REFERENCES
- Duncan PW, et al. Measurement of motor recovery after stroke. Outcome assessment and sample size requirements. Stroke. 1992;23(8):1084–1089.
- Jacobs KM, Donoghue JP. Reshaping the cortical motor map by unmasking latent intracortical con-nections. Science. 1991;251(4996):944–947.
- Ivanco TL, Greenough WT. Physiological conse-quences of morphologically detectable synaptic plasticity: potential uses for examining recovery fol-lowing damage. Neuropharmacology. 2000;39(5): 765–776.
- Jones TA, Schallert T. Overgrowth and pruning of dendrites in adult rats recovering from neocortical damage. Brain Res. 1992;581(1):156–160.
- Jones TA, Schallert T. Use-dependent growth of py-ramidal neurons after neocortical damage. 1 Neurosci. 1994;14(4):2140–2152.
- Collingridge GL, Bliss TV. Memories of NMDA re-ceptors and LIP. Trends Neurosci. 1995;18(2):54–56.
- Hess G, Donoghue JP. Long-term potentiation and long-term depression of horizontal connections in rat motor cortex. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 1996;56(1):397–405.
- Rioult-Pedotti MS, et al. Strengthening of horizontal cortical connections following skill learning. Nat Neurosci. 1998; 1 (3) :230–234.
- Feeney DM, Gonzalez A, Law WA. Amphetamine, haloperidol, and experience interact to affect rate of recovery after motor cortex injury. Science. 1982;217(4562):855–857.
- Nudo RJ, et al. Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after is-chemic infarct. Science. 1996;272(5269):1791–1794.
- Karni A, et al. Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning. Nature. 1995;377(6545):155–158.
- Ogawa S, et al. Intrinsic signal changes accompany-ing sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89(13):5951–5955.
- Rothwell JC, et al. Interruption of motor programmes by electrical or magnetic brain stimu-lation in man. Prog Brain Res. 1989;80: 467-472; discussion 465–466.
- Pascual-Leone A, Walsh V, Rothwell J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience-virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connec-tivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2000;10(2):232–237.
- Carusone LM, et al. Hemodynamic response changes in cerebrovascular disease: implications for functional MR imaging. Am 1 Neuroradiol. 2002;23(7):1222–1228.
- Hamzei F, et al. The influence of extra- and intracra-nial artery disease on the BOLD signal in FMRI. Neuroimage. 2003;20(2):1393–1399.
- Rossini PM, et al. Does cerebrovascular disease af-fect the coupling between neuronal activity and local haemodynamics? Brain. 2004;127(Pt 1):99–110.
- Newton J, et al. A pilot study of event-related func-tional magnetic resonance imaging of monitored wrist movements in patients with partial recovery. Stroke. 2002;33(12):2881–2887.
- Fugl-Meyer AR, et al. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical per-formance. Scand Rehabil Med. 1975;7(1):13–31.
- Jebsen RH, et al. An objective and standardized test of hand function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1969;50(6):311–319.
- Hackel ME, et al. Changes in hand function in the aging adult as determined by the Jebsen Test of Hand Function. Phys Ther. 1992;72(5):373–377.
- Cramer SC, et al. A functional MRI study of subjects recovered from hemiparetic stroke. Stroke. 1997; 28 (12):2518–2527.
- Weiller C, et al. Individual patterns of functional reor-ganization in the human cerebral cortex after capsu-lar infarction. Ann Neurol. 1993;33(2):181–189.
- Calautti C, et al. Dynamics of motor network overactivation after striatocapsular stroke: a longitu-dinal PET study using a fixed-performance para-digm. Stroke. 2001;32 (11):2534–2542.
- Chen R, Cohen LG, Hallett M. Nervous system reor-ganization following injury. Neuroscience. 2002; 111(4):761–773.
- Witte OW, et al. Functional differentiation of mul-tiple perilesional zones after focal cerebral ischemia. Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20(8):1149–1165.
- Nudo RJ, et al. Use-dependent alterations of move-ment representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. 1 Neurosci. 1996;16(2):785–807.
- Classen J, et al. Rapid plasticity of human cortical movement representation induced by practice. J Neurophysiol. 1998; 79 (2):1117–1123.
- Baron JC, et al. Neuroimaging in stroke recovery: a position paper from the First International Work-shop on Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;18(3):260–267.
- Ward NS, Cohen LG. Mechanisms underlying recov-ery of motor function after stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004;61 (12):1844–1848.
- Feeney DM, Baron JC. Diaschisis. Stroke. 1986; 17 (5):817–830.
- Fridman EA, et al. Reorganization of the human ipsilesional premotor cortex after stroke. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 4):747–758.
- Luft AR, et al. Lesion location alters brain activation in chronically impaired stroke survivors. Neuroimage. 2004;21 (3) :924–935.
- Feydy A, et al. Longitudinal study of motor recovery after stroke: recruitment and focusing of brain acti-vation. Stroke. 2002; 33 (6):1610–1617.
- Chollet F, et al. The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: a study with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol. 1991; 29(1):63–71.
- Weiller C, et al. Functional reorganization of the brain in recovery from striatocapsular infarction in man. Ann Neurol. 1992;31(5):463–472.
- Seitz RJ, et al. Role of the premotor cortex in recov-ery from middle cerebral artery infarction. Arch Neurol. 1998;55(8):1081–1088.
- Cao Y, et al. Pilot study of functional MRI to assess cerebral activation of motor function after poststroke hemiparesis. Stroke. 1998;29(1):112–122.
- Cramer SC, et al. A pilot study of somatotopic map-ping after cortical infarct. Stroke. 2000;31(3):668–671.
- Pineiro R, et al. Functional MRI detects posterior shifts in primary sensorimotor cortex activation after stroke: evidence of local adaptive reorganization? Stroke. 2001;32(5)1134–1139.
- Parientet et al. Fluoxetine modulates motor perfor-mance and cerebral activation of patients recover-ing from stroke. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(6):718–729.
- Cramer SC, et al. A functional MRI study of three motor tasks in the evaluation of stroke recovery. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2001;15(1):1–8.
- Ward NS, et al. Neural correlates of outcome after stroke: a cross-sectional fMRI study. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 6):1430–1448.
- Jang SH, et al. The predictive value of cortical activa-tion by passive movement for motor recovery in stroke patients. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004; 22(2):59–63.
- Lindberg P, et al. Effects of passive-active movement training on upper limb motor function and cortical activation in chronic patients with stroke: a pilot study. 1 Rehabil Med. 2004;36(3):117–123.
- Johansen-Berg H, et al. The role of ipsilateral premotor cortex in hand movement after stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(22):14518–14523.
- Calautti C, Baron JC. Functional neuroimaging stud-ies of motor recovery after stroke in adults: a review. Stroke. 2003;34(6):1553–1566.
- Nelles G, et al. Evolution of functional reorganiza-tion in hemiplegic stroke: a serial positron emission tomographic activation study. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(6):901–909.
- Marshall RS, et al. Evolution of cortical activation during recovery from corticospinal tract infarction. Stroke. 2000;31(3):656–661.
- Nelles G, et al. Arm training induced brain plasticity in stroke studied with serial positron emission tomog-raphy. Neuroimage. 2001;13(6 Pt 1):1146–1154.
- Carey JR, et al. Analysis of fMRI and finger tracking training in subjects with chronic stroke. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):773–788.
- Small SL, et al. Cerebellar hemispheric activation ipsilateral to the paretic hand correlates with func-tional recovery after stroke. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 7): 1544–1557.
- Johansen-Berg H, et al. Correlation between motor improvements and altered fMRI activity after reha-bilitative therapy. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 12):2731–2742.
- Ward NS, et al. Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 11):2476–2496.
- Schaechter JD, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after constraint-induced movement therapy in stroke patients: a preliminary study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2002;16(4):326–338.
- Kimberley Ti, et al. Electrical stimulation driving functional improvements and cortical changes in subjects with stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2004;154(4): 450–460.
- Luft AR, et al. Repetitive bilateral arm training and motor cortex activation in chronic stroke: a random-ized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(15):1853–1861.
- Tombari D, et al. A longitudinal fMRI study: in re-covering and then in clinically stable sub-cortical stroke patients. Neuroimage. 2004;23(3):827–839.
- Calautti C, et al. Sequential activation brain map-ping after subcortical stroke: changes in hemi-spheric balance and recovery. Neuroreport. 2001;12(18):3883–3886.
- Werhahn KJ, et al. Contribution of the ipsilateral motor cortex to recovery after chronic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2003;54(4):464–472.
- Turton A, et al. Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation dur-ing recovery of arm and hand function after stroke. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;101(4): 316–328.
- Mima T, et al. Coherence between cortical and muscular activities after subcortical stroke. Stroke. 200132(11):2597–2601.
- Carr LJ, Harrison LM, Stephens IA. Evidence for bilat-eral innervation of certain homologous motoneu-rone pools in man. J Physiol. 1994;475(2):217–227.
- Wassermann EM, et al. Effects of transcranial mag-netic stimulation on ipsilateral muscles. Neurology. 1991;41(11):1795–1799.
- Bastings EP, Greenberg JP, Goo DC. Hand motor recovery after stroke: a transcranial magnetic stimu-lation mapping study of motor output areas and their relation to functional status. Neurorehabil Neu-ral Repair. 2002;16(3):275–282.
- Murase N, et al. Influence of interhemispheric inter-actions on motor function in chronic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(3):400–409.
- Hummel F, et al. Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. Brain. In press.
- Liepert I, et al. Motor cortex plasticity during con-straint-induced movement therapy in stroke pa-tients. Neurosci Lett. 1998;250(1):5–8.
- Carel C, et al. Neural substrate for the effects of passive training on sensorimotor cortical representa-tion: a study with functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy subjects. 1 Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20(3):478–484.
- Dam M, et al. Effects of fluoxetine and maprotiline on functional recovery in poststroke hemiplegic pa-tients undergoing rehabilitation therapy. Stroke. 1996;27(7):1211–1214.