Prevalence of Primary Resistance Mutations to Integrase Inhibitors in Treatment-Naïve and -Experienced Patients Infected With B and Non-B HIV-1 Variants

REFERENCES

• Chiu TK, Davies DR. Structure and function of HIV-1 integrase. Curr Top Med Chem. 2004;4:965–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazuda DJ, Felock P, Witmer M, et al. Inhibitors of strand transfer that prevent integration and inhibit HIV-1 replica-tion in cells. Science. 2000;287:646–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz M, Morales-Ramirez JO, Nguyen BY, et al. Antiretroviral activity, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability of MK-0518, a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase, dosed as monotherapy for 10 days in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:509–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz M, Nguyen BY, Gotuzzo E, et al. Rapid and durable antiretroviral effect of the HIV-1 integrase inhibi-tor raltegravir as part of combination therapy in treat-ment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: results of a 48-week controlled study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46:125–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz M, Nguyen BY, Gotuzzo E, et al. Sustained anti-retroviral effect of raltegravir after 96 weeks of combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52:350–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinsztejn B, Nguyen BY, Katlama C, et al. Safety and effi-cacy of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor raltegravir (MK-0518) in treatment-experienced patients with multidrug-resis-tent virus: a phase ll randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369:1261–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Kumar PN, et al. Raltegravir with optimized background therapy for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:339–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimura K, Kodama E, Sakagami Y, et al. Broad antiret-roviral activity and resistance profile of the novel human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor elvitegravir (JTK-303/GS-9137). J Virol. 2008;82:764–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goethals O, Clayton R, Van Ginderen M, et al. Resis-tance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase selected with elvitegravir confer reduced sus-ceptibility to a wide range of integrase inhibitors. J Virol. 2008;82:10366–10374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper DA, Steigbigel RT, Gatell JM, et al. Subgroup and resistance analyses of raltegravir for resistant HIV-1 infec-tion. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:355–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fransen S, Gupta S, Danovich R, et al. Loss of raltegravir susceptibility by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is conferred via multiple nonoverlapping genetic pathways. J Virol. 2009;83:11440–11446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Métfiot M, Marchand C, Maddali K, Pommier Y. Resistance to integrase inhibitors. Viruses. 2010;2:1347–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Van Baelen K, Armenia D, et al. Secondary integrase resistance mutations found in HIV-1 minority quasispecies in integrase therapy-naive patients have little or no effect on susceptibility to integrase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:3938–3948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low A, Prada N, Topper M, et al. Natural polymorphisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and inherent susceptibilities to a panel of integrase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:4275–4282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lataillade M, Chiarella J, Kozel MJ. Natural polymorphism of the HIV-1 integrase gene and mutations associated with integrase inhibitor resistance. Antivir Ther. 2007;12: 563–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piralla A, Paolucci S, Gulminetti R, Comolli G, Baldanti F. HIV integrase variability and genetic barrier in antiretroviral naive and experienced patients. J Virol. 2011;8:149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco JL, Varghese V, Rhee SY, Gatell JM, Shafer RW. HIV-1 integrase inhibitor resistance and its clinical implica-tions. J Infect Dis. 2011203: 1204–1214.
   Google Scholar
• Hazuda DJ. Resistance to inhibitors of the human immu-nodeficiency virus type 1 integration. Braz J Infect Dis. 2010;14(5):513–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldanti F, Paolucci S, Gulminetti R, Brandolini M, Barber-ii G, Maserati R. Early emergence of raltegravir resistance mutations in patients receiving HAART salvage regimens. J Med Virol. 2010;82:116–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canducci F, Sampaolo M, Marinozzi MC, et al. Dynamic patterns of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inte-grase gene evolution in patients failing raltegravir-based salvage therapies. AIDS. 2009;23:455–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passaes CB, Guimaraes ML, Fernandez SL, et al. Lack of primary mutations associated with integrase inhibitors among HIV-1 subtypes B, C, and F circulating in Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido C, Geretti AM, Zahonero N, et al. Integrase variability and susceptibility to HIV integrase inhibitors: impact of subtypes, antiretroviral experience and dura-tion of HIV infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65: 320–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young B, Fransen S, Greenberg KS, et al. Transmission of integrase strand-transfer inhibitor multidrug-resis-tent HIV-1: case report and response to raltegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther. 2011;16: 253–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd SD, Maldarelli F, Sereti I, et al. Transmitted raltegravir resistance in an HIV-1 CRF_AG-infected patient. Antivir Ther. 201116: 257–261.
   Google Scholar
• Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Teppler H, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of raltegravir combined with opti-mized background therapy in treatment-experienced patients with drug-resistant HIV infection: week 96 results of the BENCHMRK 1 and 2 Phase III trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:605–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cossarini F, Boeri E, Canducci F, et al. Integrase and fusion inhibitors transmitted drug resistance in naive patients with recent diagnosis of HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011;56:e51–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Cajas JL PN, Klein MB, Wainberg MA. Differ-ences in resistance mutations among HIV-1 non subtype B infections: a systematic review of evidence. J Int AIDS Soc. 2009;12:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra S, Lubke N, Walter H, et al. The SnoB study: frequency of baseline raltegravir resistance mutations prevalence in different non-B subtypes. Med Microbiol ImmunoL 2011200: 225–232.
   Google Scholar
• Rockstroh JK, Teppler H, Zhao J, et al. Clinical efficacy of raltegravir against B and non-B subtype HIV-1 in phase III clinical studies. AIDS. 2012;25:1365–1369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turriziani O, Montagna C, Falasca F, et al. Analysis of the integrase gene from HIV type 1-positive patients living in a rural area of West Cameroon [published online ahead of print March 2,2012]. AIDS Res Hum Retro viruses.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemelaar J, Gouws E, Ghys PD, Osmanov S. Global trends in molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 during 2000–2007. AIDS. 2011;25:679–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holguin A, de Mulder M, Yebra G, Lopez M, Soriano V. Increase of non-B subtypes and recombinants among newly diagnosed HIV-1 native Spaniards and immigrants in Spain. Curr HIV Res. 2008;6:327–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yebra G, de Mulder M, Martin L, et al. Most HIV type 1 non-B infections in the Spanish cohort of antiretro-viral treatment-naive HIV-infected patients (CoRIS) are due to recombinant viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50: 407–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee SY, Liu TF, Kiuchi M, et al. Natural variation of HIV-1 group M integrase: implications for a new class of antiret-roviral inhibitors. Retrovirology. 2008;5:74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danovich R, Ke Y, Wan H, et al. Raltegravir has similar in vitro antiviral potency, clinical efficacy and resistance pat-terns in B subtype and non-B subtype HIV-1. Presented at: 17th International AIDS Conference; August 2008; Mexico City. Abstract THAA0302.
   Google Scholar
• Garrido C, Soriano V, Geretti AM, et al. Resistance associ-ated mutations to dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) in HIV-infected patients - impact of HIV subtypes and prior ralte-gravir experience. Antiviral Res. 2011;90:164–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hombrouck A, Voet A, Van Remoortel B, et al. Mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase confers resistance to the naphthyridine L-870,810 and cross-resis-tance to the clinical trial drug GS-9137. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:2069–2078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi M, Nakahara K, Seki T, et al. Selection of diverse and clinically relevant integrase inhibitor-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants. Antiviral Res. 2008;80:213–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva D, Van Wesenbeeck L, Breilh D, et al. HIV-1 resistance patterns to integrase inhibitors in antiretroviral-experienced patients with virological failure on ralte-gravir-containing regimens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:1262–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charpentier C, Roquebert B, Delelis O, et al. Hot spots of integrase genotypic changes leading to HIV-2 resistance to raltegravir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 201155: 1293–1295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Baelen K, Van Eygen V, Rondelez E, Stuyver U. Clade-specific HIV-1 integrase polymorphisms do not reduce raltegravir and elvitegravir phenotypic susceptibil-ity. AIDS. 2008;22:1877–1880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennox JL, DeJesus E, Lazzarin A, et al. Safety and efficacy of raltegravir-based versus efavirenz-based combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: a multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:796–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennox JL, Dejesus E, Berger DS, et al. Raltegravir ver-sus efavirenz regimens in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy, durability, subgroup, safety, and metabolic analyses. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55:39–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina JM, Lamarca A, Andrade-Villanueva J, et al. Effi-cacy and safety of once daily elvitegravir versus twice daily raltegravir in treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 receiving a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor: randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar