REFERENCES
- Gordon WA, Hibbard MR. Poststroke depression: an examination of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:658–663.
- Hosking SG, Marsh NV, Friedman PJ. Poststroke de-pression: prevalence, course and associated factors. Neuropsychol Rev. 1996;6:107–132.
- Hermann N, Black SE, Lawrence J, Szekely C, Szalai JP. The Sunnybrook Stroke Study: a prospective study of depressive symptoms and functional out-come. Stroke. 1998;29:618–624.
- Fuh IL, Liu HC, Wang ST, Liu CY, Wang PN. Poststroke depression among Chinese elderly in a rural community. Stroke. 1997;28:1126–1129.
- Everson SA, Roberts RE, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA. Depressive symptoms and increased risk of stroke mortality over a 29-year period. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1133–1138.
- Ramasubbu R, Patten SB. Effects of depression on stroke morbidity and mortality. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48:250–257.
- Williams LS, Ghose SS, Swindle RW. Depression and other mental health diagnoses increase mortality risk after ischemic stroke. Am I Psychiatry. 2004;161:1090–1095.
- Shutter LA, Ween JE. Mental status and behavioral changes in the early postacute phase of care. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2002;9:39–47.
- Carod-Artal H. Poststroke depression: its differential diagnosis, complications and treatment. Rev Neurol. 2006;42:238–244.
- Kelly-Hayes M, Robertson JT, Broderick JP, et al. The American Heart Association stroke outcome classifi-cation. Stroke. 1998;29:1274–1280.
- Desmond DW, Remien RH, Moroney JT, Stern Y, Sano M, Williams JBW. lschemic stroke and depres-sion. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003;9:429–439.
- Steffens DC, Pieper CF, Bosworth HB, et al. Biologi-cal and social predictors of long-term geriatric de-pression outcome. Int Psychogeriatr. 2005;17:41–56.
- Burvill P, Johnson G, Jamrozik K, Anderson C, Stewart-Wynne E. Risk factors for post-stroke de-pression. Intl Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12:219–226.
- Black-Schaffer RM, Kirsteins AE, Harvey RL. Stroke rehabilitation. 2. Comorbidities and complications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:8–16.
- Bozikas V, Gold G, Kvari E, Herrmann F, Karavatos A, Giannakopoulos P, Bouras C. Pathological correlates of poststroke depression in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2005;13:166–169.
- Whyte AM, Mulsant BH. Post stroke depression: epidemiology, pathophysiology and biological treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:253–264.
- Huff W, Steckel R, Sitzer M. Poststroke Depression: Epidemiologie, Risikofaktoren und Auswirkungen auf den Verlauf des Schlaganfalls [Poststroke depres-sion: epidemiology, risk factors, and influencing fac-tors on stroke. J Nervenarzt. 2003:74:104–114.
- Morris PL, Robinson RG, Raphael B, Samuels J, Molloy P. The relationship between risk factors for affective disorders and poststroke depression in hos-pitalized stroke patients. Aust N Z I Psychiatry. 1992;26:208–217.
- Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Ingemann-Nielsen M., Lauritzen L.. Risk factors for post-stroke depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995;92:193–198.
- Pohjasvara T, Leppavuori A, Siira I, Vataja R, Kaste M, Erkinjuntti T. Frequency and clinical determinants of poststroke depression. Stroke. 1998;29:311–317.
- Ju L, Liu CK, Chen JW, Wang SY, Wu YH, Yu SH. Relationship between post-stroke depression and lesion localisation: a meta-analysis. Kaohsiung I Med Sci. 2004;20:372–380.
- Tang WK, Chan SSM, Chiu HFK, et al. Poststroke depression in Chinese patients: frequency, psycho-social, clinical, and radiological determinants. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2005;18:45–51.
- Ng KC, Chan KL, Straughan PT. A study of post-stroke depression in a rehabilitative center. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995;92:75–79.
- Paradiso S, Robinson RG. Gender differences in poststroke depression. J Neuropsvchiatr Clin Neurosci. 1998;10:41–47.
- Eriksson M, Asplund K, Glader EL, et al. Self-reported depression and use of antidepressants after stroke: a national survey. Stroke. 2004;35:936–941.
- Carota A, Berney A, Aybek S, et al. A prospective study of predictors of poststroke depression. Neurol-2g2005;64:428–433.
- Kauhanen ML, Korpelainen JT, Hiltunen P, et al. Poststroke depression correlates with cognitive im-pairments and neurological deficits. Stroke. 1999;30:1875–1880.
- Hackett ML, Anderson CS. Predictors of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke. 2005;36:2296–2301.
- Astrom M, Adolfsson R, Asplund K. Major depres-sion in stroke patients. A 3-year longitudinal study. Stroke. 1993;24:976–982.
- King RB, Shade-Zeldow Y, Carlson CE, Feldman IL, Philip M. Adaptation to stroke: a longitudinal study of depressive symptoms, physical health, and cop-ing process. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2002;9:46–66.
- Mast BT, Vedrody BA. Poststroke depression: a biopsychosocial approach. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8:25–33.
- Robinson RG, Lipsey JR, Rao K, Price TR. Two-year longitudinal study of poststroke mood disorders: comparison of acute-onset with delayed onset de-pression. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:1238–1244.
- Ouimet MA, Primeau I-, Cole MG. Psychosocial risk factors in poststroke depression: a systematic re-view. Can J Psychiatry. 2001;46:819–828.
- Ramasubbu R. Relationship between depression and cerebrovascular disease: conceptual issues. J Affect Disord. 2000;57:1–11.
- Shimoda K, Robinson RG. The relationship between poststroke depression and lesion location in long-term follow-up. Biol Psychiatr. 1999;45:187–191.
- Tateno A, Kimura M, Robinson RG. Phenomenologi-cal characteristics of poststroke depression: early-versus late-onset. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10:575–582.
- Boter H, Rinkel GJE, de Haan RJ. Outreach nurse support after stroke: a descriptive study on patients' and carers' needs, and applied nursing interven-tions. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18:156–163.
- Little RJA, Rubin DB. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. New York: Wiley; 1987.
- Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, Shamoian CA. Cornell Scale for depression in dementia. Biol Psychiatry. 1988;23:271–284.
- Hermann M, Bartels C, Keller A, Borchardt D, Wallesh CW. The Cornell-Depression Scale: an in-strument to assess depressive changes of patients following cerebral lesions? Zeitschrift far Neuropsychologie, 1995;6: 83–100.
- Mahoney Fl, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md State Med I. 1965;14:61–65.
- Houlden H, Edwards M, McNeil J, Greenwood R. Use of the Barthel Index and the Functional Inde-pendence Measure during early inpatient rehabilita-tion after single incident brain injury. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20:153–159.
- Prigatano GP, Fordyce DJ. Cognitive dysfunction and psychosocial adjustment after brain injury. In: Prigatano GP, Fordyce DJ, Zeiner HK, Rouech JR, Pepping M, Wood B, eds. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation After Brain Injury. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1986:96–118.
- Barskova T, Wilz G. Psychosocial functioning after stroke: psychometric properties of the Patient Com-petency Rating Scale. Brain lnj. 2006;20:1431–1437.
- Fleiss IL, Cohen J. The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclasss correlation coefficient as measures of reliability. Ethic Psychol Meas. 1973;33:613–619.
- Landis JR, Koch G. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159–174.
- WHOQOL Group. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol Med. 1998;28:551–558.
- Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator vari-able distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. I Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51:1173–1182.
- Frazier PA, Tix AP, Baron KE. Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. J Couns Psychol. 2004;51:115–134.
- MacKinnon DP, Warsi G, Dwyer JFI. A simulation study of mediated effect measures. Multivariate Behav Res. 1995;30:41–62.
- Kenny D, Harackiewicz J. Cross-lagged panel corre-lation: practice and promise. I Appl Psychol. 1979;64:372–379.
- Rogosa D. A critique of cross-lagged correlation. Psychol Bull. 1980;88:245–258.
- Tanis TW. Longitudinal Data Analysis. London: Sage; 2000.
- Kline RB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: The Guilford Press; 1998.
- Hoyle RH, ed. Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1999.
- Yu MC, Dunn OL. Robust tests for the equality of two correlation coefficients: a Monte Carlo study. Fduc Psychol Meas. 1982;42:987–1004.
- Shrout PE, Bolger N. Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies: new procedures and rec-ommendations. Psychol Methods. 2002;7:422–445.
- Palmer S, Glass TA. Family function and stroke re-covery: a review. Rehabil Psychol. 2003;48:255–265.
- Beck AT, Steer RA, Garbin MG. Psychometric prop-erties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinl Psychol Rev. 1988;8:77–100.
- Hamilton MA. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62.