Randomized Controlled Trial of Yoga for Chronic Poststroke Hemiparesis: Motor Function, Mental Health, and Quality of Life Outcomes

REFERENCES

• World Health Organization. The World Health Report: 2003: Shaping the Future. Geneva: WHO; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Ottenbacher K. Cerebral vascular accident: Some characteristics of occupational therapy evaluation forms. Am J Occup Ther. 1980;34:268–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, et al. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: Preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke. 1998;29:415–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemiparesis [Internet]. Centennial, CO: National Stroke Association; August 2012. http://www.stroke.org/site/PageServer?pagename=hemiparesis. Accessed October 13,2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hackett ML, Yapa C, Parag V, Anderson CS. Frequency of depression after stroke: A systematic review of observational studies. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1330–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carod-Artal FJ, Ferreira CL, Trizotto DS, Menezes Moreira C. Poststroke depression: Prevalence and determinants in Brazilian stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(2):157–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker-Collo SL. Depression and anxiety 3 months post stroke: Prevalence and correlates. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;22(4):519–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson AJ, MacHale S, Allen K, et al. Depression after stroke and lesion location: A systematic review. Lancet. 2000;356(9224):122–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed M, Harrington R, Duggan A, Wood VA. Meeting stroke survivors' perceived needs: A qualitative study of a community-based exercise and education scheme. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(1):16–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz GA. Stress as a modulator of motor system function and pathology. Rev Neurosci. 2007;18(3-4):209–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolbecker AR, Hong SL, Kent JS, Klaunig MJ, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Postural control in bipolar disorder: Increased sway area and decreased dynamical complexity. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19824.
   Google Scholar
• Sturm JW, Donnan GA, Dewey HM, et al. Quality of life after stroke: The North East Melbourne stroke incidence study (NEMESIS). Stroke. 2004;35: 2340–2345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe S. The development of modern yoga: A survey of the field. Religion Compass. 2009;3(6):986–1002.
   Google Scholar
• Riley D. Hatha yoga and the treatment of illness. Altem Ther Health Med. 2004;10:20–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalsa SB. Yoga for psychiatry and mental health: An ancient practice with modern relevance. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55: 334–336.
   Google Scholar
• Khalsa, SB. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention. In: Lehrer PM, Woolfolk RL, Sime WE, eds. Principles and Practice of Stress Management. New York: Guilford Press; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin RL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Nat! Health Stat Report. 2008;10(12):1–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Field, T. Yoga clinical research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2011;17(1):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel NK, Newstead AH, Ferrer RL. The effects of yoga on physical functioning and health related quality of life in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(10):902–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid AA, Van Puymbroeck M, Altenburger PA, et al. Poststroke balance improves with yoga: A pilot study. Stroke. 2012;43(9):2402–2407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkington K, Kirkwood G, Rampes H, Richardson J. Yoga for depression: The research evidence. J Affect Disord. 2005;89(1-3):13–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uebelacker LA, Epstein-Lubow G, Gaudiano BA, Tremont G, Battle CL, Miller IW. Hatha yoga for depression: Critical review of the evidence for efficacy, plausible mechanisms of action, and directions for future research. J Psychiatr Pract. 2010;16(1):22–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith C, Hancock H, Blake-Mortimer J., Eckert K.. A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complement Ther Med. 2007;15(2):77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raub JA. Psychophysiologic effects of Hatha Yoga on musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary function: A literature review. J Altem Complement Med. 2002;8(6):797–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans S, Tsao JC, Sternlieb B, Zeltzer LK. Using the biopsychosocial model to understand the health benefits of yoga. J Compl Integr Med. 2009;6(1):1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Schell FJ, Allolio B, Schonecke OW. Physiological and psychological effects of Hatha Yoga exercise in healthy women. Int J Psychosom. 1994;41(1-4):46–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshihara K, Hiramoto T, Sudo N, Kubo, C. Profile of mood states and stress-related biochemical indices in long-term yoga practitioners. Biopsychosoc Med. 2011;5(1):6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shelov DV, Suchday S, Friedberg JP. A pilot study measuring the impact of yoga on the trait of mindfulness. Behav Cogn Psychoth. 2009;37(5):595–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(4):822–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macko RF, Benvenuti F, Stanhope S, et al. Adaptive physical activity improves mobility function and quality of life in chronic hemiparesis. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(2):323–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manocha R. Why meditation ? Aust Tam Physician. 2000;29(12):1135–1138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazaridou A, Philbrook P, Tzika AA. Yoga and mindfulness as therapeutic interventions for stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review. Evid Based Complement Altemat Med. 2013;2013:357108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lynton H, Kligler B, Shiflett S Yoga in stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review and results of a pilot study. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007;14(4):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastille JV, Gill-Body KM. A yoga-based exercise program for people with chronic poststroke hemiparesis. Phys Ther. 2004;84(1):33–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan W, Immink MA, Hillier S. Yoga and exercise for symptoms of depression and anxiety in people with post-stroke disability: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Altemat Ther Health Med. 2012;18(3):34–43.
   Google Scholar
• Page SJ, Schmid A, Harris J. Optimizing language for stroke motor rehabilitation: Recommendations from the ACRM stroke movement interventions subcommittee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(8):1395–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett R, Immink MA, Hillier S. Becoming connected: The lived experience of yoga participation after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(25-26):2404–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraswati SS. Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha, 4th ed. Munger, Bihar, India: Yoga Publications Trust; 2008
   Google Scholar
• Saraswati SS. Yoga Nidra, 6th ed. Munger, Bihar, India: Yoga Publications Trust; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Page SJ, Levine P, Leonard AC. Effects of mental practice on affected limb use and function in chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:399–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croarkin E, Danoff J, Barnes C. Evidence-based rating of upper-extremity motor function tests used for people following a stroke. Phys Ther. 2004;84(1):62–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr JFI, Shepherd RB, Nordholm L, Lynne D. Investigation of a new motor assessment scale for stroke patients. Phys Ther. 1985;65(2):175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English CK, Hillier SL, Stiller K., Warden-Flood A.. The sensitivity of three commonly used outcome measures to detect change amongst patients receiving inpatient rehabilitation following stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(1):52–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams II. The Balance Scale: Reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27(1):27–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maeda N, Kato J, Shimada T. Predicting the probability for fall incidence in stroke patients using the Berg Balance Scale. J Int Med Res. 2009;37:697–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiengkaew V, Jitaree K, Chaiyawat P. Minimal detectable changes of the Berg Balance Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, Timed "Up & Go" Test, gait speeds, and 2-minute walk test in individuals with chronic stroke with different degrees of ankle plantarflexor tone. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(7):1201–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosak M, Smith T. Comparison of the 2-, 6-, and 12-minute walk tests in patients with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42(1):103–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther. 2002;82(2):128–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski, SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(5):743–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982;17(1):37–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida OP, Almeida SA. Short versions of the geriatric depression scale: A study of their validity for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV. Int I Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14(10):858–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger C, Gorsuch R, Lushene P, Vagg P, Jacobs A. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.; 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Knight RG, Waal-Manning HJ, Spears GF. Some norms and reliability data for the State--Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale. Br J Clin Psychol. 1983;22(Pt 4):245–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher PL, Durham RC. Recovery rates in generalized anxiety disorder following psychological therapy: An analysis of clinically significant change in the STAI-T across outcome studies since 1990. Psychol Med. 1999;29(6):1425–1434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan PW, Bode RK, Lai SM, Perera S. Rasch analysis of a new stroke-specific outcome scale: The Stroke Impact Scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:950–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin KC, Fu T, Wu CY, Wang YH, Liu JS, Hsieh CJ, Lin SF. Minimal detectable change and clinically important difference of the Stroke Impact Scale in stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(5):486–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons RD, Hedeker D, Waternaux CM, Davis JM. Random regression models: A comprehensive approach to the analysis of longitudinal psychiatric data. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988;24:438–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streeter CC, Jensen JE, Perlmutter RM, et al. Yoga Asana sessions increase brain GABA levels: A pilot study. J Altem Complement Med. 2007;13(4):419–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydiard RB. The role of GABA in anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(Suppl 3):21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Diamond BJ, David Z, Goolkasian P. Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousn Cogn. 2010;19(2):597–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn BR, Polich J. Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psych Bull. 2006;132(2):180–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanya P, Telles S. Effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on memory scores and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Med. 2009;13(3):8.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgins HS, Adair KC. Attentional processes and meditation. Conscious Cogn. 2010;19(4):872–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar