Does Robot-Assisted Gait Rehabilitation Improve Balance in Stroke Patients? A Systematic Review

REFERENCES

• Langhorne P, Bernhardt J, Kwakkel G. Stroke rehabilitation. Lancet. 2011;377(9778):1693–1702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronnum-Hansen H, Davidsen M, Thorvaldsen P. Long-term survival and causes of death after stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2131–2136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson SF, Hanley M, Chillala J, SeIley A, Tallis RC. Balance disability after stroke. Phys Ther. 2006;86(1):30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen IC, Cheng PT, Hu AL, et al. Balance evaluation in hemiplegic stroke patients. Chang Gung Med J. 2000;23(6):339–347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niam S, Cheung W, Sullivan PE, Kent S, Gu X. Balance and physical impairments after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(10):1227–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwakkel G, Kollen B, Lindeman E. Understanding the pattern of functional recovery after stroke: Facts and theories. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004;22(3-5):281–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eng JJ, Tang PF. Gait training strategies to optimize walking ability in people with stroke: A synthesis of the evidence. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007;7(10):1417–1436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sale P, Franceschini M, Waldner A, Hesse S. Use of the robot assisted gait therapy in rehabilitation of patients with stroke and spinal cord injury. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2012;48(1):111–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrholz J, Eisner B, Werner C, Kugler J, Pohl M. Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD006185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinnen E, Duerinck S, Baeyens JP, Meeusen R, Kerckhofs E. Effectiveness of robot-assisted gait training in persons with spinal cord injury: A systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42(6):520–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinnen E, Beckwee D, Pinte D, Meeusen R, Baeyens JP, Kerckhofs E. Treadmill training in multiple sclerosis: Can body weight support or robot assistance provide added value? A systematic review. Mult Sder Int. 2012;2012:240274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehrholz J, Kugler J, Pohl M. Locomotor training for walking after spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD006676.
   Google Scholar
• de Oliveira CB, de Medeiros IR, Frota NA, Greters ME, Conforto AB. Balance control in hemiparetic stroke patients: Main tools for evaluation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(8):1215–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao N, Zielke D, Keller S, et al. Pregait balance rehabilitation in acute stroke patients. Intl Rehabil Res. 2013;36(2):112–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr JH, Shepherd RB. Neurological Rehabilitation, Optimizing Motor Performance. Oxford, UK: Butterworth Heinemann; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Wall JC, Turnbull GI. Gait asymmetries in residual hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67(8):550–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubetzky-Vilnai A, Kartin D. The effect of balance training on balance performance in individuals poststroke: A systematic review. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2010;34(3):127–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang HK, Kim Y, Chung Y, Hwang S. Effects of treadmill training with optic flow on balance and gait in individuals following stroke: Randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(3):246–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudge S, Rochester L, Recordon A. The effect of treadmill training on gait, balance and trunk control in a hemiplegic subject: A single system design. Disabil Rehabil. 2003;25(17):1000–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs SA, Dugan EL, Passmore M, et al. Balance, balance confidence, and health-related quality of life in persons with chronic stroke after body weight-supported treadmill training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91 (12):1914–1919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centraal Begeleidingsorgaan (CB0). Het Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de Gezondheidszorg. 2010. http://www.cbo.nl/. Accessed February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod D, Hayward R. Non-randomized Interventional Study Designs (Quasi-experimental Designs). New York: Humana Press; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Law M, MacDermid J, eds. Evidence-Based Rehabilitation. Appendix M/N: Qualtity of an Intervention Study. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Inc; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane collaboration back review group. Spine. 2003;28(12):1290–1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J, ed. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Krishnan C, Kotsapouikis D, Dhaher YY, Rymer WZ. Reducing robotic guidance during robot-assisted gait training improves gait function: A case report on a stroke survivor. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013:94(6)1202–1206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conesa L, Costa U, Morales E, et al. An observational report of intensive robotic and manual gait training in sub-acute stroke. Neuroeng Rehabil. 2012;9:13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peurala SH, Tarkka IM, Pitkanen K, Sivenius J. The effectiveness of body weight-supported gait training and floor walking in patients with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1557–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CK, Bishop L, Stein J. A wearable robotic knee orthosis for gait training: A case-series of hemiparetic stroke survivors. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2012;36(1):113–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidler J, Nichols D, Pelliccio M, et al. Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Lokomat in subacute stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(1):5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher S, Lucas L, Thrasher TA. Robot-assisted gait training for patients with hemiparesis due to stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2011;18(3):269–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong RK, Ng MF, Li LS. Effectiveness of gait training using an electromechanical gait trainer, with and without functional electric stimulation, in subacute stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(10):1298–1304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlake KP, Patten C. Pilot study of Lokomat versus manual-assisted treadmill training for locomotor recovery post-stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2009;6:18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias D, Lains J, Pereira A, et al. Can we improve gait skills in chronic hemiplegics? A randomised control trial with gait trainer. Eura Medicophys. 2007;43(4):499–504.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng MF, Tong RK, Li LS. A pilot study of randomized clinical controlled trial of gait training in subacute stroke patients with partial body-weight support electromechanical gait trainer and functional electrical stimulation: Six-month follow-up. Stroke. 2008;39(1):154–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo AC. Clinical designs of recent robot rehabilitation trials. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91(11 suppl 3):S204–216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker C, Brouwer BJ, Culham EG. Use of visual feedback in retraining balance following acute stroke. Phys Ther. 2000;80(9):886–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picelli A, Melotti C, Origano F, et al. Robot-assisted gait training in patients with Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012;26(4):353–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrholz J, Pohl M. Electromechanical-assisted gait training after stroke: A systematic review comparing end-effector and exoskeleton devices. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44(3):193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo G, Joerg M, Schreier R, Dietz V. Treadmill training of paraplegic patients using a robotic orthosis. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2000;37(6):693–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veneman JF, Kruidhof R, Hekman EE, Ekkelenkamp R, Van Asseldonck EH, van der Kooij H. Design and evaluation of the LOPES exoskeleton robot for interactive gait rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2007;15(3):379–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banala SK, Kim SH, Agrawal SK., Scholz JR Robot assisted gait training with active leg exoskeleton (ALEX). IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2009;17(1):2–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy A, Krebs HI, Williams DJ, et al. Robot-aided neurorehabilitation: A novel robot for ankle rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Robot. 2009;25(3):569–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freivogel S, Mehrholz J, Husak-Sotomayor T., Schmalohr D.. Gait training with the newly developed “LokoHelp”-system is feasible for non-ambulatory patients after stroke, spinal cord and brain injury. A feasibility study. Brain Inj. 2008;22(7-8):625–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt H, Sorowka D, Hesse S, Bernhardt R. [Development of a robotic walking simulator for gait rehabilitation]. Biomed Tech (Berl). 2003;48(10):281–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaslund MK, Moe-Nilssen R. Treadmill walking with body weight support effect of treadmill, harness and body weight support systems. Gait Posture. 2008;28(2):303–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch L, Barbeau H, Arsenault B. Influence of body weight support on normal human gait: Development of a gait retraining strategy. Phys Ther. 1991;71(11):842–855; discussion 855–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams II. The Balance Scale: Reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27(1):27–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faber MJ, Bosscher RJ, van VVieringen PC. Clinimetric properties of the performance-oriented mobility assessment. Phys Ther. 2006;86(7):944–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriany-Dacko LM, Innerst D, Johannsen J, Rude V. Interrater reliability of the Tinetti Balance Scores in novice and experienced physical therapy clinicians. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(10):1160–1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991; 39(2):142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols DS. Balance retraining after stroke using force platform biofeedback. Phys Ther. 1997;77(5):553–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar