factors and therapeutic options. AIDS Rev. 1999;1:141–148.
- Falco V, Rodriguez D, Ribera E, et al. Severe nucleoside-associated lactic acidosis in HIV-infected patients: report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:838–846.
- Barbaro G, Lorenzo G, Asti A, et al. Hepatocellular mito-chondrial alterations in patients with chronic hepatitis C: ultrastructural and biochemical findings. Am J Gas-troenteroL 1999;94:2198–2205.
- Saint-Marc T, Partisani M, Pizot-Martin I, et al. A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiv-ing long-term nucleoside analogue therapy. AIDS. 1999;13:1659–1667.
- Carr A, Miller J, Law M, Cooper D. A syndrome of lipoatrophy, lactic acidemia and liver dysfunction associ-ated with HIV nucleoside analogue therapy: contribution to protease inhibitor-related lipodystrophy syndrome. AIDS. 2000;14:F25–F32.
- Mallal S, John M, Moore C, James I, McKinnon E. Contri-bution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibi-tors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infec-tion. AIDS. 2000;14:1309–1316.
- G6mez M, Mir6 O, Pedro E, et al. Mitochondrial involve-ment in antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy. AIDS. 2001;15:1643–1651.
- Shikuma C, Ningjie H, Milne C, et al. Mitochondria! DNA decrease in subcutaneous adipose tissue of HIV-infected individuals with peripheral lipoatrophy. AIDS. 2001; 15:1801–1809.
- Walker U, Bickel M, Volksbeck S, et al. Evidence of nucleo-side analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated genetic and structural defects of mitochondria in adipose tissue of HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;29:117–121.
- Carpenter C, Cooper D, Fisch M, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in adults: updated recommendations of the Inter-national AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2000;283:381–390.
- Yeni P, Hammer S, Carpenter C, et al. Antiretroviral treat-ment for adult HIV infection in 2002: updated recommen-dations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2002;288:222–235.
- Joly V, Descamps D, Yeni P. NNRTI plus PI combinations in the perspective of nucleoside-sparing or nucleoside-failing antiretroviral regimens. AIDS Rev. 2002;4:128–139.
- D'Arminio-Monforte A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Rezza G, et al. In-sights into the reasons for discontinuation of the first HAART regimen in a cohort of antiretroviral-naive patients. AIDS. 2000;14:499–507.
- Boffito M, Marietti G, Audagnotto S, Raiter R, Di Perri G. Lactacidemia in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects re-ceiving nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:558–559.
- Lonergan J, Behling C, Pfander H, Hassanein T, Mathews W. Hyperlactatemia and hepatic abnormalities in ten HIV-infected patients receiving nucleoside combination regi-mens. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:162–166.
- Gerard Y, Maulin L, Yazdanpanah Y, et al. Symptomatic hyperlactatemia: an emerging complication of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2000;14:2723–2730.
- Brinkmann K. Management of hyperlactatemia: no need for routine lactate measurements. AIDS. 200115: 795–797.
- Carr A, Workman C, Smith D, et al. Abacavir substitution for nucleoside analogs in patients with HIV lipoatrophy. A randomized trial. JAMA. 2002;288:207–215.
- Garcia-Benayas T, Blanco F, Soriano V, González-Lahoz J. Replacing stavudine by abacavir reduces lactate levels and may improve lipoatrophy. AIDS. In press.
- Boyle B, Basuk P, Emancipator K. Prevalence, etiology and long-term follow-up of asymptomatic, HIV-infected pa-tients with hyperamylasemia. In: Program and abstracts of the XIV International AIDS Conference; July 7–12, 2002; Barcelona, Spain. Abstract M0PeB3164.
- Moore R, Keruly J, Chaisson R. Incidence of pancreatitis in HIV-infected patients on nucleoside RTIs. In: Program and abstracts of the Eighth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 4–8, 2001; Chicago, USA. Abstract 620.
- Rotig A, Cormier V, Blanche S, et al. Pearson's marrow-pancreas syndrome. A multisystem mitochondrial disorder in infancy. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:1601–1608.
- Allaouchiche B, Duflo F, Cotte L, et al. Acute pancreatitis with severe lactic acidosis in an HIV-infected patient on didanosine therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;44: 137–138.
- Coghlan M, Somadossi JP, Jhala N, Many W, Saag M, Johnson V. Symptomatic lactic acidosis in hospitalized antiretroviral-treated patients with HIV infection: a report of 12 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1914–1921.
- Bissuel F, Brunel! F, Habersetzer F, et al. Fulminant hepati-tis with severe lactate acidosis in HIV-1-infected patients on didanosine therapy. J Intern Med. 1994;235:367–372.
- Tebas P, Powderly W, Claxton S, et al. Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2000;14:F63–F67.
- Mondy K, Tebas P. Bone abnormalities in HIV-infected patients on HAART. AIDS Rev. 2001;3: 82–88.
- Carr A, Miller J, Eisman J, Cooper D. Osteopenia in HIV-infected men: association with asymptomatic lactic aci-demia and lower weight pre-antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 200115: 703–709.
- Heath K, Hogg R, Singer J, et al. Antiretroviral treatment patterns and incident HIV-associated morphologic and lipid abnormalities in a population-based cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30:440–447.
- Martinez E, Mocroft A, Garcia-Viejo M, et al. Risk of lipod-ystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2001357: 592–598.