Clinical Experiences with Interferon As Monotherapy or in Combination with Ribavirin in Patients Co-Infected with HIV and HCV

REFERENCES

• Rockstroh JK, Ewig S, Bauer T, et al. Male to female transmission of HIV in a cohort of hemophiliacs-frequency, risk factors and effect of sexual counselling. Infection. 1995;23:29–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler U, Rockstroh JK. Hepatitis C in the patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Hepatol. 1998;29:1023–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips A, Sabin C, Elford J, Bofill M, Janossy G, Lee C. Use of CD4 lymphocyte count to predict long-term survival free of AIDS after HIV infection. Br Med J. 1994;309:309–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi M, Eiji T, Takeshi S, et al. The natural course of chronic hepatitis C: comparison between patients with genotype 1 and 2 hepatitis C virus. Hepatology. 1996;23:695–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palella FJ, Delaney K, Moorman AC, et al. Declining in morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1997;338(13):853–860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bica I, McGovern B, Dhar R, et al. Increasing mortality due to end stage liver disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(3):492–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puoti M, Spinetti A, Ghezzi A, et al. Mortality for liver disease in patients with HIV infection: a cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;24:211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto B, Sánchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection modifies the natural his-tory of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. A multicenter study on 547 patients. J HepatoL 1997;26:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonacini M, Puoti M. Hepatitis C in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: diagnosis, natural his-tory, meta-analysis of sexual and vertical transmission, and therapeutic issues. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(22):3365–3373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puoti M, Bonacini M, Spinetti A, et al. Liver fibrosis progression is related to CD4 cell depletion in patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus and human immuno-deficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(3):134–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Samaniego J, Rodriguez M, Berenguer J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J GastroenteroL 2001;96(1):179–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piroth L, Doung M, Quantin, C, et al. Does hepatitis C virus co-infection accelerate clinical and immunological evolution of HIV-infected patients? AIDS. 1998;12:381–388.
   Google Scholar
• Dorrucci M, Pezzoti P, Philips AN, et al. Co-infection of hepatitis C virus with immunodeficiency virus and pro-gression to AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1503–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greub G, Ledergerber B, Battegay M, et al. Clinical progression, survival, and immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus co-infection: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lan-cet. 2000;356:1800–1805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saves M, Vandertorren S, Daucourt V, et al. Severe hepatic cytolysis: incidence and risk factors in patients treated by antiretroviral combinations Acquitane cohort, France 1996-1998. AIDS. 1999;13:F115–F121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saves M, Raffi F, Clevenbergh P, et al. Hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection is a risk factor for severe hepatic cytolysis after initiation of a protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimen in HIV immunodefi-ciency virus infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44(12):3451–3455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den Brinker M, Wit FWNM, Wertheim-van Dillen PM E, et al. Hepatitis B and C co-infection and the risk for hepato-toxicity of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2000;14:2895–2902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulkowsky MS, Thomas LD, Chaisson RE, et al. Hepato-toxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA. 2000;283:74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunez M, Lana R, Mendoza JL, et al. Risk factors for severe hepatic injury after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:426–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez E, Blanco GL, Arnaiz A, et al. Hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2001;15(10):1261–1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonfanti P, Landonio S, Ricci E, et al. Risk factors for hepatotoxicity in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27(3):316–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Arminio Monforte A, Bugarini R, Pezzotti P, et al. Low frequency of severe hepatotoxicity and association with HCV co-infection in HIV-positive patients treated with HAART. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;28(2):114–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proceedings of the European Association for the Study of the Liver International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis C. Paris, February 26-28, 1999. Consensus statement. J HepatoL 1999;30:956–961.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poynard T, Marcellin P, Lee SS, et al. Randomised trial of interferon alpha 2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alpha 2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. Lancet. 1998;352:1426–1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Schiff ER, et al. Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1485–1492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno R, Debiaggi M, Sacchi P, et al. Daily interferon regimen for chronic hepatitis C. A prospective randomised study. Clin Drug Invest. 1999;18:11–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeuzem S, Feinman SV, Rasenack J, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(23):1666–1672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;22:958–965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried MW, Shiffman M, Reddy R, et al. Pegylated (40kDa) interferon alfa-2a in combination with ribavirin: efficacy and safety results from a phase III, randomized, actively con-trolled, multicenter study. Gastroenterology. 2001;A55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V, García-Samaniego J, Bravo R, et al. Interferon a for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:585–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer N, Marcellin P, Degott C, et al. Recombinant interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis C in patients positive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:723–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariott E, Navas S, Del Romero J, et al. Treatment with recombinant alpha interferon of chronic hepatitis C in anti-HIV positive patients. J Med ViroL 1993;40:107–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss S, Heinteges T, Adams O, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon alpha in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatogastroenterology. 1995;42:528–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V, Bravo R, García-Samaniego J, et al. A pilot study on the efficacy of escalating dosage of alpha-interferon for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. J Infect. 1997;35:225–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss S, Klinker H, Ulmer A, et al. Response to treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon alpha in patients infected with HIV-1 is associated with higher CD4+ cell count. Infec-tion. 1998;26:16–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Paesa C, Arazo-Garces P, Pascular-Catalan A, et al. [Interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients.] Rev Clin Esp. 1998;198: 221–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cargnel A, Gubertini G, Magnani C, et al. Immune response in chronic hepatitis C infected patients undergoing interferon treatment. Hepatology. 1999;30:584–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Causse X, Payen JL, Izopet J, et al. Does HIV infection influence the response of chronic hepatitis C to interferon treatment? A French multicenter prospective study. J Hepatol. 2000;32:1003–1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestileo T, Mazzola G, Di Lorenzo F, et al. Response-adjusted alpha interferon for chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000;16:373–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi K, Fukuda Y, Nakano I, et al. Poor response for chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus-in-fected haemophiliacs. Haemophilia. 2000;6:677–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno R, Sacchi P, De Biaggi M, et al. Daily interferon in HIV-HCV co-infected patients: preliminary report. Hepatology. 2000;32:760(A).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Olmeda M, Rios P, Nunez M, Garcfa-Samaniego J, Romero M, Soriano V. Virological characteristics of hepati-tis C virus infection in HIV infected individuals with chronic hepatitis C: implications for treatment. AIDS. 2002;16:493–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poynard T, McHutchison J, Zachary G, et al. Is an "à la carte" combination interferon alfa 2b plus ribavirin regimen possible for the first line treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C? Hepatology. 2000;31:211–218.
   Google Scholar
• Ning Q, Brown D, Parodo J, et al. Ribavirin inhibits viral induced macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 and procoagulant activity and preserves Th1 cytokine production, but inhibits Th2 cytokine response. J Immunol. 1998;160:3487–3493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultgren C, Milich DR, Weiland O, et al. The antiviral com-pound ribavirin modulates T helper Th1fTh2 subset bal-ance in hepatitis B and C virus-specific immune responses. J Gen ViroL 1998;79:2381–2392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Bisceglie AM, Conjeevaram HS, Fried MW, et al. Ribavirin as therapy of chronic hepatitis C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:897–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusheiko G, Main J, Thomas H, et al. Ribavirin treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C: results of a placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol. 1996;25:591–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoggard PG, Kewn S, Barry MG, et al. Effects of drugs on 2, 3'-dideoxy-2', 3'-didehidrotimidine phosphorilation in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:1231–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Japour AJ, Lertora JJ, Meehan PM, et al. A phase-I study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of combination didanosine and ribavirin in patients with HIV-1 disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1996;13:235–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman N, Ahluwalia G, Cooney D, et al. Inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase stimulate the phosphorilation of the anti HIV nucleoside 2, 3'-dideoxyadenosine and 2, 3'-dideoxyadenosine. Mol Pharmacol. 1991;40:118–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauleda S, Juarez J, Altisent C, et al. Interferon and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C in hu-man immunodeficiency virus co-infected patients with congenital coagulation disorders. Hepatology. 200134: 1035–1040.
   Google Scholar
• Nasti G, Di Gennaro G, Tavio M, et al. Chronic hepatitis C in HIV infection: feasibility and sustained efficacy of therapy with interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin. AIDS. 200115:1783–1787.
   Google Scholar
• Landau A, Batisse D, Piketty C. Long term efficacy of combination therapy with interferon-alpha 2b and ribavirin for severe chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2001; 15(16):2149–2155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bochet M, De Torres M, Valantin M, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of interferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. In: Program and abstracts of Eighth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic In-fections; February 2001; Chicago, IL. Abstract 574.
   Google Scholar
• Landau A, Batisse D, Van Houyen JPD, et al. Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV infected patients. AIDS. 2000;14:839–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suciu L, Goldman D, Jones J, Weisz K, Dieterich D. Sus-tained virologic response following interferon and ribavirin therapy for hepatitis C patients who are co-infected with HIV. In: Program and abstracts of the 38th Conference of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; 2000; New Orleans, LA. Abstract 789.
   Google Scholar
• Sulkowski MS, et al. The treatment of HCV infection HIV infected persons. In: Program and abstracts of the Seventh Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2000; San Francisco, CA. Abstract S11.
   Google Scholar
• Nasti G, di Gennaro G, Rizzardini G, Cadorin L, Tirelli U. Chronic hepatitis C in HIV-co-infected patients: feasibility and efficacy of interferon-alpha 2b and ribavirin combina-tion therapy. J Aquir Immune Defic Syndr. 200126: 299–230.
   Google Scholar
• Rockstroh J, Mannah M, Klausen G, et al. Interferon alpha and ribavirin for hepatitis C in HIV co-infected patients. In: Program and abstracts of the First International AIDS Soci-ety Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment; 2001; Buenos Aires. Abstract Book p. 244.
   Google Scholar
• De Bona A, Uberti-Foppa C, Bagaglio S, et al. Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with interferon alfa 2b plus ribavirin in HIV-1 patients with chronic hepatitis C. In: Pro-gram and abstracts of the 8th European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV Infection; October 28–31, 2001; Athens. p. 176.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-Olmeda M, Asensi V, Romero M, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C: SHIRT (Spanish HIV Interferon Ribavirin Trial). In: Program and abstracts of the Ninth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 24–28, 2002; Seattle, WA. Abstract 653M.
   Google Scholar
• Bini EJ, Mannix RA. Safety and efficacy of interferon alfa-2B and ribavirin combination therapy for the treatment of hepatitis C in patients co-infected with HIV. Hepatology. 2001;34:335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torriani FJ, Ribeiro RM, Gilbert TL, et al. Early HCV viral dynamics in HIV/HCV-infected patients on HCV treatment. In: Program and abstracts of the Ninth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 24–28, 2002; Seattle, WA. Abstract 121
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Olmeda M, Gonzales J, Garcia-Samaniego J, et al. Interferon plus ribavirin in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;22:308–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zylberberg H, Benhamou Y, Lagneaux JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of interferon-ribavirin combination therapy in HCV/ HIV co-infected patients: an early report. Gut. 2000;47:608–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau A, Batisse D, Piketty C, et al. Lack of interference between ribavirin and nucleoside analogues in HIV/HCV co-infected individuals undergoing concomitant antiretroviral and anti HCV combination therapy. AIDS. 2000;14:1857–1858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morsica G, De Bona A, Uberti C, Sitia G, Finazzi R, Lazzarin A. Ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C does not modify HIV viral load in HIV-1 positive patients under antiretroviral treatment. AIDS. 2000;14:1656–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkman K, Smeitink JA, Romijin JA, et al. Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside analogue reverse tran-scriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral therapy related lipodistrophy. Lancet. 1999;354:1112–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr A, Miller J, Law M, et al. A syndrome of lypoatrophy, lactic acidemia and liver dysfunction associated with HIV nucleoside analogue therapy: contribution to protease in-hibitor-related lypodistrophy syndrome. AIDS. 2000;14:F25—F32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafeuillade A, Hittinger G, Chadapaud S, et al. Increased mitochondrial toxicity with ribavirin in HIV/HCV co-infec-tion. Lancet. 2001;357:280–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulkowski M, Felizarta F, Smith C, et al. Multicenter, ran-domized, open-label study of the safety and efficacy of interferon (IFN) alpha-2b plus ribavirin (RBV) for the treat-ment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV-infected persons (HRN-002). In: Program and abstracts of the Ninth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Febru-ary 24–28, 2002; Seattle, WA. Abstract 651M.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman R, Brau N, Hassanin T, et al. Once weekly epoetin alfa increases haemoglobin and decreases ribavirin dose reductions among HCV-infected patients who developed anemia on ribavirin/interferon alfa 2b therapy [abstract]. Hepatology. 2000;32:368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHutchinson J, Manns MP, Harvey J, Garaud JJ, Albrecht J. Adherence to therapy enhances sustained re-sponse in chronic hepatitis C patients receiving peginterferon alfa 2b plus ribavirin. Hepatology. 200134: 417.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman KE, Horn P, Rouster S, Peters M, Koziel M, Chung R for the ACTG 5071/5091 Study Group. HCV RNA kinetic response to PEG-interferon and ribavirin in HIV co-infected patients. In: Program and abstracts of the Ninth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 24–28, 2002; Seattle, WA. Abstract 122.
   Google Scholar
• Soriano V, Garcia-Samaniego J, Perez-Olmeda M, et al. Pegylated interferon plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. Paper pre-sented at: First International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment; 2001; Buenos Aires.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno G. Early response to combination therapy with low-dose pegylated interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. In: Program and abstracts of the 41st International Conference on Anti-microbial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2001; Chicago. Ab-stract 458.
   Google Scholar