Central Poststroke Pain: Current Diagnosis and Treatment

REFERENCES

• Kilt H, Finnerup N, Jensen TS. Central post-stroke pain: clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8:857–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Ingeman-Nielsen M., Jensen TS.. Incidence of central post-stroke pain. Pain. 1995;61(2):187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowsher D. Central pain. Pain Rev. 1995;2:175–186.
   Google Scholar
• Backonja MM, Galer BS. Pain assessment and evaluation of patients who have neuropathic pain. Neurol Clin. 1998;16(4):775–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dejerine J, Roussy J. Le syndrome thalamique. Rev Neurol. 1906;14:521–532.
   Google Scholar
• Head H, Holmes G. Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions. Brain. 1911;34:102–254.
   Google Scholar
• Krause T, Brunecker P, Pittl S, et al. Thalamic sensory strokes with and without pain: differences in lesion patterns in the ventral posterior thalamus. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(8):776–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprenger T, Seifert CL, Valet M, et al. Assessing the risk of central post-stroke pain of thalamic origin by lesion mapping. Brain. 2012;135\(pt 8): 2536–2545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Larrea L, Perchet C, Creach C, et al. Operculo-insular pain (parasylvian pain): a distinct central pain syndrome. Brain. 2010;133(9): 2528–2539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilt H, Finnerup NB, Andersen G, Jensen TS. Central poststroke pain: a population-based study [published online ahead of print January 26, 20111. Pain. 2011;152(4):818–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar B, Kalita J, Kumar G, Misra UK. Central poststroke pain: a review of pathophysiology and treatment. Anesth Ana/g. 2009;108(5):1645–1657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Bashford G, Murphy TK, Martin A, Dror V, Cheung R. Safety and efficacy of pregabalin in patients with central post-stroke pain. Pain. 2011;152(5):1018–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson P. Post-stroke pain case study: clinical characteristics, therapeutic options and long-term follow-up. Eur I Neurol. 2004;11\(suppl 1): 22–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leijon G, Boivie J. Central post-stroke pain - a controlled trial of amitriptyline and carbamazepine. Pain. 1989;36(1):27–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowsher D. Central post-stroke ("thalamic syndrome") and other central pains. Am I Hospice Palliative Care. 1999;16(4):593–597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lampl C, Yazdi K, Roper C. Amitriptyline in the prophylaxis of central poststroke pain. Preliminary results of 39 patients in a placebo-controlled, long-term study. Stroke. 2002;33(12):3030–3032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor AB. Crossover randomized controlled trial: study finds that the combination gabapentin plus nortriptyline reduces neuropathic pain more than either drug alone. Evid Based Med. 2010;15(2):45–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimodozono M, Kawahira K, Kamishita T, Ogata A, Tohgo S, Tanaka N. Reduction of central poststroke pain with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine. Int I Neurosci. 2002;112(10):1173–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briley M. Clinical experience with dual action antidepressants in different chronic pain syndromes. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004;1 9 (suppl 1):521–25.
   Google Scholar
• Vranken JH, Hollmann MW, van der Vegt MH, et al. Duloxetine in patients with central neuropathic pain caused by spinal cord injury or stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2011;152(2):267–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrocoso E, Mico JA, Vitton O, et al. Evaluation of milnacipran, in comparison with amitriptyline, on cold and mechanical allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Eur I Pharmacol. 2011;655 (1-3):46–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura M, Kanetani K. Lmai R. Suzuki H, lsayama K, Endo S. Therapeutic effects of milnacipran, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, on post-stroke depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(3):121–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato Y, Sato T, Katagiri A, et al. Milnacipran dose-effect study in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34(4): 166–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giza E, Kyriakou P, Liasides C, Dimakopoulou A. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia with cardiac syncope: an idiopathic case treated with carbamazepine and du loxetine. Eur I Neurol. 2008;15(5):e38–e39.
   Google Scholar
• Ito M, Yoshida K, Kimura H, Ozaki N, Kurita K. Successful treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with milnacipran. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2007; 30(3):183–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito M, Kimura H, Yoshida K, Kimura Y, Ozaki N, Kurita K. Effectiveness of milnacipran for the treatment of chronic pain in the orofacial region. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010; 33(2): 79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestergaard K, Andersen G, Gottrup H, Kristensen BT, Jensen TS. Lamotrigine for central poststroke pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2001;56(2):184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B, Stitik TP, Foye PM, Nadler SF, DeLisa JA. Central post-stroke pain syndrome: yet another use for gabapentin? Am I Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81 (9):718–720.
   Google Scholar
• Vick PG, Lamer TJ. Treatment of central post-stroke pain with oral ketamine. Pain. 2001;92 (1-2):311–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal N, Gaude V, Brasseur L, Dupuy M, Guirimand F, Parker F, Bouhassira D. Intravenous lidocaine in central pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, psychophysical study. Neurology. 2000;54(3): 564–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taira T, Honi T. Intrathecal baclofen in the treatment of post-stroke central pain, dystonia, and persistent vegetative state. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97\(pt 1):227–229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vranken JH, Dijkgraaf MG, Kruis MR., van der Vegt MH, Hollmann MW, Heesen M. Pregabalin in patients with central neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a flexible-dose regimen. Pain. 2008;136 (1-2):150–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray P. Pregabalin in the management of central neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8(17):3035–3041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddall PJ, Cousins MJ, Otte A, Griesing T, Chambers R, Murphy TK. Pregabalin in central neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury: a placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2006;67(10):1792–1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price MJ. Levetiracetam in the treatment of neuropathic pain: three case studies. Clin I Pain. 2004;20(1):33–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrazana E, Mikoshiba I. Rationale and evidence for the use of oxcarbazepine in neuropathic pain. Pain Symptom Manage. 2003;25(5 suppl):S31–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittar RG, Kar-Purkayastha I, Owen SL, et al. Deep brain stimulation for pain relief: a meta-analysis. I Clin Neurosci. 2005;12(5):515–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen S, Green A, Stein J, Aziz T. Deep brain stimulation for the alleviation of post stroke neuropathic pain. Pain. 2006;120(1-2):202–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsubokawa T, Katayama Y, Yamamoto T, Hirayama T, Koyama S. Chronic motor cortex stimulation in patients with thalamic pain. J Neurosurg. 1993;78(3):393–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima MC, Fregni F. Motor cortex stimulation for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Neurology. 2008;70(24): 2329–2337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron. 2007;55(2):187–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khedr EM, Kotb H, Kamel NF, Ahmed MA, Sadek R, Rothwell JC. Long-lasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(6):833–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Menard-Lefaucheur I, et al. Neurogenic pain relief by repetitive transcranial magnetic cortical stimulation depends on the origin and the site of pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004; 75(4):612–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh Y, Hirayama A, Kishima H, et al. Reduction of intractable deafferentation pain due to spinal cord or peripheral lesion by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex. J Neurosurg. 2007; 107(3):555–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defrin R, Grunhaus L, Zamir D, Zeilig G. The effect of a series of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations of the motor cortex on central pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(12):1574–1580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar